Abbe-type Refractometer Research Articles

Determination of refractive index increments of PMMA particles dispersed in liquid phase

The refractive index increments of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles with sizes ranging from submicron to several microns were determined by measuring different concentrations of the solution and using a refractometer and microbalance calibrated by accurate traceability source. Conventionally, it was common to measure only the difference in refractive index between solvent and solution using a Bryce-type cell system, but it is difficult to perform traceable calibration since there is no reference material for refractive index increment. In this paper, we accurately quantify the refractive index increment by making individual measurements of the solvent and solution refractive indices, respectively, using Abbe-type refractometer. In addition, an uncertainty analysis was performed, and the results clarified the main factor of the variance in the refractive index increment measurements. The most important factor of variation of refractive index increment measurement is the measured apparent values at dilute concentration region including fluctuation of the system. This method was able to be applied to the determination of water content existing in particles. The percentage of the water content was determined using two different solvents, and the water content values were in good agreement within their uncertainties.

An improved differential algorithm for the critical-angle refractometer

Due to the limit of the pixel size of the charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, the traditional differential algorithm has a limited measuring accuracy by determining the critical angle in integral pixel. In this paper, we present a practical algorithm based on the centroid value of the reflective ratio around the critical angle pixel to address the traditional differential algorithm problem of determining the critical angle under sub-pixel in a critical angle refractometer (CAR). When the change of refractive index (RI) of a liquid sample is beyond the sensitivity of the traditional differential algorithm, the RI of the liquid can be obtained by using the centroid value of reflectivity around the critical angle pixel. The centroid value is associated with the RI change of the liquid in sub-pixel. Demonstrated by both theoretical analyses and experimental results using saline solutions with RI that changes in sub-pixel tested through the reflective CAR, the algorithm is found to be computationally effective and robust to expand the measuring accuracy of the Abbe-type refractometer in sub-pixel.

Green approach toward sustainable adhesive: Synthesis and characterization of poly(myrcene sulfone)

Abstract With pressing environmental concerns and incessant depletion of fossil reserves, producing sustainable polymeric materials to become a research target. In this work, we prepare a bio-based polymer from a naturally occurring monoterpene (β-myrcene) and sulfur dioxide which can be captured from industrial waste gas. The structure of the synthesized polymer was ascertained by IR and NMR. The initiator initiated poly(myrcene-co-SO2) possesses four kinds of microstructure, 1,4-cis and 1,4-trans are the main structures, and the contents of 1,2-vinyl and 3,4-addition microstructure are extremely low. Solubility behavior, thermal degradation and optical properties of poly(myrcene-co-SO2) were characterized by theoretical solubility parameter, TG and Abbe-type refractometer. Moreover, we report the adhesive properties of the polymer on glass, wood, aluminum and copper. Due to hydroxyl groups on the surface of the material, poly(myrcene-co-SO2) exhibits outstanding adhesion properties.

Refractive index measurement of sol forming Laponite JS dispersion using interferometry

In this work refractive index (RI) of a solution (sol) of water-dispersed Laponite JS has been experimentally measured by using the Mach–Zehnder configuration of an interferometer combined with an Abbe-type refractometer. It was observed that the RI of the Laponite JS dispersion increases with an increase in Laponite concentration while it decreases with increasing temperature. The behavior of RI as a function of density was observed to be in good agreement with the extended Lorentz–Lorenz equation. It suggests that changes in RI arising from the temperature are mainly accounted for through the change in density while the direct effect of temperature being small. Finally, RI of the sol forming Laponite JS dispersion was compared with the previously reported data of the gel forming dispersion of Laponite RD and was found to be in qualitative agreement.

Refractive index measurement of turbid media by transmission of backscattered light near the critical angle.

We investigate experimentally the determination of the effective refractive index (RI) of a turbid particle suspension from the angle dependence of light scattered by the particles and then transmitted into a transparent prism of higher RI. We assembled a versatile experimental device that may be recognized as an Abbe-type refractometer in which the sample is illuminated from the prism side and use it to measure the intensity profile of diffuse light refracted into the prism around the critical angle. By fitting a recently proposed theoretical model we extract the complex RI of turbid suspensions of particles from the measured intensity profiles. We show that the real part of the effective RI is readily obtained with good precision regardless of how the sample is illuminated, whereas obtaining the imaginary part is done with less precision but nevertheless useful measurements can be obtained. The effective RI obtained with this method compares very well with the so-called van de Hulst effective RI and the one derived from Keller's model of the effective propagation constant.

The effect of resin thickness on polymerization characteristics of silorane-based composite resin.

ObjectivesThis study examined the influence of the resin thickness on the polymerization of silorane- and methacrylate-based composites.Materials and MethodsOne silorane-based (Filtek P90, 3M ESPE) and two methacrylate-based (Filtek Z250 and Z350, 3M ESPE) composite resins were used. The number of photons were detected using a photodiode detector at the different thicknesses (thickness, 1, 2 and 3 mm) specimens. The microhardness of the top and bottom surfaces was measured (n = 15) using a Vickers hardness with 200 gf load and 15 sec dwell time conditions. The degree of conversion (DC) of the specimens was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scratched powder of each top and bottom surface of the specimen dissolved in ethanol for transmission FTIR spectroscopy. The refractive index was measured using a Abbe-type refractometer. To measure the polymerization shrinkage, a linometer was used. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at p < 0.05 level.ResultsThe silorane-based resin composite showed the lowest filler content and light attenuation among the specimens. P90 showed the highest values in the DC and the lowest microhardness at all depth. In the polymerization shrinkage, P90 showed a significantly lower shrinkage than the rest two resin products (p < 0.05). P90 showed a significantly lower refractive index than the remaining two resin products (p < 0.05).ConclusionsDC, microhardness, polymerization rate and refractive index linearly decreased as specimen thickness linearly increased. P90 showed much less polymerization shrinkage compared to other specimens. P90, even though achieved the highest DC, showed the lowest microhardness and refractive index.

Expanding the measurement range of a critical-angle refractometer through Fourier analysis

We present a practical algorithm based on the Fourier power spectrum for expanding the measuring range of a critical-angle refractometer (CAR). Refractive index (RI) information is extracted from the gradual change in the relative reflective ratio. The Abbe-type refractometer has a limited measurement range based on Snell's reflective law. When the RI of a liquid sample is beyond the upper limit of the Abbe-type refractometer, it can be obtained by using the Fourier power spectrum of reflectivity. The maximal value of the Fourier power spectrum of the reflective ratio is associated with the RI of the liquid. Supported by theoretical analysis and experimental results using sugar solutions with RI that varied from 1.359 to 1.3766 tested through the reflective CAR, the algorithm is found to be computationally effective and robust to expand the measuring range of the Abbe-type refractometer.

Optical model enabling the use of Abbe-type refractometers on turbid suspensions

We derive a simple model for the angular-intensity profiles of diffuse light transmitted from a turbid colloid into a transparent medium of higher refractive index (RI) near the critical angle. Adjusting this model to experimental profiles obtained with an Abbe-type refractometer offers a sensitive and robust way of measuring the complex effective RI of highly scattering media.

Densities, Viscosities, Refractive Indexes, and Surface Tensions for Mixtures of Ethanol, Benzyl Acetate, and Benzyl Alcohol

Densities, viscosities, refractive indexes, and surface tensions of the ternary system (ethanol + benzyl acetate + benzyl alcohol) at T = 303.15 K and its constituent binary systems (ethanol + benzyl acetate, ethanol + benzyl alcohol, and benzyl acetate + benzyl alcohol) at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K were measured under atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling-ball principle. Refractive indexes were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. From these data, excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, deviations in refractive index, and deviations in surface tension were derived. The results for the binary and ternary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation and the Cilbuka equation, respectively. The excess molar volumes and deviations in viscosity are used to study the nature of mixing...

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions for binary and ternary mixtures of 2-propanol, tetrahydropyran, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of the ternary system (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = 303.15 K and its constituent binary systems (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran, 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K were measured at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling-ball principle. Refractive indexes were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. From these data, excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, deviations in refractive index, and deviations in surface tension were calculated. The results for the binary and ternary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation and the variable-degree polynomials in terms of compositions, respectively. The experimental and calculated quantities are used to study the nature of mixing behaviour between mixture components.

Solubility, Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Electrical Conductivity for Potassium Nitrate−Water−2-Propanol at (298.15 and 313.15) K

The solubility of potassium nitrate in aqueous 2-propanol solution has been determined at the temperatures of (298.15 and 313.15) K and atmospheric pressure. The densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and electrical conductivities of potassium nitrate in water and in the saturated solutions of aqueous 2-propanol were measured at these two temperatures. Solubilities were determined using the analytical gravimetric method. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling ball principle. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Electrical conductivities were determined by measuring the electrical resistance between two electrodes facing each other in the solution. The experimental values of solubility, density, and electrical conductivity were found to decrease with an increase of the concentration of 2-propanol for the saturated solutions of potassium nitrate + water + 2-propanol, while different trends with a maximum and a minimum were observed for viscosity and refractive index, respectively. Equations are given for these properties as a function of concentration.

Densities, Viscosities, Refractive Indices, and Surface Tensions for the Mixtures of 1,3-Dioxolane + 2-Propanol or + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K and 1,3-Dioxolane + 2-Propanol + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at 298.15 K

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of a ternary system (1,3-dioxolane + 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = 298.15 K and two binary systems (1,3-dioxolane + 2-propanol and 1,3-dioxolane + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K were measured over the extensive composition range at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling-ball principle. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. The excess molar volumes VE were calculated from the experimental density data. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Densities, Viscosities, Refractive Indices, and Surface Tensions for the Ternary Mixtures of 2-Propanol + Benzyl Alcohol + 2-Phenylethanol at T = 308.15 K

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions for the ternary system of 2-propanol + benzyl alcohol + 2-phenylethanol were measured at T = 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelholde capillary viscometer. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. The experimental data are used to calculate excess molar volumes VE, deviations in the viscosity Δη, deviations in the refractive index ΔnD, and deviations in the surface tension Δσ. The calculated quantities VE, Δη, ΔnD, and Δσ were fitted to the variable-degree polynomials.

Densities, Viscosities, Refractive Indexes, and Surface Tensions for Binary Mixtures of 2-Propanol + Benzyl Alcohol, + 2-Phenylethanol and Benzyl Alcohol + 2-Phenylethanol at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Densities, viscosities, refractive indexes, and surface tensions for three binary systems (2-propanol + benzyl alcohol, 2-propanol + 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol + 2-phenylethanol) were measured at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K over the whole composition range at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelholde capillary viscometer. Refractive indexes were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. These results are used to calculate excess molar volumes, , deviations in the viscosity, Δη, deviations in the refractive index, ΔnD, and the deviations in the surface tension, Δσ, at these three temperatures. The calculated quantities of , Δη, ΔnD, and Δσ were fitted to the Redlich−Kister equation to estimate the binary interaction parameters.

Refractive Indices and Surface Tensions of Binary Mixtures of Isoamyl Acetate, Ethyl Caproate, Ethyl Benzoate, Isoamyl Butyrate, Ethyl Phenylacetate, and Ethyl Caprylate with Ethanol at (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Refractive indices and surface tensions for six binary mixtures formed by the flavor esters (isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl benzoate, isoamyl butyrate, ethyl phenylacetate, and ethyl caprylate) with ethanol over the whole composition range were measured at four different temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined using the Wilhelmy-plate method. From experimental data, deviations in the refractive index Δn were calculated both on a mole fraction basis and on a volume fraction basis. The deviations in the molar refraction ΔR and the deviations in the surface tension Δσ were calculated on a mole fraction basis. The binary data of these deviations were correlated as a function of the mole fraction using the Redlich−Kister equation.

Refractive Indices and Surface Tensions of Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Acetoacetate, Ethyl Isovalerate, Methyl Benzoate, Benzyl Acetate, Ethyl Salicylate, and Benzyl Propionate with Ethanol at (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Refractive indices and surface tensions for binary mixtures of six flavor esters (ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl isovalerate, methyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, ethyl salicylate, and benzyl propionate) with ethanol over the whole composition range were measured at four different temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined using the Wilhelmy-plate method. Deviations in the refractive index ΔnD and deviations in the surface tension Δσ from volume fraction average for the binary mixtures were derived from experimental data. The binary data of ΔnD and Δσ were correlated as a function of mole fraction using the Redlich−Kister equation.

Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Diisopropyl Ether, Ethanol, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary system diisopropyl ether + ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at T = 298.15 K and the binary systems diisopropyl ether + ethanol and diisopropyl ether + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured at T = (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, and refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Excess molar volumes (V E), deviations in the viscosity from mole fraction average (Δη), and deviations in the refractive index from volume fraction average (ΔnD) for the mixtures were derived from experimental data. The binary and ternary data of V E, Δη, and ΔnD were correlated with liquid composition by using the Redlich−Kister and the Cibulka equations.

Densities, Viscosities, Refractive Indices, and Surface Tensions for 12 Flavor Esters from T = 288.15 K to T = 358.15 K

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions for 12 flavor esters were measured from 288.15 K to 358.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The esters studied were ethyl acetoacetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl isovalerate, methyl benzoate, ethyl caproate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, isoamyl butyrate, ethyl salicylate, benzyl propionate, ethyl phenylacetate, and ethyl caprylate. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter, and viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer, and surface tensions were measured using the Wilhelmy-plate method. The experimental data were correlated by temperature-dependent equations.

Experimental and predicted volumetric and refractive index properties of ternary mixtures of iodoethane with toluene and alcohols at temperature 298.15 K and pressure 101 kPa

Excess molar volumes V m E and change in refractive indices Δ mix n of the binary mixtures of (toluene + methanol), (toluene + ethanol), (toluene + 1-propanol), (toluene + iodoethane), (methanol + iodoethane), (ethanol + iodoethane), (1-propanol + iodoethane), and the ternary mixtures of (toluene + methanol + iodoethane), (toluene + ethanol + iodoethane), and (toluene + 1-propanol + iodoethane) were measured with vibrating-tube densimeters and an Abbe-type refractometer at the temperature 298.15 K and the pressure 101 kPa. The experimental V m E and Δ mix n values of the ternary systems were predicted by empirical equations using binary solution data.

Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Acetone, Ethanol, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary system acetone + ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at T = 298.15 K and the binary systems acetone + ethanol, acetone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured at T = (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Excess molar volumes VE, deviations in the viscosity from the mole fraction average Δη, and deviations in the refractive index from the volume fraction average ΔnD for the mixtures were derived from experimental data. The binary and ternary data of VE, Δη, and ΔnD were correlated with liquid composition by using the Redlich−Kister and Cibulka equations.