Α1 Fraction Research Articles

Показники прооксидантно-антиоксидантної системи і білкового обміну у щурів, після впливу слабких електромагнітних полів

The purpose of the work was to study the state of the components of the prooxidant-antioxidant system and indicators of protein metabolism in animals after a long period after exposure to weak electromagnetic fields. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on three-month-old white outbred rats. The animals were exposed to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation in the centimeter range for 2 months, 4 hours daily. The study of biochemical parameters of blood serum was carried out 3 months after the end of the experimental exposure. When conducting the research, an emitter in the form of a rectangular horn with a base area of 875 cm was used. Energy radiation was expressed in the power flow density in the area where the experimental animals were located. In the comparison group (n=10), animals were placed in a similar chamber every day, but were not exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Research was conducted in the first half of the day, taking into account circadian rhythms. The analysis of biochemical parameters of blood serum was carried out 3 months after the end of exposure, that is, for rats aged 8 months. Results and discussion. It was revealed that in animals exposed to weak electromagnetic radiation, after a long period after the cancellation of the action, there is an imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant system; activation of the non-enzymatic link of antioxidant protection is observed – an increase in the level of s-nitrosothiols against the background of a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation, which, in addition to a destructive effect on the cell membrane, is a necessary element in maintaining the system of renewal of functionally important component of the lipid layer of cell membranes. The experimentally established dysproteinemia (decrease in the α1 fraction and increase in the α2 fraction of globulins) in animals of the main group may indicate a specific change in the enzymatic spectrum of the synthesis of these proteins in the liver. The activation of antioxidant defense components that we discovered is probably a protective measure aimed at maintaining homeostasis after prolonged exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Conclusion. A decrease in the level of final products of protein metabolism was revealed: creatinine and urea, which suggests a decrease in the rate of protein catabolism. It is concluded that in animals, after a long period after exposure to weak electromagnetic fields of the centimeter range, the level of lipid peroxidation is reduced, specific changes in the indicators of protein metabolism are noted, indicating a decrease in the level of their catabolism. It is suggested that this may be related to a decrease in total muscle mass

Action of Ozone in the Low-Temperature Ozonization of Coal Tar

The action of ozone in the low-temperature ozonization of coal tar from the semicoking of Shubarkol coal (Kazakhstan) is analyzed. Two mechanisms are possible: the electrophilic addition of ozone by π bonds to the molecules of unsaturated compounds; or radical-chain reactions with the formation of a broad spectrum of oxygen-bearing products (carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, etc.). The presence of each mechanism in tar ozonization is approximately the same. Ozone plays a positive role, by doubling the content of β fraction in the tar; and decreasing the content of the unreactive α1 fraction. The β fraction determines the binding and clinkering properties of pitch, while the α1 fraction prevents the appearance of anisometric needle-coke structures in pitch coking.

Valuable Products from Coal Tar

Research on the production and properties of coal pitch is conducted in the laboratory at PAO Koks. One topic of interest is the distillation of coal tar to produce a broad tar and pitch fraction, whose quality is analyzed. It is possible to regulate the characteristics of pitch: its ash content and content of components insoluble in toluene (the α fraction) and components insoluble in quinoline (the α1 fraction).

Production of Isotropic Coke from Shale: Characteristics of Coke from Thermally Oxidized Tar-Distillation Residue

The properties of coke produced from residues obtained in the atmospheric distillation of shale tar after low-temperature (250°C) and high-temperature (350°C) thermal oxidation by air injection for different periods are considered. High-temperature thermal oxidation results in the intense formation of α fraction and considerable increase in the softening temperature. By contrast, almost no α fraction is formed in low-temperature thermal oxidation. Nevertheless, low-temperature thermal oxidation ensures more complete removal of anisotropic elements (with a score greater than three according to State Standard GOST 36132) from the microstructure of the coke. The decrease in actual coke density is also less pronounced. In this paper the next denotations are made: isooctane-soluble fraction is denoted as γ fraction, isooctane-insoluble-toluene-soluble is denoted as β fraction, toluene-insoluble-quinoline-soluble is denoted as α fraction, the fraction insoluble in quinoline, pyridine and carbon disulfide is denoted as α1 fraction.

High-temperature synthesis of pitch

The heat treatment of the anthracene fraction of coal tar under pressure is considered. In the production of synthetic pitch, the duration of the process is varied from 10 to 80 min, at a temperature of 500°C and a pressure of 3 MPa. Kinetic data for the formation of γ and α1 fractions show that the polycondensation of the γ fraction is of second order, while the formation of the α1 fraction is of zero order. Pitch obtained with holding for 10–40 min does not contain the α1 fraction. Extending the process beyond 30 min does not affect the removal of heteroatoms. IR spectroscopic data indicate that dealkylation predominates for the first 40 min. Then the process slows, and compaction develops.

Propagation of acoustic waves in pitch

The speed of ultrasound in coal pitch is investigated as a function of the quantity of α1 fraction and the pitch temperature. It is found that the speed of the ultrasound increases with increase in the quantity of α1 fraction. The type of pitch determines the specifics of the actual dependence. The temperature dependence of the speed of ultrasound in pitch has distinct points of inflection, indicating rheological transitions in the pitch on heating. The effective activation energy of the rheological transitions is calculated. There is a discrepancy between the softening temperature of the pitch and the transition temperature to the fluid state. The transition temperature to the fluid state measured by means of ultrasound may be used as a technological parameter of the pitch.

Properties of coal tar characterized by slight pyrolysis

The behavior of coal tars with different levels of pyrolysis in thermal fractionation is compared in the laboratory. The properties and group composition of the nonboiling residues (medium-temperature pitch) obtained by the distillation of coal tars at different temperatures, in comparable conditions, is investigated. The results indicate that the distillation of tars characterized by slight pyrolysis is accompanied by vigorous destruction processes, also affecting the α1 fraction (t = 335–350°C), with subsequent reactions among the destruction products, leading to active increase in the α1 and α2 fractions (t ≥ 350°C). This is a significant difference between tars characterized by light pyrolysis and considerable pyrolysis.

Production of isotropic coke by thermocracking of the anthracene fraction of coal tar

The properties of coke obtained by heat treatment of the anthracene fraction of coal tar under pressure (by thermocracking) are investigated. Pressures up to 5 MPa are used; the temperature is 500 or 550°C. For comparison, pitch coke is obtained from oxidized pitch with softening temperatures of 166.2 and 190.2°C. The coke yield from thermocracking is 70–75%. The following properties of the coke are determined: the actual density, the ash content, the yield of volatiles, the optical microstructure, the elementary composition, the change in volume on heating to 2400°C, the impurity composition, and the X-ray structural characteristics. High temperatures (at least 550°C) and heating rate of the anthracene fraction facilitate the formation of a large quantity of active radicals, which instantaneously form the three-dimensional coke structure, preventing the growth and coalescence of mesophase particles; isotropic coke is formed, with a microstructure score of 2.2. At 500°C, anisotropic coke is formed, with a microstructure score of 4.3. Despite the high softening temperature and the content of the α1 fraction, the high-temperature pitch does not form isotropic coke on carbonization. The macrostructure of the coke obtained by thermocracking is monolithic, with fine pores. The thermocracking conditions (temperature, pressure, presence of H2) facilitate partial destruction and hydrogenation of the heterocyclic compounds. As a result, the coke has a reduced N, S, and O content. For pitch coke, the nitrogen content is 20–40% higher. The lack of ash in the anthracene fraction of coal tar results in ash- and metal-free coke. The coke obtained by thermocracking also has satisfactory X-ray structural characteristics and undergoes practically no expansion on graphitization, in contrast to pitch coke. In view of the technological convenience (absence of liquid products, high coke yield) and the quality of the coke, the production of isotropic coke by thermocracking may be regarded as a promising means of supplying the raw material used to produce artificial graphite.

Reducing the α1 fraction in the coal tar and pitch at OOO Mechel-Koks

Means of reducing the content of quinoline-insoluble components (the α1 fraction) in highly pyrolyzed coal tar and reducing α1 in pitch on tar processing are considered. A system for electrode-pitch production is developed.

Method for the determination of the α1 fraction in high-temperature coal pitch, sludge, and bottom sediments

Method for the determination of the α1 fraction in high-temperature coal pitch, sludge, and bottom sediments

Combination of serum markers related to several mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) probably involves several pathobiochemical mechanisms and this may be reflected by changes in different serum components. The present study investigated whether the combined analysis of serum molecules related to different mechanisms improves the discrimination of AD patients from healthy controls. Serum of patients with AD was analyzed for a broad spectrum of marker molecules, including 11 inflammatory proteins, 12 sterol intermediates and phytosterols, 2 brain-specific proteins and 4 constituents involved in homocysteine homeostasis. The serum molecule concentrations were combined in a logistic regression model, using a forward stepwise inclusion mode. The results showed that the combination of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, protein α1 fraction, cysteine and cholesterol concentrations improved the discrimination between AD patients and healthy controls compared to the single markers. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that the complex pathology in AD is reflected in a pattern of altered serum concentrations of several marker molecules related to several pathobiochemical mechanisms.

キャピラリー電気泳動法による血清蛋白分画とその応用

Serum protein fractionation using capillary zone electrophoresis and the application is described. There is 20-30 major components in human serum protein, even though the several hundred proteins are exist. However, in serum protein fractionation by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis applied to the clinically, it is only five fractions which intermingle many proteins ingredients with one fraction. Clinically, combining change of the 5 fractions has been made to be the assistance of the diagnosis. In the meantime, capillary zone electrophoresis for excellent separation can be consequentially divided the serum proteins into 10 fractions. However, it becomes a result of being inconvenient on the contrary. The clinical significance equal to conventional electrophoresis of protein would be found when divided protein fractions are specially integrated for 5 fractions. The purpose was achieved by the CZE 2000 instrument (Beckman-Coulter Co., USA) and was obtained by the preparation of the software which arranges the serum protein fractions are originally divided into 10 peaks for 5 fractionation. Therefore, it is possible that can fundamentally follow clinical significance by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and moreover, the data of 10 fractionation is also taken out. And, for the identification of regarded M-protein in cases of multiple myeloma and MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy undetermined significance), it is conveniently possible by subtraction method using the capillary electrophoresis. There is dissociation of α1 fraction value between cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. From our detailed experimental results, it is proved that is due to destaining of α1-acid glycoprotein.

Investigation on the reaction of metals with collagen in vivo.

1 Tail tendon and acid soluble skin collagen from rats kept on a copper-deficient diet has been investigated. 2 Copper deficiency markedly inhibits α1—α2 cross-link formation; the amount of the acidic fragment from the cyanogen bromide cleavage of the α1 fraction, which is assumed to contain the aldehydic component of the cross-link, is evidently decreased in preparations from copperdeficient rats. 3 The α2—α2 cross-link is probably formed by another mechanism than the α1—α2 cross-link. 4 Treatment with sodium gold thiosulphate largely restores the normal degree of cross-linking in the collagen of copper-deficient rats; the gold introduces cross-links independent of monoamine oxidase and located in the telopeptide region. 5 Iron deficiency inhibits proline hydroxylation by about 40%.

COLLAGEN: STRUCTURAL STUDIES BASED ON THE CLEAVAGE OF METHIONYL BONDS.

Eighteen peptides from the alpha1 fraction and eight from the alpha2 fraction of rat skin collagen cleaved with cyanogen bromide have been identified by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The isolated peptides show wide differences in amino acid composition, and their molecular weights vary from several thousand to about 23,000. The data indicate that there are two different chains in the alpha1 fraction, demonstrating the nonidentity of all three alpha-chains. The primary structure of each chain appears to be unique throughout its length.