Abdominal Surgery In Patients Research Articles

Epidemiological investigation of different types of Crohn's disease patients undergoing first abdominal surgery in the era of biological agents: a population-based cohort study.

Before the era of biological agents, most Crohn's disease patients required at least one intestinal resection surgery after diagnosis. However, clinical data regarding the abdominal surgery rates for Crohn's disease patients in the era of biological agents is not yet fully clear and needs to be updated. We retrospectively collected clinical data from 1115 Crohn's disease patients diagnosed and treated medically at The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2016 to January 2024. Using abdominal intestinal resection surgery as a clinical outcome, propensity score matching was employed to eliminate confounding factors. We explored the timing and proportion of abdominal surgery in patients with different Montreal classifications of Crohn's disease during the natural course of the disease, as well as the impact of the duration of the natural course and the use of biological agents on surgical outcomes. Montreal classification type B had the greatest impact on Crohn's disease surgery, especially with a higher proportion of type B3 patients undergoing surgery. Type A1 Crohn's disease patients underwent surgery earlier than types A2 and A3. The occurrence of behavior changes (B Change) during the natural course of the disease is a poor prognostic signal, indicating a significantly increased likelihood of surgery. The duration of the natural course from the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms to diagnosis and clinical observation outcomes did not directly affect the likelihood of surgery in Crohn's disease patients. Compared with Crohn's disease patients who did not receive biological agents, the surgery rate was significantly lower in patients who used biological agents. Additionally, Crohn's disease patients who received biological agents within 1 month of diagnosis had a significantly lower likelihood of undergoing surgical intervention. Moreover, Crohn's disease patients who received biological agent treatment within 19 months of the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms also had a significantly lower likelihood of undergoing surgery than other Crohn's disease patients. In the era of biological agents, the risk of surgical intervention varies among Crohn's disease patients with different Montreal classifications, particularly when there is type B3 disease or a B Change. Clinicians should pay closer attention to surgical indications in such cases. For Crohn's disease patients, shortening the natural course before diagnosis and early use of biological agents after diagnosis can significantly reduce the risk of abdominal surgery.

Neuraxial anesthesia for patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension undergoing urgent open abdominal surgeries: two case reports

BackgroundThere is no consensus regarding the choice of anesthetic method for patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). We report two cases in which neuraxial anesthesia was safely performed without general anesthesia during open abdominal surgery in patients with severe PH.Case presentationCase 1: A 59-year-old woman had an atrial septal defect and a huge abdominal tumor with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) of 39 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 3.5 Wood units. Case 2: A 23-year-old woman who had hereditary pulmonary artery hypertension (mean PAP, 65 mmHg; PVR, 16.45 Wood units). Both patients underwent open abdominal surgery under neuraxial anesthesia without circulatory collapse with intraoperative administration of vasoconstrictors.ConclusionAlthough anesthetic care must be personalized depending on the pathology and severity of PH, neuraxial anesthesia may be an option for patients with severe PH undergoing abdominal surgery.

Predictors of emergency abdominal surgery for patients aged 90 years or older: A retrospective study

BackgroundWith the aging of the population, more and more patients ≥90 years old are undergoing surgery. We retrospectively examined factors affecting morbidity and in-hospital mortality among patients ≥90 years old who underwent emergency abdominal operations. Materials and methodsForty-six cases of emergency abdominal surgery for patients ≥90 years old who underwent surgery at our hospital between 2011 and 2022 were included in this study. Factors affecting morbidity and in-hospital mortality were analyzed statistically. Physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (POSSUM)-predicted morbidity and Portsmouth-POSSUM (P-POSSUM)-predicted mortality were calculated. ResultsPostoperative complications occurred in 30 patients (65.2 %) and 5 patients (10.8 %) died in the hospital. Factors affecting morbidity included American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score, operative time and blood loss, and operative severity score. Multivariate analysis identified male sex, operative severity score, and length of hospital stay as factors affecting morbidity. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and physiological score were identified as factors influencing mortality in hospital, and only physiological score was identified in the multivariate analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for POSSUM-predicted morbidity was 0.796 and area under the ROC curve for P-POSSUM-predicted mortality was 0.805, both of which were moderately accurate. ConclusionRisk of emergency abdominal surgery in patients ≥90 years old may be predictable to some extent, and we are able to provide convincing explanations to patients and families based on these data.

WED-129 Abdominal surgery in patients with chronic noncirrhotic extra hepatic portal vein obstruction: a multicenter retrospective case-control study

WED-129 Abdominal surgery in patients with chronic noncirrhotic extra hepatic portal vein obstruction: a multicenter retrospective case-control study

Abdominal surgery in patients with chronic noncirrhotic extrahepatic portal vein obstruction: A multicenter retrospective study.

In patients with noncirrhotic chronic extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO), data on the morbimortality of abdominal surgery are scarce. We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 76 patients (78 interventions) with EHPVO undergoing abdominal surgery within the Vascular Disease Interest Group network. Fourteen percent of the patients had ≥1 major bleeding (unrelated to portal hypertension) and 21% had ≥1 Dindo-Clavien grade ≥3 postoperative complications within 1 month after surgery. Fifteen percent had ≥1 portal hypertension-related complication within 3 months after surgery. Three patients died within 12 months after surgery. An unfavorable outcome (ie, ≥1 abovementioned complication or death) occurred in 37% of the patients and was associated with a history of ascites and with nonwall, noncholecystectomy surgical intervention: 17% of the patients with none of these features had an unfavorable outcome, versus 48% and 100% when one or both features were present, respectively. We then compared 63/76 patients with EHPVO with 126 matched (2:1) control patients without EHPVO but with similar surgical interventions. As compared with control patients, the incidence of major bleeding ( p <0.001) and portal hypertension-related complication ( p <0.001) was significantly higher in patients with EHPVO, but not that of grade ≥3 postoperative complications nor of death. The incidence of unfavorable postoperative outcomes was significantly higher in patients with EHPVO than in those without (33% vs. 18%, p =0.01). Patients with EHPVO are at high risk of major perioperative or postoperative bleeding and postoperative complications, especially in those with ascites or undergoing surgery other than wall surgery or cholecystectomy.

Timing of first abdominal operation in Crohn’s disease based on a diagnostic model

This study aims to develop a clinical diagnostic model for assessing the need for initial abdominal surgery in patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) and create a nomogram to facilitate clinical decision-making. A total of 164 surgical CD patients and 230 control CD patients were included in this retrospective analysis. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) regression and binomial logistic regression were employed to select clinical variables. The 394 CD patients were randomly allocated to a training set and a validation set in a 7:3 ratio. The filtered variables were used to establish a diagnostic model and nomogram in the training set, subsequently validated in the testing set. Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve were constructed to validate the clinical applicability of the model. Binomial logistic regression analysis identified seven clinical variables with a p-value less than 0.01, including Biomarker (B), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Intestinal obstruction, Albumin (ALB), Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Myocardial Flow Index (MFI), and C-reactive protein (CRP). These variables were utilized to establish the diagnostic model. Calibration curves showed good alignment, with a C-index of 0.996 in the training set and 0.990 in the testing set. DCA and clinical impact curve demonstrated that the diagnostic model had good clinical efficiency and could provide clinical benefits. A validated diagnostic model for determining the timing of the first abdominal operation in CD patients was established and evaluated, showing high discriminative ability, calibration, and clinical efficiency. It can be utilized by clinicians to assess the optimal timing for transitioning CD patients from medical treatment to surgical intervention, providing valuable references for individualized treatment decisions for CD patients.

To Determine the Effectiveness of Conservative Treatment Versus Appendectomy in the Management of Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis.

Background: The vermiform appendix is considered to be a vestigial organ by the most. Its importance in surgery results only from its tendency for inflammation that results in a clinical syndrome known as acute appendicitis. It is the most common indication for emergency abdominal surgery in patients with acute abdomen with a crude annual incidence of 26 per 10,000 populations.Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of Conservative Treatment Versus appendectomy in the management of AcuteUncomplicated Appendicitis.Material and Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted in Department of General Surgery Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital Saidu sharif, from 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2022. A total of 96 cases were enrolled, that were divided into two groups. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. Patients in Group A were subjected to non-operative management with antibiotics while patients in Group B were subjected to appendectomy. Patients in both groups were evaluated for various parameters such as age, gender, pre- and post-operative duration of pain (group B), Alvarado score. Post stratification chi-square test was applied keeping P Value &lt; 0.05 as significant. Results: Mean and SD for Age, Duration of Stay, Pre &amp; Post Treatment Abdominal Score and Pre and Post Treatment Alvarado Score in Group A was recorded as 35±10.60, 3.0±0.24, 7.0±0.49, 3.0±0.20, 9.0±0.41 and 3.0±1.62 respectively. In the same manner, Mean and SD for Group B was 35±12.53, 5.0±0.41, 7.0±0.35, 3.0±0.35, 3.0±0.20, 9.0±0.41, and 2.5±1.5, respectively. Success rate in Group A was 26 (52%) whereas in Group B it was 36 (72%) patients. Conclusion: Conservative treatment can be applied safely in the majority of cases of the first attack of uncomplicated acute appendicitis, therefore, avoiding appendectomy and its associated morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Acute appendicitis, Alvarado Score, Antibiotic treatment, Acute uncomplicated appendicitis, Success rate.

Venous-to-arterial carbon-dioxide tension difference as a useful predictor of patient prognosis after major surgery

PurposeChange in venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference[P(v-a)CO2] could be a useful marker to assess tissue perfusion status. Herein, we assessed the predictive values of postoperative P(v-a)CO2 measurements for mortality in critically ill patients after major surgery. The correlation between P(v-a)CO2 values and other conventional parameters of patient prognosis was also evaluated. MethodsPatients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU) after abdominal surgery were enrolled. Arterial and venous blood gas analyses were performed within 1 h(T0) and after 24 h(T1) of admission to the ICU, respectively. The relationship between P(v-a)CO2 levels at T1 and other conventional parameters were assessed using a Bland-Altman plot. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the predisposing factors of mortality after surgery. ResultsA total of 231 patients were finally analyzed. We divided the participants into the high PvaCO2 group[P(v-a)CO2 ≥ 8.6] and the low PvaCO2 group[P(v-a)CO2 < 8.6]. Seven-day-, 28-day, and in-hospital mortality were significantly higher in the high PvaCO2 group than in the low PvaCO2 group. There was significant agreement between P(v-a)CO2 values at T1 and APACHE II scores, lactate levels at T1 and total SOFA scores at T1. In multivariate logistic analysis, an increased P(v-a)CO2 value at T1 was the only significant risk factor of 7-day mortality after surgery. [odds ratio:1.341, 95%confidence interval: 1.050–1.714, p=0.019]. ConclusionP(v-a)CO2 measurements could be not only a significant predictor of postoperative prognosis, but also a useful surveillance parameter to maintain tissue perfusion after abdominal surgery in patients with a potential risk of fatal complication-related tissue hypoperfusion.

Can supplementation of tryptophan in parenteral nutrition increase melatonin and alleviate inflammatory response?

Endogenous melatonin is produced from tryptophan which is an essential amino acid. Besides its role in the regulation of sleep patterns, melatonin has anti-inflammatory effects. In this case-control study, we aimed to compare tryptophan and melatonin levels and their relationship with the inflammatory response, specifically serum interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and c-reactive protein levels following major abdominal surgery in patients with food restriction and who receive parenteral nutritional therapy. We enrolled 40 patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years in the study. We collected blood and urine samples 48 h before the operation and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. The tryptophan levels in the experimental group were higher than in the control group but failed to reach any statistical difference. Melatonin levels were increased in both groups following the surgery compared with preoperative levels. The increase in the experimental group was statistically different 3 days after the surgery. The difference in the level of interleukin-1 between the control and the experimental groups was greatest on postoperative day 3. On postoperative day 3, the interleukin-6 level in the treatment group was slightly higher than in the control group. We did not find any difference in the levels of c-reactive protein between the groups. As a result, the levels of tryptophan and melatonin were increased in the parenteral nutrition group, irrespective of the postoperative inflammatory response.

Abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis

Abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis

Abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis: what is new?

Abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis: what is new?

Perioperative Use of Intravenous Levodopa as an Anti-Parkinsonian Drug: A Propensity Score Analysis.

Perioperative discontinuation of oral anti-parkinsonian medication can negatively impact the prognosis of abdominal surgery in patients with Parkinson's disease. Although intravenous levodopa may be an alternative, its efficacy has not yet been investigated. To determine the efficacy of intravenous levodopa as an alternative to oral anti-Parkinsonian drugs during gastric or colorectal cancer surgery. We identified patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent surgery for gastric or colorectal cancer between April 2010 and March 2020, using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a nationwide inpatient database in Japan. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received intravenous levodopa during the perioperative period and those who did not. We compared in-hospital mortalities, major complications, and postoperative length of stay between the groups after adjusting for background characteristics with overlap weights based on propensity scores. We identified 648 patients who received intravenous levodopa and 1207 who did not receive levodopa during the perioperative period. In the adjusted cohort, the mean postoperative length of stay was 24.7 and 29.0 days (percent difference, -7.7%; 95% confidence interval, -13.1 to -1.5); in-hospital death was 3.2% and 3.3% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.54-1.67); and incidence of major complications were 21.4% and 19.3% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.13) in those with and without intravenous levodopa, respectively. Intravenous levodopa was associated with a shorter postoperative length of stay, but not with mortality or morbidity. Intravenous levodopa may improve perioperative care in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Effect of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Combined with Lornoxicam on Pain and Recovery Quality After Abdominal Surgery in Patients with Drug Addiction

Objective: This paper aims to analyze the analgesic effect of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug lornoxicam on abdominal surgery in patients with a history of drug addiction. Methods: 32 patients aged 18–60 who underwent lower abdominal surgery in the First People’s Hospital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Butuo County People’s Hospital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture from January 2022 to March 2023 were selected, the patients must have drug abuse history for more than 1 year, with a history of drug withdrawal and relapse. The patients were divided into observation group and control group by the envelope method, with 16 cases in the observation group and 16 cases in the control group. Two groups of patients underwent ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block after the operation. The observation group was treated with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride 1μg/kg + 0.25% ropivacaine hydrochloride 40ml, and the control group was treated with 40ml 0.9% sodium chloride injection, the two groups of patients returned to the ward after operation and given intravenous infusion of lornoxicam for relieving the pain. The visual analogue scale(VAS) score of postoperative pain, the times of rescue analgesia, the time of postoperative anal exhaust, the time of ambulation, nausea and vomiting, withdrawal symptoms, related adverse reactions, and hospitalization days were compared between the two groups. Results: The VAS score of postoperative pain in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, P &lt; 0.05. Patients in the observation group used less postoperative rescue analgesics than those in the control group, P &lt; 0.05. For postoperative anal exhaust time, the difference between the two groups of patients was relatively small, and the time in the observation group was shorter, P &gt; 0.05. The time to get out of bed and the length of hospital stay were not significantly different between the control group and the observation group, P &gt; 0.05. The withdrawal symptoms of the patients in the observation group were better, P &lt; 0.05, nausea and vomiting, and other adverse reactions were lower in the control group, P &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block combined with lornoxicam can be used to relieve pain in abdominal surgery for patients with drug addiction, which can effectively improve the therapeutic effect of patients and reduce the number of postoperative rescue analgesia. Thus, it has high clinical application value.

Reduction of butyric acid-producing bacteria in the ileal mucosa-associated microbiota is associated with the history of abdominal surgery in patients with Crohn’s disease

ABSTRACTFecal microbiota is a significant factor determining the cause, course, and prognosis of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the factors affecting mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) remain unclear. This retrospective study examined the differences in ileal MAM between CD patients and healthy controls and investigated the factors affecting MAM in CD patients to clarify potential therapeutic targets. Ileal MAM was obtained using brush forceps during endoscopic examination from 23 healthy controls and 32 CD patients (most were in remission). The samples’ microbiota was profiled using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Compared to controls, CD patients had significantly reduced α-diversity in the ileum and a difference in β-diversity. The abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria in the ileal MAM was significantly lower in CD patients with a history of abdominal surgery than in those without. Because butyric acid is a major energy source in the intestinal epithelium, its metabolism via β-oxidation increases oxygen consumption in epithelial cells, reducing oxygen concentration in the intestinal lumen and increasing the abundance of obligate anaerobic bacteria. The suppression of obligate anaerobes in CD patients caused an overgrowth of facultative anaerobes. Summarily, reducing the abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria in the ileal MAM may play an important role in CD pathophysiology.

Development of predictive score for postoperative dysphagia after emergency abdominal surgery in patients of advanced age.

Postoperative dysphagia after emergency abdominal surgery (EAS) in patients of advanced age has become problematic, and appropriate dysphagia management is needed. This study was performed to identify predictive factors of dysphagia after EAS and to explore the usefulness of swallowing screening tools (SSTs). This retrospective study included 267 patients of advanced age who underwent EAS from 2012 to 2022. They were assigned to a dysphagia group and non-dysphagia group using the Food Intake Level Scale (FILS) (dysphagia was defined as a FILS level of <7 on postoperative day 10). From 2018, original SSTs including a modified water swallowing test were performed by nurses. The incidence of postoperative dysphagia was 22.8% (61/267). Patients were significantly older in the dysphagia than non-dysphagia group. The proportions of patients who had poor nutrition, cerebrovascular disorder, Parkinson's disease, dementia, nursing-care service, high intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC), and postoperative ventilator management were much higher in the dysphagia than non-dysphagia group. Using logistic regression analysis, high IMAC, postoperative ventilator management, cerebrovascular disorder, and dementia were correlated with postoperative dysphagia and were assigned 10, 4, 3, and 3 points, respectively, according to each odds ratio. The optimal cut-off value was 7 according to a receiver operating characteristics curve. Using 1:1 propensity score matching for high-risk patients, the incidence of postoperative dysphagia was reduced by SSTs. The new prediction score obtained from this study can identify older patients at high risk for dysphagia after EAS, and SSTs may improve these patients' short-term outcomes.

Effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning on myocardial injury after major abdominal surgery in patients at high risk for cardiovascular adverse events in China (RIPC-MAS): protocol for a randomised, sham-controlled, observer-blinded trial

IntroductionMyocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) caused by an ischaemic mechanism is common and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term prognoses. However, MINS is a recent concept, and few...

β-Blockade before Noncardiac Surgery: The Devil Is in the Details.

β-Blockade before Noncardiac Surgery: The Devil Is in the Details.

Dynamics of the baroreflex sensitivity during combined anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol: a randomized trial

INTRODUCTION: A significant number of complications is still a serious problem in abdominal surgery. It is known that patients with low baroreflex sensitivity are more prone to hemodynamic instability during general anesthesia, which allows them to be identified as a risk group. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dynamics of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) during major abdominal surgery in patients with different risk of critical incidents under combined anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized study was conducted in 160 patients (80 high-risk and 80 low-risk patients), who were randomized into subgroups according to the type of anesthesia (propofol or sevoflurane) to assess the effect of the type of anesthesia critical incidents and baroreflex dynamics. RESULTS: After the induction there was a trend towards a decrease in BRS, while in subgroups with initially low values of BRS, it decreased below 3 ms/mmHg. After the end of operation and 6 hours after extubation, there were no significant changes in comparison with intraoperative values. Evaluation of BRS after 24 hours showed that BRS in all subgroups was significantly higher than at previous time points, but did not return to baseline values. At 6 hours postoperatively, in low-risk patients, BRS values were below 3 ms/mmHg in 12.5 % with propofol, and in 10 % with sevoflurane, in high-risk patients — in 45 % and 42.5 % of cases, respectively. At 24 hours, in the low-risk group, only two patients in the propofol anesthesia group and one in the sevoflurane anesthesia subgroup experienced this dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Both anesthesia with propofol and anesthesia with sevoflurane lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of the arterial baroreflex, which is not fully restored 24 hours after the end of the operation. High-risk patients with initially reduced baroreflex sensitivity show more frequent postoperative baroreflex dysfunction.

Effect of Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Following Incisional Hernia RepairA Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Incisional hernia is one of the common complications following abdominal surgery in patients undergoing laparotomy. Various surgical procedures are performed by creating a potential space and placing a foreign body (mesh), which may render the wound susceptible for many postoperative complications. It is clinically important to evaluate the efficacy of Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (INPWT) in reducing wound complications. Aim: To compare the efficacy of INPWT dressing with traditional gauze dressing in reducing postoperative complications following meshplasty in incisional hernia repair. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based randomised controlled trial, conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India, from October 2013 to July 2015. 64 consenting patients with incisional hernias undergoing meshplasty were included in this study. After being randomised into the two study groups, they had their postoperative wounds dressed with either INPWT (Group A) for five days, or traditional gauze (Group B) based dressings. Operative parameters like duration of surgery, type of dissection and type of skin sutures used were studied and analysed. Also, postoperative outcomes like Surgical Site Infection (SSI), seroma, duration of drain, hospital stay were analysed using Chi-square or Fisher’s-exact test. Results: Out of total 64 patients, there was a statistically significant reduction in the volume of drain (p=0.004) and duration of wound drainage (p=0.029) with the use of INPWT. There was also a reduction in the incidence of SSI (6.7% vs 17.6%) and seroma (6.7% vs 11.8%) and the duration of postoperative hospital stay (6.03±1.99 days vs 7.09±2.31 days) in the INPWT group, which were however not statistically significant. Age, comorbidities, Body Mass Index (BMI), duration of surgery, type of dissection and type of skin sutures were not found to have any effect on the parameters assessed. Conclusion: Incisional negative pressure wound therapy in postoperative wounds, following meshplasty for incisional hernia significantly reduces the volume and duration of wound drainage. It also reduces the incidence of SSI, seroma and the duration of hospital stay

Double Inferior Vena Cava with Major Predominance of the Left Inferior Vena Cava: A Cadaver Case Report.

We encountered a case of a double inferior vena cava with major predominance of the left inferior vena cava during an anatomical dissection course for medical students in 2015. The right inferior vena cava (normal inferior vena cava) was 2.0 mm wide, and the left inferior vena cava was 23.2 mm wide. The fine right inferior vena cava began at the right common iliac vein, ascended along the right side of the abdominal aorta, and then joined the left inferior vena cava at the level of the lower margin of the first lumbar vertebra. The dominant left inferior vena cava started from the left common iliac vein and ascended along the left side of the abdominal aorta. Most patients with a double inferior vena cava are asymptomatic, and these variants are incidentally detected by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Their presence may have significant implications for surgery, particularly abdominal surgery in patients with paraaortic lymphadenopathy and in those undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy or inferior vena cava filter placement. We herein discuss the embryology of a double inferior vena cava based on detailed anatomical data of the variations of a double inferior vena cava, including those that require clinical attention.