Abd al-Rahman Research Articles

DARI PENGUNGSIAN KE KEJAYAAN: DISKURSUS DINASTI UMAYYAH II DAN DAMPAK TRANSFORMASINYA DI ANDALUSIA PADA ABAD PERTENGAHAN

This article examines the journey of the Umayyad Dynasty II from exile in the Middle East to achieving glory in Andalusia, as well as the transformational impact they had on the region. The Umayyad II dynasty, led by Abd al-Rahman I, succeeded in turning Andalusia into an advanced center of political, economic and cultural power in medieval Europe. Through theoretical and historical analysis, this article explores the factors that supported the progress of Andalusia under the leadership of Umayyah II, using historical methods consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study can be seen, including visionary leadership, religious tolerance, cross-cultural cooperation, infrastructure development, scientific development, and investment in arts and education. The Umayyad II Dynasty's contribution to Andalusia included political, social and cultural transformation. They succeeded in creating an inclusive environment where Muslims, Christians and Jews could live side by side peacefully, and enriched the intellectual and cultural life of the region. This discourse also provides theoretical insight into political adaptation, social inclusiveness, and cultural investment in creating significant changes in the history of discourse of the Umayyad Dynasty II in Andalusia.

Islamic reform with or without Ulama? A comparative study between al-Kawakibi and Naini

ABSTRACT Through historical analysis and literature review, the current article compares the works of two contemporaneous leading Muslim advocates of reform: Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi and Ayatollah Muhammad Husain Naini. The comparison is confined to the primary political treatises of the authors, namely Tabaiʿ al-ʾIstibdad wa-Masariʿ al-ʾIstiʿbad and Tanbih al-Ummah va Tanzih al-Milla. The article delves into the multifaced factors that shaped both the style and content of the two works. Al-Kawakibi and Naini hailed from different Middle Eastern countries, belonged to distinct Islamic schools and occupied varying social strata. These differences have influenced the ways in which they conceptualized the relationship between Islam and political reform. Furthermore, despite their shared diagnosis of tyranny as a malady afflicting Islamic societies, the two authors have prescribed divergent remedies. Consequently, these two works represent the culmination of two discrete approaches to reform, rendering them not merely distinct, but in certain aspects, diametrically opposed.

THE BADI’ FACE IN SERMON QASS BIN SAIDA AL-IYADI

This article explores the types of verbal escalation found in several sermon Qass bin Sa'ida al-Iyadi. The researcher uses Arabic rhetoric theory as written by Abd al-Rahman Hassan Habankah al-Maidani on the topic "Arab Rhetoric, its Foundations, Science and Art", especially in the Badi' chapter on rhetoric. The way to use this theory is to look for words or sentences that match the sermon with the types written in the book. The method used by researchers in analyzing this research is a qualitative research method by taking a library analysis approach and specifying activities and library materials without requiring field research. The method used to collect data is a method of increasing persistence in research, namely a method that relates to things and variables in the form of writing, images or large works.The results of the analysis of Al-Badi''s face using the rhetorical theory of Al-Badi' Kutbah by Qass bin Sa'ida Al-Ayadi, namely 17 complete anaphora parts, 44 non-tan anaphora parts, 113 assonance parts, 4 balance parts, 31 response parts, sacrum on the chest, 24 from harmony, 2 from hugs, 4 from unnecessary habits, and 1 from the heart or opposite.

Konsep Etis Religius dengan Pendekatan Maqashid Syariah Perspektif Thaha Abd Al-Rahman

This study aims to understand and analyze the concept of religious ethics in the Maqasid al-Shariah approach according to Thaha Abd al-Rahman. The method used is a qualitative method with a philosophical approach and textual analysis. Data were collected through literature studies, interviews, and document analysis. The results of this research indicate that the thoughts of Thaha Abd Al-Rahman provide valuable contributions to the development of a contextual, ethical, and relevant Islamic paradigm for the current era. By integrating alternative modernity concepts, belief as a foundation, religious ethics, and maqasid shariah, Taha Abd Al-Rahman forms a solid foundation for the realization of a just, equitable, and ethical society in the modern era. The implication of this research is that the concept of religious ethics in the Maqasid al-Shariah approach by Taha Abd al-Rahman can be a guide for Muslims in their daily lives. It is recommended that educational institutions, both formal and informal, introduce this concept to the community to improve their understanding of religious ethics in Islam.

Abd al-Rahman al-Hajj Saleh’s linguistic repertoire project, between reality and what is hoped for.

The Linguistic Repertoire Project, by its owner, Abdul Rahman Al Haj Saleh, is the first serious attempt to digitize the Arabic language and link it to technology. This is because it is based on the idea of ​​introducing computer programming into teaching the Arabic language in order to keep pace with modernity. Through this project, he also tried to go deeper into talking about his Khalilian theory, which is to subject the Arab linguistic heritage to the requirements of the era represented by programming the Arabic language in computers and developing it. Therefore, this research paper aims to trace the path of the Linguistic Repertoire Project in order to reveal the extent of its application on the ground, and to determine its most important results. Among the findings of the research is that the Arab countries, and Algeria in particular, have made remarkable strides in the field of digitizing the Arabic language. So that she did not spare any effort in this; Rather, it did everything in its power to implement the project and move it forward to catch up with the ranks of developed countries.

The descendants of the Mamluks in the Arab sociocultural environment: Ibn Qurqmas (d. 1477)

The awlād al-nās (the descendants of the Mamluks) were the only group outside the military class in the Circassian Sultanate that had access to the Mamluk world, otherwise closed to all who did not belong to it. In the spiritual culture, awlād al-nās constituted a link between the Mamluks and the local population. Nasir al-Din Muhammad Ibn Qurqmas (1400–1477), was a proliϐic Egyptian writer, poet, calligrapher and compiler of a Quranic commentary was a mamluk descender, one of awlād al-nās. The article comprises information from the “Zahr al-Rabīʿ ϔī Shawāhid al-Badīʿ” by Ibn Qurqmas and also some materials with regards to his biography as discovered in the writings by Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf Ibn Taghri Birdi (d. in 1469), ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi (d. in 1497) and Muhammad b. Ahmad Ibn Iyas al-Hanaϐi (d. in 1524). It aims to trace the avenues of incorporation of a Mamluk descendant into the local socio-cultural environment of medieval Egypt.

The History by Shanbal as the Earliest Specimen of the Historiography of Hadramawt

The historiographical tradition of Hadramawt, the autonomous historical and cultural region of South Arabia, began its formation in the IX/XV century. The works of Hadramawt historiography appeared in great numbers following “The History of Hadramawt” by Ahmad bin ‘Abdullah Shanbal. “The History of Hadramawt» belongs to the biographical genre of narrative characterized by a concise form of reporting. It was under the inϐluence of Muslim law and, to a lesser extent, theology, that the history of various branches of knowledge was compiled as a collection of biographies of authoritative ϐigures. Thus, the genre of biography in Arab-Muslim historiography became the most enduring of all forms of historical expression. Shanbal through the prism of biographies of ulems, fakikhs, qadis, rulers and commanders gave us the basis for constructing the history of medieval Hadramawt. This article identiϐies features of the Hadramawt historiographic tradition based on an analysis of the text of Ahmad bin ‘Abdullah Shanbal’s work. In compiling his chronicle, Shanbal apparently relied on Ba Hasan, Ba Shurahbil, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Khatib, Ba Makhrama, genealogies and family hagiologies of sayyids and mashayyih.

The Cultural and Historical links between Turks and Afghans in the First Era of Islam

Though Turks and Afghans are located far off geographically yet it may not be perceived as a marker of friction between the two nations. The Islamic history in the middle Ages reveal that Islam has spread in the Turkish and Afghan regions amongst the indigenous tribes heralded a marked cultural and linguistic influence in the cited regions. The Turks' contact with the Islamic world started in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty reaching out to the western regions of the "Bab" region adjacent to Turkish territory in 22 AH. This contact resulted in the spread of Islam amongst the Turks and their men took part as part of Muslim army leading to propagation of Islam. Moreover, In the Abbasid era, the number of Turks assuming leadership positions had increased in the Muslim state. This contact sustained in the Islamic world to the East in the Turkish areas after the Muslims crossed the JIHUN River (Amu Darya) in 31 AH under the leadership of QUTAYBA Ibn Muslim. Thus Islam spread among the Turk Tribes under the rule of the SAMANI Governors where they spearheaded the extension of Muslim influence to Tirmiz, Bukhara, Samarkand and other Central Asian countries due to the simplicity of Islam. As for the Afghans' contact with Islam in the West, it began in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyads eversince Herat was conquered in the year 23 AH; Jawzjan, Balkh and Takhar in the year 32 AH by Al-Ahnaf bin Qais from northern Afghanistan; Zabul in the year 43 AH and Kabul in 44 AH by Abd al-Rahman bin Samra. However the eastern areas of Afghanistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, although Islam reached there in the first century, did not enter the Islamic rule. They remained either under the tribal control or were ruled by the Indian kings until the Ghaznavids took over through Prince Subuktagin in Ghazni in the last decade of the 4th century.There has remained direct contact between the Turks and Afghans after the displacement of the Turkish tribes to the Gazani state in the south of the Jihun River.The state sovereignty of the Turkish majority was due to their leadership positions and a large part of the military formation included the Turks and Afghans. Hence the two nations lived with a clear linguistic and cultural influence with hundreds of basic words in common as for instance the Turkish names for Afghan men and women and dozens of Turkish names for villages and cities. There are even common tribal traditions and customs between the two peoples. This research addresses the historically direct contact between the Turkish and Afghan tribes with cultural and social impact between the Turks and Afghans.

MUNTHER BIN SAEED AL-BALOUTI AND HIS INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT IN ANDALUSIA

Andalusia knew many jurists "foquahaa" who left their scientific and political marks, whether through their personality, prestige, and status, or through their scientific heritage, especially their writings, or through their political positions and positions recorded for us in class "Tabakat" books, biographies "Tarajim", and history books in general. The jurists "foquahaa" of the Zahiri Doctrine had a outstanding impact during the rule of the Umayyad dynasty and the Tawaeif kings in Andalusia. Among them is Imam Ibn Hazm Al-Zahiri, whose mention was widespread due to his abundance of knowledge and writings, even though he did not leave Andalusia. There is another jurist "faquih" whose mention was not widespread, and he was before Imam Ibn Hazm, and he is “Mundhir bin Saeed AlBaluti,” this jurist "faquih" who gained status because of his famous sermon, which he did not attend. It was in the presence of Caliph Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir li-Din Allah, the King of Romans, and the delegation with him. He gained political status by assuming the position of Chief Judge of Cortoba, despite the fact that he was a jurist "faquih" according to the Zahiri school of thought and the state was following the Maliki Doctrine

An Examination of Aishah Abd al-Rahman bint al-Shati’s Approach to Exegesis of The Quran

In the last few decades, bint al-Shati’s literary approach to exegesis of the Quran has received some scholarly attention being a female exegete of the Quran. Her approach to the interpretation of the Quran shows that her information is hardly from the traditional exegeses. Thus, this paper seeks to examine her various approaches to tafsir to expose her efforts as a modern exegete. Her approaches include but are not limited to the meaning of Quranic words, use of poem, use of conclusion, presentation of the number of times a word appears, use of ilm Qira’at, philological and topical approaches. The paper employed historical and analytical methods of research. The historical method helped in accounting for the biography of bint al-Shati while the analytical method assisted in explaining each of her approaches to tafsir with extracts from her tafsir. The paper revealed that her approach to tafsir is a combination of both traditional and literary study of the Quran with more focus on the former than the latter. It, therefore, concluded that female Muslims should intensify more efforts in the dissemination of Islamic knowledge in a contemporaneous way without neglecting the traditional way.

EXISTENTIALISM IN ARABIC LITERATURE: PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS, MODELS, FIGURES, AND CRITICISM

This article discusses existentialism in Arabic literature. The purpose of this study is to describe the philosophical foundations that underlie existentialism, models or forms of existentialism, figures who apply existentialism in their literature works, critiques of existentialism. The method used in collecting data is the technique of looking at notes on reference sources in books related to existentialism. The results of the study show that the foundations philosophical of existentialism is that humans have the highest authority in governing themselves with responsible freedom. The models that appear in this exsistentialism are novels, dramas, poetry with themes of anxiety, sadness and others. Arab literary figures who apply this exsistentialism in their works include: 'Abd al-Rahman Badawi, Khalil al-Hawi, Abd al-Wahab al-Bayati, Taufiq al-Hakim. Later in its development, existentialism received some criticism because of its extreme ideas which were contrary to what was brought by Islam, that humans must believe in God and the values of intellectual heritage.

The Implicit Masculinity Model in the Novel "Cities of Salt" by Abd al-Rahman Munif (A study in the light of Cultural Criticism)

The Implicit Masculinity Model in the Novel "Cities of Salt" by Abd al-Rahman Munif (A study in the light of Cultural Criticism)

Islamic View of Human Nature towards Education

Human existence begins with weakness and inability which will then move towards strength. Humans can easily take advantage of the grace and gifts bestowed upon them, but humans must fulfill an obligation to their God. Human dignity before God is not measured by how high their rank and position, their lineage, or their wealth. But when Allah is measured, it is his piety. Humans from the Islamic perspective will still be born in a state of fitrah, namely holy, clean, free from all sins, and have a tendency to accept religion, faith and monotheism. Whether humans become good or bad is a result of education and environmental factors, not their original character. According to Abd al-Rahman al-Bani, quoted by an-Nahlawi, the task of Islamic education is to safeguard and maintain the nature of students, then develop and prepare all the potential they have, by directing the existing nature and potential towards goodness and perfection, and realizing a the program in a more gradual manner. (Nahlawi, 1996) Development of human nature can be done through various learning activities. Namely through an institution. The development of human nature can be done through learning activities. Namely through various institutions. What is meant by unfocused learning is through education at school only, but can also be done outside school, either in the family, community or through existing social and religious institutions. From an Islamic point of view, fitrah is a natural innate tendency from birth. The creation of a creature for the first time is in a natural structure, one of which is human, human since the beginning of his birth has had an innate religion or belief that is passed down from his parents. Apart from being a religion of nature, Islam is also in accordance with human religious instincts and even supports the needs and development of nature.

The manuscript of the scholar Mullah Abd al-Rahman al-Binjwini on the (Jama' Al-jawame') From the topic of (All) from the topics of (Al-letters) to (General)

This study attempts to investigate part of a valuable manuscript on the book (Jama' Al-jawame') in the Science of Fundamentals of Jurisprudence (Elm Usul al-Fiqih) by the scholar Mulla Abdul Rahman Al-Binjwini (died in:1319m)، From the topic of (Al-kul) from the topics of (Al-Huruf) to (al-Aam)، Relying on three copies of the manuscript with the author's life، study of the book، the author's approach to the manuscript، a description of the written versions، my work in the investigation، and at the end the list of sources and references.

Dynamic performance of the Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba under different earthquake scenarios: The Abd al-Rahman I sector

The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba is one of the most important monuments in Spain. Owing to its authenticity, its integrity and its influence on later architecture, it was declared as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1984. The monument is located in Andalusia, in southern Spain. This region presents a moderate seismic hazard, and it is affected by two kinds of seismic sources: a) far away earthquakes of large/very large magnitude; b) close earthquakes of moderate magnitude. Particularly, the Mosque-Cathedral had to endure the well-known 1755 Lisbon's earthquake (Mw = 8.5, at 488 km) and the 1504 Carmona earthquake (Mw = 6.8, at 82 km). This research has analysed its dynamic behaviour under several earthquake scenarios: code-base response spectrum, previous historic earthquakes and fault maximum magnitude earthquakes. However, after the seismic hazard analysis and due to the lack of faults registered surrounding the building, no worst-case scenario considering the maximum expected magnitude has been found. Owing to the complexity of the building, this work has focused on the Abd al-Rahman I sector, which is the most aged part, dating from the VIII century. A refined 3D numerical model has been developed and calibrated through free ambient vibration tests. The distribution of the maximum amplitudes (internal displacements and absolute accelerations) under the different scenarios has been comparatively presented. Also, the seismic performance has been assessed considering the drifts and the damage expected. The results showed that the damage would be concentrated in the contact between the arcades and the courtyard wall. Also, the lower part of the North-South closing wall would be damaged. According to the seismic performance, the building is expected to present moderate damage. In contrast, the analysis of the drifts, according to the codes, suggest that the building would resist each damage limit. Also, it was shown that the far fault earthquake scenario is more demanding than the close fault earthquake scenario. Next, it should be noted that the behaviour of the building for a seismic action of 475-year return period is expected to be similar to the far-fault earthquake scenario. The most demanding earthquake scenario has been the 975-year return period one.

In order to long for the release of the perceptive in believing the expenditure claimant Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Ziyad al-Ghaithi al-Maqsari al-Zubaidi al-Shafi`I (D. 975 AH) a study and investigation

In order to long for the release of the perceptive in believing the expenditure claimant Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Ziyad al-Ghaithi al-Maqsari al-Zubaidi al-Shafi`I (D. 975 AH) a study and investigation

Preliminary structural and seismic performance assessment of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba: The Abd al-Rahman I sector

This manuscript discusses some preliminary results on the structural and the seismic performance of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, a UNESCO World Heritage. The area is characterized by a moderate seismic hazard. The building was built from the 8th to the 16th century and it has undergone several transformations. Owing to the complexity of the building, this work has focused on the assessment of the Abd al-Rahman I sector, which is the most aged part of the complex. For that, first, a 3D numerical finite element model of the sector has been done in the OpenSees framework and calibrated. To do so, an experimental non-destructive campaign has been carried out. Second, the model has been used to evaluate the structural behaviour, under vertical and horizontal loads, considering different scenarios. Finally, the crack patterns and the seismic safety have been obtained. The results showed that the numerical damage obtained for the gravitational loads is in good agreement with the data collected from the in situ surveys. Also, particular attention should be paid to the cymatiums, as they are the most demanded part of the system. Regarding its seismic performance, the building presents a higher capacity in the direction of the arcades. For the seismic demand, slight damage is expected in both principal directions of the building, which could be easily repaired. Damage concentration is expected in the contact between the perimetral wall and the arcades. This work has expanded the study of the features of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba to the structural and seismic analysis with advanced numerical FE computing, which has not been done to date. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a macro-modelling approach with solid elements is presented for the seismic assessment of heritage buildings using the OpenSees framework. The methodology to do so is also presented. Apart from showing how advanced numerical analyses can provide useful information to assess the existing damage on monumental buildings, this work aims at contributing to the assessment of the vulnerability and the safety of one of the most emblematic mosque-like buildings of the world.

كلمة العدد (إنجليزي)

كلمة العدد (إنجليزي)

The Approach of Abi Abd al-Rahman Ismail al-Darir al-Nisaburi in the interpretation of the verses of Rulings in his interpretation (Adequacy in Interpretation) - Analytical study

The Holy Qur’an is the first legislative source for the verses of the rulings. There are noble verses in its great surah that dealt with various aspects of the lives of Muslims. The interpretations of the verses of the rulings had a great impact in directing the rulings of Islamic jurisprudence and its principles, especially since the interpreters’ approaches varied in dealing with the interpretation of the verses of the rulings. Intolerance to a specific group and defended it, some of which expanded and compared the schools of jurisprudence, and some of them dealt with the interpretation of verses in their Qur’anic context. (d. 430 AH) in his interpretation (Enough in Interpretation). The aim of which was to direct consideration of how to study the verses of rulings in the Noble Qur’an by deducing legislative jurisprudence rulings, and the research was divided into three demands: The first requirement: the definition and interpretation of the Nesaburi blind, the second requirement: A Brief on the Verses of Judgments and the Differences of Scholars in Their Judgment, The Third Requirement: The Approach of the Blind Nesaburi in Interpreting Verses of Judgments in (Sufficiency in Interpretation).

The Result of the Declaration in the sense of Metaphor For Abd al-Rahman ibn Mustafa al-Aidarous (d. 1192 AH): An Investigation and Reference

The nature of research and investigation required that the researcher presents to the reader something about the author’s life and writings in a preface that preceded the verified text. So the researcher had dealt with the text as is well-known among the investigators, and had explained this in a special paragraph in (The Investigation Method).