Α-imino Rhodium Carbene Research Articles

Rhodium-Catalyzed One-pot Chemoselective Insertion-Rearrangement-Cyclization of Azavinyl Carbenes with 2-Aminobenzyl Alcohols.

Chemoselective insertion of in situ generated α-imino rhodium carbene onto the O-H bond of 2-aminobenzyl alcohols over the N-H bond followed by [1,3]-alky shift has been successfully accomplished for the synthesis of amine tethered ketone derivatives. The resultant product was further cyclized under acidic conditions to afford biologically important 3-aminoquinolines. Successful integration of chemoselective insertion-cum-rearrangement and cyclization in one pot offered access to various 3-aminoquinolines in a good yield. Conversion of 3-aminoquinolines into biological important motifs has also been demonstrated.

Dirhodium-Catalyzed Transannulation of N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles to 2,3-Dehydropiperazines.

The dirhodium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of a range of C2-substituted 2,3-dehydropiperazines using 1-mesyl-1,2,3-triazoles and β-haloalkylcarbamates is reported. The reaction is proposed to proceed through an α-imino rhodium carbene 1,3-insertion into N-H followed by a base-mediated cyclization. C-Substituted dehydropiperazines can also be conducted directly from terminal alkynes in a three-step, one-pot operation, forming the triazole in situ. This methodology has also been expanded to afford several 2,5-disubstituted 2,3-dehydropiperazines as well as a larger 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine derivative.

Substituent-Controllable Cascade Regioselective Annulation of β-Enaminones with N-Sulfonyl Triazoles for Modular Access to Imidazoles and Pyrroles.

A controllable synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles and pyrroles has been developed through rhodium(II)-catalyzed regioselective annulation of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-trizaoles with β-enaminones. The imidazole ring was formed through a 1,1-insertion of the N-H bond to α-imino rhodium carbene, followed by a subsequent intramolecular 1,4-conjugate addition. This occurred when the α-carbon atom of the amino group was bearing a methyl group. Additionally, the pyrrole ring was constructed by utilizing a phenyl substituent and undergoing intramolecular nucleophilic addition. The mild conditions, good tolerance towards functional groups, gram-scale synthesis capability, and ability to undergo valuable transformations of the products qualify this unique protocol as an efficient tool for the synthesis of N-heterocycles.

Synthesis of 3-aminoquinolines from α-imino rhodium carbenes and 2-aminobenzaldehydes.

A facile and efficient synthetic method for 3-aminoquinolines has been reported. The straightforward process starts from easily available triazoles and 2-aminobenzaldehydes. Low catalyst loading and good functional group compatibility are the other two merits of this transformation. Easy decoration of the 3-aminoquinoline motifs enabled the convenient synthesis of bioactive molecules, demonstrating the potential of this protocol in organic synthesis.

Synthesis of Azepane Derivatives via Formal 1,3-Migration of Hydroxy and Acyloxy Groups and Selective Annulation.

Formal 1,3-migration of hydroxy and acyloxy groups initiated by α-imino rhodium carbene was achieved, and the following selective annulations of the corresponding zwitterions could efficiently afford azepane derivatives. Benefiting from a time-saving procedure as well as a good functional group tolerance, this unique migration-annulation protocol could provide an efficient tool for synthesizing seven-membered N-heterocycles. The plausible mechanism is discussed.

Synthesis of α-Amino Cyclobutanones via Formal 1,3-Hydroxy Migration Triggered by Formation of α-Imino Rhodium Carbene.

Formal intramolecular 1,3-OH migration of α-imino carbene was achieved producing a unique zwitterion, and the subsequent selective annulation afforded α-amino cyclobutanone. Features such as readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, a time-saving procedure, excellent functional group compatibility, and valuable transformations of the products qualified this unique protocol as an efficient tool for the synthesis of strained cyclic compounds. Density functional theory calculations were in good agreement with experimental observations, and a plausible mechanism is presented.

Grob-type fragmentation of an oxonium ylide generated from α-imino rhodium carbene

A Grob-type fragmentation of an oxonium ylide generated from α-imino rhodium carbene and tethered tetrahydrofuran was realized, leading to functionalized acroleins.

Dearomative Migratory Rearrangement of 2-Oxypyridines Enabled by α-Imino Rhodium Carbene.

The unprecedented dearomative migratory rearrangement reactions of 2-oxypyridines with N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles have been developed under rhodium catalysis, providing a reliable and efficient protocol for accessing N-substituted 2-pyridones. These two distinct rearrangements feature the controllable 1,4-migration of a carbonate group from O-to-C as well as the O-to-N 1,6-migration of an acyl group via α-imino rhodium carbene transfer. Moreover, the reaction of pyridotriazoles with 2-oxypyridines delivers the 1,4-migration products in high efficiency.

Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via 1,3-Migration of Acyloxy Groups Triggered by Formation of α-Imino Rhodium Carbenes

A novel and highly efficient synthetic approach to cyclopropanes was realized via 1,3-migration of acyloxy groups triggered by α-imino rhodium carbenes. Excellent chemoselectivity ensured broad compatibility of common functional groups. Merits such as readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and time-saving processes qualified this transformation as an attractive alternative strategy to synthesize multifunctionalized cyclopropanes. Primary investigations and discussion on the mechanism are presented.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Annulation of α-Imino Carbenes with α,β-Unsaturated Ketones: Construction of Multisubstituted 2,3-Dihydropyrrole/pyrrole Rings.

An efficient annulation of α-imino rhodium carbenes with α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed to generate multisubstituted 2,3-dihydropyrrole derivatives. Using the optimized catalyst, this approach is compatible with both cyclic and normal linear α,β-unsaturated ketones. Further detosylation in the presence of base could produce multisubstituted pyrroles. The new method has the potential to enable the rapid construction of bioactive molecules containing pyrrole rings.

Rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-dihydropyridine by a tandem reaction of 4-(1-acetoxyallyl)-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole.

A tandem reaction of 4-(1-acetoxyallyl)-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole including formation of α-imino rhodium carbene, 1,2-migration of an acetoxy group and six electron electrocyclic ring closure was reported. The migration of the OAc group with excellent chemoselectivity was the crucial process, leading to the formation of 1,2-dihydropyridine specifically in up to 90% yield. Several transformations of the dihydropyridine product were also achieved illustrating the potential of the protocol in organic synthesis. Based on the observation of the intermediate, a plausible mechanism was proposed.

Synthesis of 5-Iodo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines by Rhodium-Catalyzed Tandem Nucleophilic Attacks Involving 1-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Iodides.

Sodium iodide is used for the first time as a nucleophile to trap an α-imino rhodium carbene, which triggers a tandem process involving intermolecular nucleophilic attack and intramolecular SN2 reaction. A series of 5-iodo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines are obtained in high yield, and the synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated in cross-coupling reactions and the construction of biorelated polycyclic compounds.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 4-Bromo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines: Access to Bromonium Ylides by the Intramolecular Reaction of a Benzyl Bromide and an α-Imino Carbene.

Highly functionalized 4-bromo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines were synthesized from readily available 4-(2-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. A bromonium ylide is proposed as the key intermediate, which can be formed by the intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the benzyl bromide on the α-imino rhodium carbene formed in the presence of the rhodium catalyst.

ChemInform Abstract: Rh‐Catalyzed Reactions of 3‐Diazoindolin‐2‐imines: Synthesis of Pyridoindoles and Tetrahydrofuropyrroloindoles.

AbstractThe title substrates are transformed into α‐imino rhodiumcarbene intermediates which react with furans or tetrahydrofurans to give pyridoindoles and tetrahydrofuropyrroloindoles, respectively.

ChemInform Abstract: A Reaction of Triazoles with Thioesters to Produce β‐Sulfanyl Enamides by Insertion of an Enamine Moiety into the Sulfur—Carbonyl Bond.

N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles react with thioesters in the presence of a rhodium(II) catalyst to produce β-sulfanyl enamides in a stereoselective manner. The reaction proceeds through generation of an α-imino rhodium carbene complex, nucleophilic addition of the sulfur atom of a thioester onto the carbenoid carbon atom, and subsequent intramolecular migration of the acyl group from the sulfur atom to the imino nitrogen atom. The method is successfully applied to a ring-expansion reaction of thiolactones, thus leading to the formation of sulfur-containing lactams.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α,β,γ,δ‐Unsaturated Imines from N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and Allenes Through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation and Thermal Rearrangement.

α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated imines are synthesized from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and allenes. Allenes are initially cyclopropanated by intermediate α-imino rhodium carbene complexes, and the resulting al...

Rh-Catalyzed Reactions of 3-Diazoindolin-2-imines: Synthesis of Pyridoindoles and Tetrahydrofuropyrroloindoles.

The rhodium-catalyzed reactions of 3-diazoindolin-2-imines with furans and dihydrofuran furnished 9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indoles and tetrahydrofuro[3',2':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles, respectively. A cascade reaction mechanism involving an α-imino rhodium carbene intermediate is proposed. The starting materials are readily available, and the procedure is facile and efficient.

ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Dihydrobenzofurans and Benzofurans via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Insertion Reaction.

Intramolecular sp3 C–H insertion reaction of α-imino rhodium carbene generated from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles has been described. A number of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and benzofuran derivatives have been obtained in good to excellent yields.

A Reaction of Triazoles with Thioesters to Produce β-Sulfanyl Enamides by Insertion of an Enamine Moiety into the Sulfur-Carbonyl Bond.

N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles react with thioesters in the presence of a rhodium(II) catalyst to produce β-sulfanyl enamides in a stereoselective manner. The reaction proceeds through generation of an α-imino rhodium carbene complex, nucleophilic addition of the sulfur atom of a thioester onto the carbenoid carbon atom, and subsequent intramolecular migration of the acyl group from the sulfur atom to the imino nitrogen atom. The method is successfully applied to a ring-expansion reaction of thiolactones, thus leading to the formation of sulfur-containing lactams.

Synthesis of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Imines from N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Allenes through Rhodium-catalyzed Cyclopropanation and Thermal Rearrangement

Abstract α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated imines are synthesized from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and allenes. Allenes are initially cyclopropanated by intermediate α-imino rhodium carbene complexes, and the resulting alkylidenecyclopropyl methanimines undergo a ring-opening thermal rearrangement to afford the corresponding α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated imines.