A0 A1 Research Articles

Using Rhizhopora apiculata Extract for Mosquito Larvae Control

Temephos is the most commonly used synthetic larvicide to control vectors of several diseases. Currently in some areas there has been resistance of larvae to temephos, so natural larvicides are needed as an alternative. Rhizophora apiculata contains flavonoid compounds that are respiratory toxins to some larvae. This research was conducted in March - Juny 2022, to determine the inhibitory of mangrove extract against mosquito larvae in brackish water. Samples were collected from the Bakar Bakau Dumai, Riau Indonesia. The experiment was setted in a single factor experimental design. Mangrove leaves are finely ground and kneaded while mixed with water and deposited for 6 minutes and filtered. This extract solution was mixed with brackish water to obtain a test medium of 500 l with a concentration of 6 (a1), 9 (a2) and 12% (a3), positive control or 1 g of abate powder (a4) and negative control or brackish water (a0). A total of 20 mosquito larvae were put into the media and their mortality was observed at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after introduction. The mortality of larvae were then analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) and LT50 (Lethal Time 50) values. R. apiculata extract is toxic to mosquito larvae, where larval death has been seen since 15 minutes and continues until 60 minutes after introduction. At the 60th minute the mortality rate is as follows; a1 (60 %), a2 (80 %), a3 (100 %), a4 (100 %), and a0 a1 ( %). Based on the results of the above probit values ​​in the LC50 and LT50 tests on R. apiculata leaves, the LC50 value is 9,732 while the LT50 value is estimated at 21,217.

CONSTRUCTION OF IRRATIONAL GAUSSIAN DIOPHANTINE QUADRUPLES

Given any two non-zero distinct irrational Gaussian integers such that their product added with either 1 or 4 is a perfect square, an irrational Gaussian Diophantine quadruple ( , ) a0 a1, a2, a3 such that the product of any two members of the set added with either 1 or 4 is a perfect square by employing the non-zero distinct integer solutions of the system of double Diophantine equations. The repetition of the above process leads to the generation of sequences of irrational Gaussian Diophantine quadruples with the given property.

29. Non-invasive prediction of liver fibrosis through echosens fibro meter virus

Background and Aims: Non-invasive methods for liver fibrosis assessment have replaced liver particularly for monitoring viral infections such as HBV, HCV. No studies have validated this test in NAFLD patient with high risk factors. Methods: This study was done in patients presenting with chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C and NAFLD patient with high risk factors whenever the necessity of liver biopsy was apparent in deciding the appropriate treatment plan. Echosens Fibro meter Virus test was done to determine the stage of fibrosis and the necroinflammatory status in this cohort of in tertiary care centres in Jaipur during September 2013 to April 2018. Results: Analysis of data from 57 patients, 24 (42%) of which had chronic HBV infection and 7 (12%), chronic HCV infection and NAFLD patient with high risk factors 26 (46%) was done. The median age was 50.1 ± 12.0 (range 19–78). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.6 ± 2.6 in the HBV group and 23.7 ± 2.2 in the HCV group and 33.2 ± 1.2 in the NAFLD group. The distribution of FibroMeter results was: F0–F1: 9 (12.2%), F1: 2 (3.3%), F1–F2: 23 (41.4%), F2: 9 (14.8%), F2–F3: 6 (11%), F3: 3 (5.0%), F3–F4: 7 (12.3%). The distribution of the necroinflammatory activity was: A0–A1: 9 (15.6%), A1–A2: 27 (47.1%), A2–A3: 21 (37.3%). No statistically significant differences were seen in this study between patients with chronic viral hepatitis and NAFLD regarding mean fibrosis scores (p = 0.468) or mean necroinflammatory activity scores (p = 0.72). Conclusions: Fibro meter Virus results should be interpreted in clinical context and potential confounding factors should be identified on a case-by-case basis. Direct comparative study of this test with liver biopsy will further validate the sensitivity and specificity of Fibrometer test. The authors have none to declare.

Characterization of an Inducible Alcoholic Liver Fibrosis Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Investigation in a Transgenic Porcine Tumorigenic Platform

PurposeThis study used the Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM) to develop alcohol-induced fibrosis in a porcine model capable of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and MethodsLiver injury was induced in 8-week-old Oncopigs (n = 10) via hepatic transarterial infusion of 0.75 mL/kg ethanol-ethiodized oil (1:3 v/v). Feasibility was assessed in an initial Oncopig cohort (n = 5) by histologic analysis at 8 weeks after induction, and METAVIR results were compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 5). Liver injury was then induced in a second OCM cohort (n = 5) for a time-course study, with post-induction disease surveillance via biweekly physical exam, lab analysis, and liver biopsies until 20 weeks after induction. ResultsIn Cohort 1, 8-week post-induction liver histologic analysis revealed median METAVIR F3 (range, F3–F4) fibrosis, A2 (range, A2–A3) inflammation, and 15.3% (range, 5.0%–22.9%) fibrosis. METAVIR and inflammation scores were generally elevated compared to healthy controls (F0–F1, P = 0.0013; A0–A1, P = .0013; median percent fibrosis 8.7%, range, 5.8%–12.1%, P = .064). In Cohort 2, histologic analysis revealed peak fibrosis severity of median METAVIR F3 (range, F2–F3). However, lack of persistent alcohol exposure resulted in liver recovery, with median METAVIR F2 (range, F1–F2) fibrosis at 20 weeks after induction. No behavioral or biochemical abnormalities were observed to indicate liver decompensation. ConclusionsThis study successfully validated a protocol to develop METAVIR F3–F4 fibrosis within 8 weeks in the OCM, supporting its potential to serve as a model for hepatocellular carcinoma in a fibrotic liver background. Further investigation is required to determine if repeated alcohol liver injury is required to develop an irreversible METAVIR grade F4 porcine cirrhosis model.

Non-Invasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Through Echosens Fibro Meter Virus

Background: Non-invasive methods for liver fibrosis assessment have replaced liver particularly for monitoring viral infections such as HBV and HCV. No studies have validated this test in NAFLD patient with high-risk factors. Methods: This study was done in patients presenting with chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C and NAFLD patient with high-risk factors whenever the necessity of liver biopsy was apparent in deciding the appropriate treatment plan. Echosens FibroMeter Virus test was done to determine the stage of fibrosis and the necroinflammatory status in this cohort of patients in a tertiary care hospital, Metro MAS in Jaipur, from September 2013 to April 2015. Results: Analysis of data from 57 patients, 24 (42%) of whom had chronic HBV infection and 7 (12%) chronic HCV infection, and 26 NAFLD patients with high risk factors (46%) was done. The median age was 50.1 12.0 (range 19–78). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.6 2.6 in the HBV group, 23.7 2.2 in the HCV group and 33.2 1.2 in the NAFLD group. The distribution of FibroMeter results was: F0–F1: 9 (12.2%), F1: 2 (3.3%), F1–F2: 23 (41.4%), F2: 9 (14.8%), F2–F3: 6 (11%), F3: 3 (5.0%), F3–F4: 7 (12.3%). The distribution of the necroinflammatory activity was: A0–A1: 9 (15.6%), A1–A2: 27 (47.1%), A2–A3: 21 (37.3%). No statistically significant differences were seen in this study between patients with chronic viral hepatitis and NAFLD regarding mean fibrosis scores (P = 0.468) or mean necroinflammatory activity scores (P = 0.72). Conclusion: FibroMeter Virus results should be interpreted in clinical context and potential confounding factors should be identified on a case-bycase basis. FibroMeter was also reproducible in NAFLD cohort of patients. Direct comparative study of this test with liver biopsy will further validate the sensitivity and specificity of FibroMeter test.

Positivity of a class of cosine sums, II

Assume that a0 a1 ··· an ···> 0. If(3k �1)a2k−1 3ka2k for k 1, then, for all n 0a nd 0 x < π one has n

Inclusion indices of function spaces and applications

We investigate inclusion indices for general function spaces, not necessarily symmetric. Using them, we estimate the grade of proximity between two spaces E ↪→F when we have certain information on the inclusion. The results are based on ideas from interpolation theory. 0. Introduction Let E and F be symmetric (that is, rearrangement invariant) spaces. A bounded linear operator T ∈L(E,F ) is said to be disjointly strictly singular (or a DSS operator) if there is no disjoint sequence of non-null functions {fn} in E so that the restriction of T to the subspace [fn] spanned by the functions {fn} is an isomorphism (see [10]). For example, if 1 q 0, the Peetre K-functional is the norm on A0 +A1 given by K(t, a) = K(t, a;A0, A1) = inf{‖a0‖A0 + t‖a1‖A1 : a = a0 + a1, aj ∈ Aj}. Any two of these norms are equivalent. We put K(1, ·) = ‖ · ‖A0+A1 . The J-functional is the norm on A0 A1 defined by J(t, a) = J(t, a;A0, A1) = max{‖a‖A0 , t‖a‖A1}. Again, any two of them are equivalent. Put J(1, ·) = ‖ · ‖A0 A1 . The Kand the Jfunctional are related by duality. More precisely, if A0 A1 is dense in A0 and in A1 then (see [3, theorem 2·7·1]) (A0 +A1) = A0 A ∗ 1 and 1 t J(t, f ;A1 , A ∗ 0) = sup a∈A0+A1 |f (a)| K(t, a;A0, A1) . (1·1) We say that a Banach space A is an intermediate space with respect to the Banach couple (A0, A1) if A0 A1 ↪→A ↪→A0 +A1, where ↪→means continuous inclusion. Associated to A we have the functions ρA(t) = ρA(t;A0, A1) = inf{J(t, a;A0, A1) : a ∈ A0 A1, ‖a‖A = 1} and ψA(t) = ψA(t;A0, A1) = sup{K(t, a;A0, A1) : a ∈ A, ‖a‖A = 1} (see [4]). The functions ρA and ψA are similar to functions which have been studied by Dmitriev [8] and Pustylnik [15]. Note that ρA and ψA are strictly positive and non-decreasing, and that ρA(t)/t and ψA(t)/t are non-increasing. Hence, if we put ρA(0) =ψA(0) = 0 then we get two quasiconcave functions. Here we shall only work with the Banach couples (L1(Ω, μ), L∞(Ω, μ)), where (Ω, μ) is a σ-finite measure space. We shall pay special attention to the cases Ω = [0, 1] with μ the Lebesgue measure and Ω=N with μ({n}) = 1 for each n∈N. The intermediate Inclusion indices of function spaces and applications 667 spaces will be Banach spaces E of measurable functions on Ω. Sometimes we shall assume that they are lattices, that is, whenever |g(x)| |f (x)|μ−a.e. with f ∈ E and g measurable, then g ∈E and ‖g‖E ‖f‖E. We also recall that a Banach lattice E is termed a symmetric space if whenever f ∈E and g is equimeasurable with f , then g ∈ E and ‖f‖E = ‖g‖E . IfE is symmetric then the function φE(t) = ‖χD‖E where D⊂Ω with μ(D) = t is well-defined and it is called the fundamental function of E. It turns out that φE(t) = t ρE(t;L1(Ω), L∞(Ω)) = t ψE(t;L1(Ω), L∞(Ω)) . 2. Function spaces and inclusion indices Let E be a Banach space of measurable functions on [0, 1] with L∞[0, 1] ↪→ E ↪→L1[0, 1]. As in the symmetric case, we define the inclusion indices of E by δE = sup{p 1 : E ↪→ Lp[0, 1]}, γE = inf{p ∞ : Lp[0, 1] ↪→ E}. The next results show that in our general case the indices are related to the functions ψE and ρE. Theorem 2·1. Let E be a Banach space of measurable functions on [0, 1] with L∞[0, 1] ↪→E ↪→L1[0, 1]. Then δE = lim inf t→0 log t log(t/ψE(t)) . Proof. Wemay assume, without loss of generality, that the norm of the embedding L∞[0, 1] ↪→E is 1. We claim that t/ψE(t) 1 for any t ∈ (0, 1). (2·1) Indeed, since‖χ[0,t]‖E ‖χ[0,t]‖L∞=1and since theK-functional on (L1[0, 1], L∞[0, 1]) is given by K(t, f ) = ∫ t 0 f ∗(s) ds where f∗(s) = inf{σ > 0 :m{x : |f (x)|>σ} s} (see [3, theorem 5·2·1]), we have ψE(t) K ( t, χ[0,t] ) ‖χ[0,t]‖E ∫ t

Lithium toxicity in yeast is due to the inhibition of RNA processing enzymes.

Hal2p is an enzyme that converts pAp (adenosine 3',5' bisphosphate), a product of sulfate assimilation, into 5' AMP and Pi. Overexpression of Hal2p confers lithium resistance in yeast, and its activity is inhibited by submillimolar amounts of Li+ in vitro. Here we report that pAp accumulation in HAL2 mutants inhibits the 5'-->3' exoribonucleases Xrn1p and Rat1p. Li+ treatment of a wild-type yeast strain also inhibits the exonucleases, as a result of pAp accumulation due to inhibition of Hal2p; 5' processing of the 5.8S rRNA and snoRNAs, degradation of pre-rRNA spacer fragments and mRNA turnover are inhibited. Lithium also inhibits the activity of RNase MRP by a mechanism which is not mediated by pAp. A mutation in the RNase MRP RNA confers Li+ hypersensitivity and is synthetically lethal with mutations in either HAL2 or XRN1. We propose that Li+ toxicity in yeast is due to synthetic lethality evoked between Xrn1p and RNase MRP. Similar mechanisms may contribute to the effects of Li+ on development and in human neurobiology.

木炭の冶金反応に関する物理化学的研究（第3報）半水性ガス反応の平衡組成について

The Eqilibrium composition of Gases, produced by combustion of carbon with wet air has an important relation to the heat treatment of steels. Its composition can be calculated from the following equation which were derived from the equilibrium constants of the Boudouard reaction and water gas reaction: \[a0X3+a1X2+a2X+a3=0\] Where X is the hydrogen concentration (gram mol. initial total gram mol.) in produced gases, and a0 a1 a2 and a3 are the functions of the above equilibrium constants and mol fractions of water in wet air. The concentration of CO2, CO, H2O and N2 in such gases can be found easily by using the calculated hydogen concentration. The calculation was performed under the following condition: the mol fraction of water was 0.1∼0.9 and the temperature 700∼1100°. From the calculation of the above equation, it was found that CO2 and undecomposed water had smaller values than those in usually produced gases under the same condition.

On Pedal Quadrics in Non-Euclidean Hyperspace

1. The following are well-known theorems of elementary geometry: Given any euclidean plane triangle, A0 A1 A2, and any pair of points, X, Y, isogonally conjugate q. A0 A1 A2; then the orthogonal projections of X, Y on the sides of A0 A1 A2 lie on a circle, the pedal circle of the point-pair. If either of the points X,- Y describe a (straight) line, m, then the other describes a conic circumscribing A0 A1 A2, and the pedal circle remains orthogonal to a fixed circle, J; thus the pedal circles in question are members of an ∞2 linear system of circles of which the circle J and the line at infinity constitute the Jacobian. In particular, if the line m meet Aj Ak at Lt (i, j, k = 0, 1, 2), then the circles on Ai Li as diameter, which are the pedal circles of the point-pairs Ai, Li, are coaxial; the remaining circles of the coaxial system being the director circles of the conics, inscribed in the triangle A0 A1 A2, which touch the line m. If Mi denote the orthogonal projection on m of Ai, and Ni the orthogonal projection on Aj Ak of Mi, then the three lines Mi Ni meet at a point (Neuberg's theorem), viz. the centre of the circle J. Analogues for three-dimensional space of most of these theorems are also known ‖.