Group ABH Research Articles

Para-Bombay B phenotype: a rare ABH blood group variant at tertiary care hospital, Gwalior India

Background: The H antigen is the precursor substance for A and B antigens formation on red blood cells of an individual and absence of it is termed as H deficient phenotype. If H antigen is absent on both RBCs and secretions, and then the resulting blood group is a Classical Bombay phenotype with anti-H antibodies in their serum. If H antigen are absent on RBCs and present in secretions and plasma, the resulting blood group is Para-Bombay phenotype. Genetically Para-Bombay’s lack an active H gene (genotype is hh) but carry at least one Se gene (Secretor gene). Para-Bombay or red blood cell (RBC) H negative secretor individuals may or may not have anti-H in their serum. In both cases routine blood grouping is O. Case Report: Blood sample of 24-year-old female is submitting in blood bank, resulting her routine grouping O RhD positive. Complete blood grouping by Gel technology revels her forward grouping is Oh and reverse grouping B. Patient is secretor for B and H antigens. Absorption and elusion test is negative. Family grouping was also done to find out compatible blood and her family genesis. Conclusion: Patient blood group is Para-Bombay B. Complete blood grouping (Forward and reverse) as well as saliva grouping and absorption /elusion test is advisable when there is a discrepancy in ABH grouping.

Comparison of open abdominal hysterectomy and total laparoscopic hysterectomy: a study in a teaching hospital

Background: Abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies were the most common type of surgeries till the advent of laparoscopic surgery. , we compared the open abdominal hysterectomy to the total laparoscopic hysterectomy in this prospective randomized study. Methods: 157 women aged between 35 – 75 years who were diagnosed with abnormal bleeding, enlarged uterus, endometrial carcinoma, sarcoma or hyperplasia and posted for hysterectomy were included into the study. The patients were assigned into 2 groups based on the clinical presentation. Group ABH consisted of patients undergoing open abdominal hysterectomy and Group TLH consisted of patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Results: The average time for operation for total laparoscopic hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy was 109 minutes and 123 minutes respectively. The blood loss was significantly more in abdominal surgery of over 200ml to that of about 55ml in laparoscopic surgery as was the duration of hospital stay of the patients. The prevalence of complications was 34.9% in the ABH Group and 21.1% in the TLH group. Conclusions: Laparoscopic hysterectomy was better than open abdominal hysterectomy with respect to lesser hospital stay, blood loss and number of complications. Although the procedural cots are higher, the duration of hospital stay and the lesser complications compensates the expense and makes the procedure comparable to the abdominal procedure.

A survey of domestic species of Basidiomycetes fungi for the presence of lectins inn their carpophores

Preliminary investigations were conducted to determine the presence of active lectins in carpophores of fungi from the class <em>Basidiomycetes</em>, collected from natural localities in southern and south-eastern Poland. The degree of agglutination activity (expressed as the titre of agglutination) of aqueous extracts was determined at room temperature (18-20°C) and at +4°C in respect to human and animal erythrocytes suspended in physiological saline, part of which were additionally treated with proteolytic enzymes. From among the 104 tested species, extracts from 41 of them showed agglutination activity, among which 18 were high. In six cases, specific activity against human ABH group antigens was found. Extracts from 5 species agglutinated only animal erythrocytes, with pigeon erythrocytes being exceptionally sensitive to the lectins. Extracts from two species had distinctly higher agglutination activity at 4°C, which suggests that lectins of the "cold" agglutinin type are present in these species. Analysis of extracts from caps and stems showed that caps had a higher lectin content.

White blood cell–reactive antibodies are undetectable in solvent/detergent plasma

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening complication of transfusion. Although all types of blood products have been associated with TRALI, fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is the most commonly implicated component. It has been postulated that TRALI is an immune-mediated event, because white blood cell (WBC)-reactive antibodies in the donor's plasma are frequently associated with the syndrome. In contrast to single donor-derived FFP, solvent/detergent (S/D) plasma is produced from multiple donations, leading to an at least 500-fold dilution of a single plasma unit. It was hypothesized that WBC-reactive antibodies are undetectable in S/D FFP. Twenty batches of S/D FFP (5 of each ABH group) were analyzed with well-established routine techniques to detect WBC antibodies. All samples tested negative for granulocyte-specific as well as HLA Class I and Class II antibodies. Different strategies to reduce the risk of TRALI are currently discussed. These include screening of all potentially immunized donors for WBC-reactive antibodies and exclusion of multiparous or all women from donating FFP. Here, it is demonstrated that neither granulocyte- nor lymphocyte-reactive antibodies are detectable in S/D FFP. Thus, S/D FFP may represent a potential alternative to reduce the risk of TRALI associated with the transfusion of FFP.

GALECTIN-3 EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENTIATING HUMAN MYELOID CELLS

Galectin-3 is an endogenous mammalian carbohydrate-binding protein with affinity for ABH group carbohydrate epitopes and polylactosamine glycans present on cell surface and extracellular matrix glycoproteins. It has been shown to play a role in cell differentiation, morphogenesis, adhesion and cell proliferation regulation. Progenitor cell proliferation in bone marrow depends on stem cell factors including those modulating their adhesion to the bone marrow stroma. The present study shows that the 32kD galectin-3 is developmentally expressed in human myeloid cells and is strongly upregulated on the cell surface of late mature myeloid cells. Despite the fact that the expression of the galectin-3 is very low in CD34+ early myeloid cell, a 70kD protein is found by Western blotting using antibodies specific to galectin-3, exclusively in those cells. Finally, exogenous human recombinant galectin-3 binds strongly to CD34+ early myeloid cells and emphasizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) driven proliferation in vitro.

ABH Antigen Typing in Bone Tissue

Results obtained from the ABH grouping of bone tissues by the absorption-elution procedure and by a recently described two-dimensional absorption-inhibition procedure are reported. Neither the elution nor the inhibition procedure alone yielded uniformly correct results. A combination procedure consisting of the use of both absorption-elution and two-dimensional absorption-inhibition is proposed for bone ABH grouping. When elution and inhibition were used in combination, specimens yielding concordant results with both techniques were correctly grouped.

Human blood typing: A forensic science approach. Part II: Experiments

In this article, the authors describe several experiments that illustrate techniques available to the forensic serologist for typing a human blood stain in the ABH grouping system.

Phenotype of Early Erythroblastic Leukemias

Nine cases of early erythroblastic leukemia, unidentified by usual criteria, have been diagnosed using a panel of antibodies. Three cases arose in patients with Down's syndrome, one in a patient with therapy-related leukemia, and four patients were in blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia; only one case arose de novo. Blast cells could be assigned to two main stages of erythroid differentiation: presence of all erythroid-specific proteins in two patients, a phenotype corresponding to an immature erythroblast; absence of the erythroid markers such as glycophorin A and spectrin in the presence of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme I, ABH group antigens, and the antigen defined by FA6 152 monoclonal antibody in six patients, a phenotype related to a late erythroid progenitor (CFU-E). One patient had an intermediate phenotype. All patients except one demonstrated a megakaryocytic component. In three patients, chromosomal abnormalities were present, detected both in blasts and in erythroid colonies. In conclusion, these findings indicate that most "cryptic erythroleukemias" are blocked at a "CFU-E-like" stage of differentiation, it may be a frequent event in Down's syndrome and chronic myeloid leukemia, and these erythroleukemias are phenotypically heterogeneous.

Phenotype of early erythroblastic leukemias

Nine cases of early erythroblastic leukemia, unidentified by usual criteria, have been diagnosed using a panel of antibodies. Three cases arose in patients with Down's syndrome, one in a patient with therapy- related leukemia, and four patients were in blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia; only one case arose de novo. Blast cells could be assigned to two main stages of erythroid differentiation: presence of all erythroid-specific proteins in two patients, a phenotype corresponding to an immature erythroblast; absence of the erythroid markers such as glycophorin A and spectrin in the presence of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme I, ABH group antigens, and the antigen defined by FA6 152 monoclonal antibody in six patients, a phenotype related to a late erythroid progenitor (CFU-E). One patient had an intermediate phenotype. All patients except one demonstrated a megakaryocytic component. In three patients, chromosomal abnormalities were present, detected both in blasts and in erythroid colonies. In conclusion, these findings indicate that most “cryptic erythroleukemias” are blocked at a “CFU-E-like” stage of differentiation, it may be a frequent event in Down's syndrome and chronic myeloid leukemia, and these erythroleukemias are phenotypically heterogeneous.

An ELISA using avidin-biotin complex for the determination of ABH group from saliva

The ABH group in a trace amount of saliva could be determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique. In this method ABH blood group substances as a solid phase are adsorbed to wells of a microtiter plate made of polystyrene. The primary antibody corresponding to the blood antigen adheres onto the wells, and reacts with the biotinylated secondary antibody. The previously formed ABC reagent is then added to the above wells, and finally the absorbance produced by the interaction of the peroxidase activity with a chromogenic substance is measured at 492 nm. This method proved to be clearly more sensitive for the detection of ABH blood groups in secretor-saliva than the conventional hemagglutination inhibition test. Also the ABH group of non-secretor-saliva could be easily determined by this method.

P 12 ABH grouping of bloodstains by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies

P 12 ABH grouping of bloodstains by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies

The frequencies of ABO blood groups and of secretors of ABH group substances in peripheral arteriosclerosis

A significant deficit of group O cases was found in a retrospective study of the incidence of ABO blood groups of 554 men with peripheral arteriosclerosis in Leeds. In a prospective study of 66 survivors currently under review there was a significant deficit of secretors.

Frequencies of secretors and non-secretors of ABH group substances among 1,000 alcoholic patients.

The ABO blood group and secretor status of 1,000 alcoholic patients has been determined. The patients were drawn from large alcoholic units in the London area together with several small units, including rehabilitation centres, nd 127 were from Aberdeen.The findings have been compared with appropriate controls which take into account the ethnic origin of the patients in the series. A striking disturbance of the secretor/non-secretor ratio among group A patients compared with the controls is observed. There is an increase in group A non-secretors, which is almost exactly balanced by a loss of group A secretors so that the overall frequency of the group A phenotype is not disturbed. It is difficult to find an acceptable explanation for these results.