Abilities Of Others Research Articles

The social process of involuntary separation and the search for connection.

Placing a loved one in care does not relieve informal caregivers' physical and emotional stresses. This study identified the unique psycho-social-spiritual processes of involuntary separation among spouses following long-term care admission. Participants were 17 spouse-caregivers (12 women and 5 men) with a mean age of 84years who had been involuntarily separated for an average of 20months. The basic psycho-social-spiritual process of spouse-caregiver involuntary separation was connecting in disconnection, which had three distinct stages: (1) Initial coping, (2) Adjusting to the new situation, and (3) Moving forward. Movement through the three stages was influenced by individuals' capacity and willingness to reach out for connection and by the abilities of others to extend accurate empathy and practical help. The implications of this study highlight spouse-caregivers' needs for connection and support not only during the crisis of separation, but in the months and years that follow.

The Effect of Physical Activity through Football on the Self-Confidence of People with HIV Positive

Self-confidence is a feeling of confidence in one's abilities without fear and being able to solve all life's challenges without comparing them with the abilities of others. This statement does not apply to people with HIV-positive because the stigma attached to them by society, such as groups of sinners, guilty, recipients of curses, and even torment, lower their self-confidence of people with HIV-positive. Physical activity through football has an important role in changing stigma and is a way for people with HIV-positive to be accepted by society regardless of their status. This study aims to determine the effect of physical activity through football on the self-confidence of people with HIV-positive. The research uses causalcomparative or ex post facto research methods. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique with a sample of 5 people with HIV-positive who participated in football activities. The instrument used is a closed questionnaire using a Likert Scale. Based on the validity test of a valid questionnaire as many as 28 items out of 50 statement items and reliability test results obtained 0.722021 and included in the reliable criteria. Processing and analyzing data, it was found that the score of people with HIV-positive who took part in football activities was 514 from a maximum score of 700 after the percentage of the results was 73.43%. Thus, researchers can conclude that physical activity through football can affect the selfconfidence of people with HIV-positive.

Higher-order theory of mind is especially useful in unpredictable negotiations

In social interactions, people often reason about the beliefs, goals and intentions of others. This theory of mind allows them to interpret the behavior of others, and predict how they will behave in the future. People can also use this ability recursively: they use higher-order theory of mind to reason about the theory of mind abilities of others, as in “he thinks that I don’t know that he sent me an anonymous letter”. Previous agent-based modeling research has shown that the usefulness of higher-order theory of mind reasoning can be useful across competitive, cooperative, and mixed-motive settings. In this paper, we cast a new light on these results by investigating how the predictability of the environment influences the effectiveness of higher-order theory of mind. Our results show that the benefit of (higher-order) theory of mind reasoning is strongly dependent on the predictability of the environment. We consider agent-based simulations in repeated one-shot negotiations in a particular negotiation setting known as Colored Trails. When this environment is highly predictable, agents obtain little benefit from theory of mind reasoning. However, if the environment has more observable features that change over time, agents without the ability to use theory of mind experience more difficulties predicting the behavior of others accurately. This in turn allows theory of mind agents to obtain higher scores in these more dynamic environments. These results suggest that the human-specific ability for higher-order theory of mind reasoning may have evolved to allow us to survive in more complex and unpredictable environments.

Rise of the machines: Delegating decisions to autonomous AI

Delegation is an important part of organizational success and can be used to overcome personal shortcomings and draw upon the expertise and abilities of others. However, delegation comes with risks and uncertainties, as it entails a transfer of power and loss of control. Indeed, research has documented that people tend to under-delegate to other humans, often leading to poor decisions and ultimately negative economic consequences. Today, however, people are faced with a new delegation choice: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Fueled by Big Data, AI is rapidly becoming more intelligent and frequently outperforming human forecasters and decision-makers. Given this evolution of computational autonomy, researchers need to revisit the hows and whys of decision delegation and clarify not only whether people are willing to cede control to AI agents but also whether AI can reduce the under-delegation that is especially pronounced when people are faced with decisions that spur a high desire for control. By linking research on decision delegation, social risk, and control premium to the emerging field of trust in AI, we propose and find that people prefer to delegate decisions to AI as compared to human agents, especially when decisions entail losses (Studies 1–3). Results further illuminate the underlying psychological process involved (Study 1 and 2) and show that process transparency increases delegation to humans but not to AI (Study 3). These findings have important implications for research on trust in AI and the applicability of autonomous AI systems for managers and decision makers.

Development of an Anomaly Detection Algorithm in Distributed Systems based on Runtime and System Status

Computational grades have emerged as a new approach to solving large-scale problems in the fields of science, engineering, and commerce. The computing grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides affordable, reliable, comprehensive, and affordable access to the computational abilities of others. A computational grid is associated with a set of resources on a large scale. Computational grades have emerged as a new approach to solving large-scale problems in the fields of science, engineering, and commerce. The computing grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides affordable, reliable, comprehensive, and affordable access to the computational abilities of others. A computational grid is associated with a set of resources on a large scale. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a method that optimizes resource management and scheduling in at least one direction. The main focus of the research is on the time criterion, the deadline for doing things and receiving the response from the grid are parameters that can be examined. From a more general perspective, the aim of the research is to get the answer as quickly as possible from the calculation grid. The proposed algorithm improves the scheduling and resource management of the grid in the direction of improvement, and the structure and form of this problem have not yet been resolved. The proposed solution has been considered hypothesis and removed some of the definitions of grid scheduling, such as cost, quality of service, architectures, and others, but ultimately heed it and timed the grid in some ways.

Holy Quran Counseling to Reduce Self Doubt

Self-doubt stems from a person's doubts about himself with what he has seen and evaluation of the abilities of others. But he felt unable to do so. This of course must be immediately followed up with various therapies that are possible to reduce and even permanently eliminate this self-doubt in someone. Self-doubt sometimes gives rise to new branches of problems that can have a bad effect on a person. In this case, the counselor tries to provide treatment that is Islamic In nature by using the teachings of the verses of the Qur'an which can be used as medicine or therapy for the counselee. Researchers will take the content in the verses of the Qur'an which will later be used as medicine or therapy for clients who have self-doubt. The research method in this study is a literature review sourced from related books and journals

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT INTERPRITATIONS

The article analyzes the most important psychological preconditions of a conflict situation on the basis of which the strategy and tactics of people's behavior in case of differences of their interests are formed. The main psychological models of conflict are presented in the study, which is used to interpret sociotypes that highlight the psychological portrait of the individual in the perspective of modernity. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the causal dysfunctions in the implementation of conflict situations and highlight ideas for avoiding conflict demonstrated by the individual. The study used the Keirsey questionnaire to assess the temperament of participants and K. N. Thomas' methodology to determine their typical ways of responding to a conflict situation, which identified the tendency of sociotypes to rivalry and cooperation, the desire for compromise, conflict avoidance and flexibility in decision making. The article considers a concept of personality types and their interaction in the structure of interpersonal relationships. According to the methodology of D. Keirsey, which is based on the typology of Carl Jung and the theory of information metabolism of A. Kempynsky, there are 16 types of information sharing between individuals. The formation of a sensitive image of a person as an adequate information subject characterizes the problem of defining a person’s personality in a continuous flow of information, communicative perceptions, innovative competencies and different value systems. Having followed the method of K. N. Thomas that is designed to determine the typical ways of individuals’ responds to conflict situations, we determine an inclination of the above mentioned sociotypes to competition and cooperation, as well as desire to compromise and avoid conflicts, and flexibility in decision making. In the framework of the Socionic model, the subjects of information influences make adequate assessment of their potential, find appropriate ways of self-realization, competitively and objectively perceive the abilities of others in order to form a harmonious relationship with them. The problem that arises in a conflict always stands in the way of the implementation of goals, which refer to both the interests and fears of person. Barriers that work against the implementation of needs and interests in a conflict are always associated with communication, since other people’s activities are often perceived as a dissonance of individual and his/her environment. A mixture of contradictions caused by different types of experience and behavior, character traits and other factors of interpersonal interaction provide the basis of conflict. The conceptual importance of personality covers a wide range of internal mental processes that determine the features of human behavior in different situations. The objective conflict management is the only way that leads to positive dynamics in the conflict of interest, with the main criterion being the ability to compromise, based on the understanding that contradictions can give ground to the development that, in its turn, can bring about effective cooperation.

Status and competitive choice

In this paper, we extend the logic of existing sociological theory on status to explain how status processes can inform selection in competitive choice situations. We argue that in the absence of knowledge about the specific abilities of others and assuming a desire to win, when given the opportunity to “pick their battles,” people will draw on overt status differences as a basis for selecting a competitor from a pool of possible competitors. Results from three studies indicate that, as predicted, status differences affect competitor selection, with individuals choosing to compete against those who are relatively lower status based on diffuse characteristics. Moreover, consistent with expectation state theories, results from two studies show that the expectations that people form for their potential competitors based on status differences mediate this relationship. We conclude by discussing the implications of this research.

Effects of social and individual school self-concepts on school engagement during adolescence

While school self-concept is an important facilitator of a student’s school engagement, previous studies rarely investigated whether it may also explain the change in students’ school engagement during secondary school. Moreover, as social relations play an increasingly important role in adolescence, the current research distinguishes between the social and individual school self-concepts of a student. Whereas individual school self-concept uses the perception of a student’s own ability in the past in order to estimate perceived current ability, social school self-concept refers to the comparison of a student's own perceived current ability with the current perceived abilities of others. We examined the role of students’ individual and social school self-concepts in the development of behavioral and emotional school engagement during the period from grade 8 to grade 9. The sample consisted of 1088 German adolescents at the first measurement time (Mage = 13.70, SD = 0.53; 53.9% girls). The findings suggested a significant decline in both emotional and behavioral school engagement over the span of 1.5 years. In addition, social—but not individual—school self-concept was associated with the change in both dimensions of school engagement over time, such as it may intensify a student’s decline in school engagement levels. This might be due to the fact that students with a high social school self-concept tend to increasingly emphasize competition and comparison and strive for high grades, which lowers students’ school participation and identification in the long term.

Estimating the Use of Higher-Order Theory of Mind Using Computational Agents

Abstract When people make decisions in a social context, they often make use of theory of mind, by reasoning about unobservable mental content of others. For example, the behavior of a pedestrian who wants to cross the street depends on whether or not he believes that the driver of an oncoming car has seen him or not. People can also reason about the theory of mind abilities of others, leading to recursive thinking of the sort ‘I think that you think that I think…’. Previous research suggests that this ability may be especially effective in simple competitive settings. In this paper, we use a combination of computational agents and Bayesian model selection to determine to what extent people make use of higher-order theory of mind reasoning in a particular competitive game known as matching pennies. We find that while many children and adults appear to make use of theory of mind, participants are also often classified as using a simpler reactive strategy based only on the actions of the directly preceding round. This may indicate that human reasoners do not primarily use their theory of mind abilities to compete with others.

The effect of oxytocin on group formation and strategic thinking in men

Decision-making in groups is a remarkable and decisive element of human societies. Humans are able to organize themselves in groups, engage in collaborative decision-making processes and arrive at a binding agreement, even in the absence of unanimous consent. However, the transfer of decision-making autonomy requires a willingness to deliberately expose oneself to the decisions of others. A lack of trust in the abilities of others or of the underlying decision-making process, i.e. public trust, can lead to a breakdown of organizations in political or economic domains. Recent studies indicate that the biological basis of trust on an individual level is related to Oxytocin, an endogenous neuropeptide and hormone, which is also associated with pro-social behavior and positive conflict resolution. However, little is known about the effects of Oxytocin on the inclination of individuals to form or join groups and to deliberately engage in collaborative decision-making processes. Here, we show that intranasal administration of Oxytocin (n = 60) compared to placebo (n = 60) in males causes an adverse effect on the choice for forming groups in the presence of a competitive environment. In particular, Oxytocin negatively affects the willingness to work collaboratively in a p-Beauty contest game, whereas the effect is most pronounced for participants with relatively high strategic sophistication. Since our data provide initial evidence that Oxytocin has a positive effect on strategic thinking and performance in the p-Beauty contest game, we argue that the adverse effect on group formation might be rooted in an enhanced strategic sophistication of participants treated with Oxytocin.

Participation of professional associations of educators in the project «Socialization and management of the Samara Region youth talents and abilities development trajectory»

The following paper deals with socialization of the Samara Region youth in the direction of the modern younger generation talents and abilities development. The authors consider modern social environment as a basis of a young persons identity formation which directly influences his/her character. The authors offer to change methods of social interaction between public organizations and public authorities to increase their effective functioning. For this purpose, they analyze the work of public associations of educators of Samara. The authors offer to use a communicative (intersubjective) way of interaction of all participants of the process which is based on horizontal interaction where each interested party carries out a function within the competence by equal participation. As a result, joint activity gains a character of a community. This kind of interaction increases each participants ability to solve joint problems of any complexity, increasing at the same time abilities of others. Using a technology of multi-agent automated systems (MAS) in planning and management of the youth talents and abilities development trajectory, the most effective result in collaboration of public organizations and public authorities can be achieved.

Self-Other Mergence in the Frontal Cortex during Cooperation and Competition

SummaryTo survive, humans must estimate their own ability and the abilities of others. We found that, although people estimated their abilities on the basis of their own performance in a rational manner, their estimates of themselves were partly merged with the performance of others. Reciprocally, their ability estimates for others also reflected their own, as well as the others’, performance. Self-other mergence operated in a context-dependent manner: interacting with high or low performers, respectively, enhanced and diminished own ability estimates in cooperative contexts, but the opposite occurred in competitive contexts. Self-other mergence not only influenced subjective evaluations, it also affected how people subsequently objectively adjusted their performance. Perigenual anterior cingulate cortex tracked one’s own performance. Dorsomedial frontal area 9 tracked others’ performances, but also integrated contextual and self-related information. Self-other mergence increased with the strength of self and other representations in area 9, suggesting it carries interdependent representations of self and other.

The pleasure of mudslinging: an invective dialogue in verse from 10th century Byzantium

AbstractThis article discusses an invective dialogue in verse between two 10th century intellectuals: the poet John Geometres and a certain Stylianos. Their lampoons offer a unique instance of internal reader response and invite us to reflect on their contemporary performance and circulation. They illustrate the intense social envy of the time, leading to the debunking of the intellectual abilities of others and to boastful self-representation. The article proposes a new edition of the text, followed by a translation (section I), notes on language and style (section II) and observations on the form and dynamics of the dialogue (section III).

How far away is that? It depends on you: Perception accounts for the abilities of others.

Perception is believed to scale the world to reflect one's own capabilities for action-objects that are more effortful to obtain are perceived as further away. Somewhat surprisingly, perception is also influenced by observing another person attempt an action, even though others cannot directly alter one's own capabilities. It is unknown, however, whether the effects of observation reflect a simulation of one acting as if from the perspective of the actor, or whether they reflect simulation of the potential effects of the actor on the environment, but from the observer's own point of view. In 2 experiments, we had an actor and an observer view a scene from opposing viewpoints. Enhancement of the actor's capabilities to reach a target object caused the target to appear further from the observer. Thus, in addition to indexing one's own capabilities, the perceptual system also scales the world to account for the potential effects of others.

The Grounds and Strategies for Ethical Decision-making in Canadian Principalship

This article describes Canadian school principals’ (n=177) perceptions of the factors that constitute their ethical decisions, the grounds, and the strategies for ethical decision-making in their school work. For the participants, primary factors that made decisions ethical were truthfulness and honesty; alignment with values; doing what is best for students and the learning community; and the challenge and pressure of knowing that ethical considerations are the bottom line when it comes to making the right decisions. Their personal and professional grounds for making ethical decisions were confidence in personal ability to consistently make good ethical decisions; faith in the abilities of others to make ethical decisions; and knowledge of the relevant professional ethical codes. Discussing their strategies for ethical decision-making at work, participating principals emphasized self-discipline as a means to deter unethical decisionmaking; past experiences/precedence as aids in making the right ethical decision; referral to a relevant ethical code as support for decision-making; and, advice and feedback from others as moral support and accountability mechanisms. This study provides educational leaders with a better understanding of the nature, grounds, and strategies for improved ethical decision-making in school administration.

The Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Tracking of Expertise

SummaryEvaluating the abilities of others is fundamental for successful economic and social behavior. We investigated the computational and neurobiological basis of ability tracking by designing an fMRI task that required participants to use and update estimates of both people and algorithms’ expertise through observation of their predictions. Behaviorally, we find a model-based algorithm characterized subject predictions better than several alternative models. Notably, when the agent’s prediction was concordant rather than discordant with the subject’s own likely prediction, participants credited people more than algorithms for correct predictions and penalized them less for incorrect predictions. Neurally, many components of the mentalizing network—medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, temporoparietal junction, and precuneus—represented or updated expertise beliefs about both people and algorithms. Moreover, activity in lateral orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex reflected behavioral differences in learning about people and algorithms. These findings provide basic insights into the neural basis of social learning.

Brain potentials in outcome evaluation: When social comparison takes effect

Social comparison, in which people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them with the opinions and abilities of others, is a central feature of human social life. Previous work has highlighted the importance of social comparison in reward processing. However, the time-course of the social comparison effect in outcome evaluation remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore to what extent brain activity is modulated by social comparison between an individual and their anonymous partner. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured while the participants viewed their own and their partner's gain and loss outcomes based on their performance in a dot estimation task. Analysis of ERPs revealed that the feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude differences between gains and losses were not modulated by social comparison. In contrast, the P300 was larger for gains and showed an effect of social comparison independent of feedback valence. A late component, the late positive potential (LPP), was also modulated by social comparison, but it was insensitive to feedback valence. The data suggest that social comparison modulates outcome evaluation at several points in the information processing stream. Social comparison has no effect on the early coarse evaluation stage, but modulates the late cognitive/affective appraisal and re-appraisal processes. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for the importance of social comparisons in outcome evaluations by the human brain.

Empathie und Spiegelneurone. Ein Blick auf die gegenwärtige neuropsychologische Empathieforschung

Neurons firing both to specific actions performed by self and matching actions performed by others are classified as mirror neurons. Since its discovery in 1991, this phenomenon has been surveyed in the field of motor and sensorimotor function and incipiently in the field of language and emotions. The research group of Giacomo Rizzolatti assumes that mirror neurons form the biological basis of compassion and thereby of affective empathic experience. The research regarding mirror neurons is yet in early stages and further research is required to specify mirror neuron systems. In view of empathy it is the insula which is of central importance for the recognition of disgust. The discovery of mirror neurons allows a comprehension of empathy as an immediate and compassionate partaking of a response, enabling an understanding of the other persons feeling. At the same time, the resonating affect remains allocated to the other person, distinguishing this comprehensive process from a mere emotional contagion. At present, the phenomenon of mirror neurons is gaining clinical relevance in the field of autism spectrum disorders and apoplexia. One's own ability for empathy as well as promoting empathetic abilities of others is of central importance for the clinical praxis, in particular concerning the treatment of children and adolescents.

Young children's inferring others' behavior based on the difference in abilities of others.

Young children's inferring others' behavior based on the difference in abilities of others.