ABAB Type Research Articles

Research on Chinese Reduplicative Verbs in the Form of AABB

Verb reduplication is a common linguistic phenomenon widely existing in different languages. Reduplicative verbs in the form of AABB is basic one in Chinese. Its rich expressional function reflects the diversity and flexibility of Chinese. It is of great significance to study the grammatical phenomenon of reduplicative verbs to grasp the essential rules of Chinese grammar accurately. The Chinese linguistics has done a lot of related analysis on the reduplication of verbs, and has achieved many significant results in the field of researching on reduplicative verbs. However, the discussion of verb reduplication in grammar is limited to the reduplication of single syllable, while in the reduplication of double syllables is mainly on the ABAB type of research, the verb form of AABB reduplication has not been a more comprehensive system of research. The verb reduplication of AABB form can be generally summarized as an increase either in action duration or the times of repetition, which is distinct from the reduplication of single syllable verb of AA and double syllables verb of ABAB formally, semantically and syntactically, while is similar to the typical reduplication of double syllables adjective of AABB semantically and syntactically.

Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Nickel Complexes with Low-Symmetry Phenoxy- and Phenylsulfanyl-Substituted and 1,4-Naphthoquinone-Annulated Phthalocyanines

Cross-coupling of 4,5-diphenoxyphthalonitrile or 4,5-bis(phenylsulfanyl)phthalonitrile (component A) with imide of anthraquinone-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (component B) in the presence of urea, nickel acetate, ammonium chloride, and molybdate has afforded metal complexes of the corresponding low-symmetry phthalocyanines of the A3B, AABB, and ABAB type. Investigation of their spectral properties has shown that the complexes are associated in chloroform, the type of association depending on the dipole moment of the molecule.

Impact of the Teaching Techniques on the Distruptive Behaviour

The disruptive behaviour of students and the impact that the teaching techniques may have on it are an important issued for the Albanian school. One of the techniques that has new the tendency to be used in the Albanian education is the Respond Cards (RC) Technique. This technique offers students plenty of opportunities to interact when they are learning a new material, or when repeating a material learned before. It also enables teachers to assess the understanding of each student, react instantly and adapt the lesson and the class to the circumstances. The goal of this study is to assess the impact that using the RCs Technique in the class of Knowledge on the Nature will have on the students’ disrupting behaviour. The RCs Technique was used in combination with the Single-Student Responding (SSR) Technique through an ABAB type design. Five students of the fourth grade in the “Ali Agjah” school in Elbasan, Albania were the sample for the data collection. The disruptive behaviour was measured during SSRs and RCs, by partial intervals’ recording in the observation of each student in each session. Results showed that when RCs were used the average number of intervals with disruptive behaviour fell by 5.4 and that there were no differences between genders. It is not only productive, but also essential and indispensable to implement effective instructing techniques such as RCs, which highly evaluate the active responses of the students. Teachers must deal with disruptive behaviour, but they also should see deep in their teaching techniques. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p69

ABAB Homoleptic Bis(phthalocyaninato)lanthanide(III) Complexes: Original Octupolar Design Leading to Giant Quadratic Hyperpolarizability

The octupolar cube, a Td symmetry cube presenting alternating charges at its corners, is the generic point charge template of any octupolar molecule. So far, transposition into real molecular structures has yet to be achieved. We report here a first step toward the elaboration of fully cubic octupolar architectures. A series of octupolar bis(2,3,16,17-tetra(hexylthio)phthalocyaninato)lanthanide double-decker complexes [Pc2Ln], Ln = Nd (1), Eu (2), Dy (3), Y (4), and Lu (5), are described, whose original three-dimensional structures display the required alternation of ABAB type for one face of the cube and the delocalization between the two rings approximating to the electronic interaction along the edges of the cube. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and study of the optical properties and of the first molecular hyperpolarizability β are reported. The size of the lanthanide (III) central ion modulates the ring-to-ring distance and the degree of coupling between the two phthalocyanine rings. As a consequence, the optical properties of these octupolar chromophores and in particular the strong near-infrared absorption due to the intervalence transition between the two rings also depend on the central lanthanide (III) ion. The first oxidized and reduced states of the complexes, while keeping a similar octupolar structure, display considerably changed optical properties compared to the neutral states. Second-order nonlinear properties were determined by nonpolarized harmonic light scattering in solution at 1907 nm. Exceptionally large dynamic molecular first hyperpolarizabilities √(<βHLS(2)>1907), among the highest ever reported, were found that showed a strong dependence on the number of 4f electrons.

Positional isomerism of unsymmetrical semirigid ligands toward the construction of discrete and infinite coordination architectures of zinc(ii) and cadmium(ii) complexes

Three unsymmetrical semirigid ligands, HInMe-n-py (n = 2, 3, 4), showing positional isomerism have assembled with ZnCl2 and CdCl2 to yield supramolecular coordination assemblies. Compound [Zn(InMe-2-py)2]·1/2THF·1/2CH3OH·1/4H2O (1) has a two-dimensional rhombus gridlike (4,4) layer structure constructed from the dinuclear paddlewheel [Zn2(O2C)4N2] units with two pendant side-arms. Compound [Zn2Cl2(InMe-3-py)2(HInMe-3-py)2] (2) forms a discrete armed M2L2 macrocycle, which connects with others by intermolecular O–H⋯O and C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to give rise to a decorated three-dimensional supramolecular pcu net. Compound [Zn(InMe-4-py)2]·1/2H2O (3) adopts a two-dimensional chiral wavy (4,4) square grid. Opposite-handedness chiral wavy grids are stacked in an ABAB type of sequence that has small voids accommodating lattice water molecules. Compound [CdCl(InMe-3-py)] (4) displays a two-dimensional achiral meso layer in which the opposite-handedness Cd–L helical chains are interconnected by the Cd–O bridging bonds and stitched by zigzag Cd–Cl chains. Compound [Cd(InMe-4-py)2(H2O)2] (5) features a two-dimensional rhombus gridlike (4,4)-net. Through the connections of net-to-net O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, the grids are offset-stacked to be a hydrogen-bonded three-dimensional oblique pcu net. The structural diversity and complexity in these supramolecular coordination architectures are most likely attributed to the various coordination modes adopted by these N- and O-donor ligands of different substituent position and the coordination preference exhibited by the metal ions. Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses showed that all the frameworks of compounds 1–5 exhibit a thermal stability higher than 300 °C. In addition, the solid-state photoluminescent properties of compounds 1–5 were investigated.

Highly selective synthesis of unsymmetrical phthalocyanines from 3,6-Bis(hexadecyloxy)phthalonitrile and their spectral characteristics

3,6-Bis(hexadecyloxy)phthalonitrile (A) reacted with 3-nitrophthalonitrile or 4-bromophthalonitrile (B) to produce AABB and ABAB type phthalocyanines with high selectivity. Spectral properties of the synthesized compounds were studied.

Four new metal–organic frameworks constructed from H2DBTDC-O2 (H2DBTDC-O2 = dibenzothiophene-5,5′-dioxide-3,7-dicarboxylic acid) ligand with guest-responsive photoluminescence

Four new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs): [Cd(L)(Py)2]n (1), [Zn2(L)2(4,4′-bipy)]n (2), [Zn(L)(DIB)]n (3), [Co(L)(2,2′-bipy)]n (4), (H2L = dibenzothiophene-5,5′-dioxide-3,7-dicarboxylic acid, Py = pyridine, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, 2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, DIB = 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)butane) were constructed from H2L, different metal ions in the presence of various N-donor co-ligands, under solvothermal conditions. 1 displays a 2D 4-connected layered structure and accumulates in ABAB type. 2 exhibits a 3D two-fold interpenetrated pcu uninodal network with a 6-connected (412·63) Schlafli symbol. 3 shows a parallel four-fold interpenetrated dia uninodal network with a 4-connected (66) Schlafli symbol. Compound 4 is a 1D double-strand catenarian polymer. Solid-state properties for these crystalline materials, such as thermal stability, luminescent emission and the radiative lifetime of their emissions have been investigated. In particular, compounds 2 and 3 present guest-responsive luminescent properties.

A Zinc Porphyrin Bearing Two Lateral dpp‐Containing Rings and Its [3]Pseudorotaxane (dpp: 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline)

AbstractA zinc porphyrin attached to two dpp‐containing rings was prepared from a 31‐membered ring with an attached pendent aldehyde function and 5‐mesityldipyrromethane by using the synthetic method introduced long ago by Lindsey and his group. The obtained porphyrin is of the ABAB type, with two mesityl groups on the 5‐ and 15‐positions and two macrocycles on the 10‐ and 20‐positions. From this compound, a [3]pseudorotaxane was obtained in good yield from the reaction of the porphyrin with two equivalents of a copper(I) salt followed by the addition of two equivalents of 2,9‐dianisyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)

Inclusion Behavior of β‐Cyclodextrin with Bipyridine Molecules: Factors Governing Host‐Guest Inclusion Geometries

The 1:1 complexation of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) with structurally similar bipyridine guests which lead to the formation of six inclusion complexes (1-6) of beta-CD with 4,4'-vinylenedipyridine, 2,2'-vinylenedipyridine, 1-(2-pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylene, 4,4'-ethylene-dipyridine, 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine has been investigated comprehensively by X-ray crystallography in the solid state and by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and microcalorimetric titration in aqueous solution. The complex formation constants (K(S)) for the stoichiometric 1:1 host-guest inclusion complexation of beta-CD with the bipyridine derivatives were determined in aqueous solution by microcalorimetry and the host-guest inclusion geometries of the complexes were deduced from (1)H ROESY NMR spectroscopy. It transpires that the guest bipyridine molecules are included in the beta-CD cavity with a range of different inclusion geometries. In the solid state, the crystal superstructures for the beta-CD complexes 1, 4, and 5 are characterized by the triclinic crystal system (space group P1) commensurate with AAAA type supramolecular aggregation. By contrast, the beta-CD complexes 2, 3, and 6 display either monoclinic (space group P2(1)) or orthorhombic (space group C222(1)) crystal systems, characteristic of ABAB type supramolecular aggregation. The results demonstrate that the relative locations of the nitrogen atom positions and the bridge-bond links between the two pyridine rings in these bipyridine guests, not only lead to distinct crystal systems and space groups, but also to different binding geometries and thermodynamical parameters on complexation of the bipyridines with beta-CD. The knowledge obtained from this research improves our understanding of the molecular recognition and self-assembly processes exhibited by beta-CD, both in the solid state and in aqueous solution.

1,15-Bis-(2′,2′,4′-trimethyl-3′-pentoxy)phthalocyanine, a trans-form nonperipheral di-substituted phthalocyanine synthesized by the ‘cross condensation’ method

The crystal structure of 1, 15-bis-(2′,2′,4′-trimethyl-3′-pentoxy)phthalocyanine was determined what confirmed the ‘cross condensation’ method for the ABAB type phthalocyanine and the trans-form arrangement of the two substituents suggested that the alkoxy group also affected the condensation mechanism.

Coordination Polymers from Silver(I) and Bifunctional Pyridyl Ligands

Coordination polymers and a macrocycle formed from the reactions between flexible bis(2-pyridyl) ligands and AgCF(3)SO(3) are reported. The type of structure formed depends on the choice of ligand and the stoichiometry of the reaction. When 1 equiv of 1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)benzene (L2), 4,4'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)biphenyl (L4), or bis((4-pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)methane (L5) is used, 1D chain coordination polymers held together via Ag-N bonds are generated. When a 2:1 ratio of L2 and silver ion is used, a 2D porous network is formed. The reaction between silver ions with a mixture of ligands (L1 and L2 in 1:1 ratio, L1 = 1,4-bis((pyridin-2-yl-methyl)thio)benzene) results in a novel 1D ABAB type coordination copolymer where L1 and L2 act as a bis-bidentate and a bis-monodentate ligand, respectively. The reaction of 1-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-4-((pyridin-2-yl-methyl)thio)benzene (L3) with silver ions in a 1:1 ratio gives a bimetallic macrocycle rather than a polymeric species. Structural analyses of the polymeric compounds suggest that interactions between the aromatic rings play a significant role in stabilizing the polymeric structures.

ChemInform Abstract: 3,6‐Didecyloxyphthalonitrile as a Starting Compound for the Selective Synthesis of Phthalocyanines of the ABAB Type.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

3,6-Didecyloxyphthalonitrile as a starting compound for the selective synthesis of phthalocyanines of the ABAB type

Reactions of 3,6-dipentyloxy- and 3,6-didecyloxyphthalonitriles with lithium pentoxide in pentan-1-ol were studied. 3,6-Didecyloxyphthalonitrile can be used for the preparation of both the corresponding octasubstituted phthalocyanines and phthalocyanines of the ABAB type.

The thermotropic liquid crystals formed by anhydrous sodium ricinoleate

Abstract The polymorphism of sodium ricinoleate has been examined using differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy and low angle X-ray diffraction. There are three low temperature phases, separated by small transition enthalpies, where the molecules are packed in layers with little molecular disorder. At high temperatures (>160°C), two semi-molten mesophases are formed. Both have distinct optical textures under polarizing microscopy, that of the highest temperature phase being the typical fan pattern of a hexagonal phase. X-ray diffraction shows that this phase is comprised of hexagonally packed oblate spheroids arranged in layers according to an ABAB type pattern. It has not been reported previously for surfactants. The head groups form the cores of the spheroids with molten alkyl chains filling the remaining space. In the lower temperature mesophase, the head groups pack into rods joined in fours to give layers of a tetragonal array. The layers stack to give a body centred tetragonal structur...

Syair and Pantun Prosody

Many characteristics of the Malay syair and pantun have become standard items in handbooks and textbooks concerned with classical Malay literature.1 These works uniformly agree that the syair consists of a series of quatrains containing an ongoing story. The final syllable of each line (kerat) within a stanza (bait or rangkap or untai) rhymes with every other final syllable of that stanza (aaaa, bbbb, ....). Furthermore, the line generally consists of four words with a more or less definable caesura (jeda) after the second word. The pantun has all the features of the syair quatrain except that the final rhyme is of the abab type,2 and there is often an alternating internal rhyme (cdcd) between the precaesural syllables. Although pantuns may be linked to form a pantun sequence, most are independent. Also, pantuns may range from two to twelve lines although these are rarer than the four-line variety. The primary difference separating the syair form from that of the pantun, however, is that while the syair has a continuous story throughout the quatrain--and between quatrains--the pantun divides into two parts, the first half (pembayang maksud) having specific, concrete images3 to describe nature or the human world, the second half (maksud) using abstract words to state an observation or maxim.4