α-FeOOH Nanorods Research Articles

Polyphenol mediated α-FeOOH/g-C3N4 heterojunction membrane for fast purification of surfactant-stabilized O/W emulsions with super-wetting and Photo-Fenton self-cleaning functions

In the practical purification of oily wastewater, the application of polymer-based membrane is greatly restricted due to the oil adhesion and complicated fouling problems. Herein, to conquer the aforementioned challenges, we prepared the polyphenol mediated Photo-Fenton self-cleaning and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic α-FeOOH/g-C3N4@PVDF composite membrane via simple vacuum-assisted self-assembly technology. The g-C3N4 nanosheets modified by tannic acid were introduced into the surface of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane, in which the intercalation structure was regulated by the random interpenetration of α-FeOOH nanorods. The abundant hydroxyl and amino groups and the rough micro-nano structure formed by intercalation structure were favorable for the superhydrophilic feature (WCA = 0°, UOCA>150°), thus resulting in ultra-low oil adhesion. Specially, the intercalation structure improved the water permeation channel, further promoting the water/oil separation flux. Therefore, the composite membrane exhibited superior separation flux (452.35–650.21 L m−2 h−1) and separation efficiency (>99.06 %) for various surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Moreover, thanks to the Photo-Fenton reaction, the composite membrane showed excellent degradation efficiency on simulated pollutants (various dyes) within 60 min (MeB: 95.55 %, CR: 90.83 %, MO: 98.90 %, CV: 95.11 %), showing satisfactory photocatalytic self-cleaning performance. This work provides a strategy for the potential application of polymer-based membranes in the treatment of complex surfactant-stabilized emulsion wastewater from petrochemical industry.

A Physical Insight of Phase-Dependent Electron Transfer Kinetic Behaviors and Electrocatalytic Activity of an Iron Oxide-Based Sensing Nanoplatform Towards Chloramphenicol

Insight into the phase-dependent electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic activity of metal oxide nanostructures is important in the rational design of functional nanostructures for realizing high-performance electrochemical sensors. This study focuses on elucidating the effect of the crystalline phase on the electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic activity of iron(III) oxide. The α-FeOOH, γ-Fe2O3, and α-Fe2O3 nanorods were designed by using a simple chemical method and calcining process. The phase-dependent difference in the electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic activity toward the sensitive response of chloramphenicol (CAP) is observed by the transformation from α-FeOOH to γ-Fe2O3, and from α-FeOOH to α-Fe2O3 nanorods. We found that the oxygen vacancies formed in phase transformation from α-FeOOH to α-Fe2O3 is a key factor in promoting the electrochemical reduction of chloramphenicol. The α-Fe2O3 nanorods-based electrochemical sensors showed a linear response in the CAP concentration range from 0.1 to 75 μM with a limit of detection of 60 nM and an electrochemical sensitivity of 2.86 μA μM−1 cm−2. This work further provides valuable physical insight into the phase-dependent electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic activity of metal oxide nanostructures for the rational design of sensing interface.

Nanoplasmonic biosensors for multicolor visual analysis of acetylcholinesterase activity and drug inhibitor screening in point-of-care testing

The monitoring of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the screening of its inhibitors are significance of the diagnosis and drug therapy of nervous diseases. A metal ions-mediated signal amplification strategy was developed for the highly sensitive and multicolor assay of AChE activity and visually screening its drug inhibitors. After the specific reaction between AChE and acetylthiocholine (ATCh), the hydrolysis product thiocholine (TCh) can directly and decompose the α-FeOOH nanorods (NRs) to release amounts of Fe2+, which was regarded as Fenton reagent to efficiently catalyze H2O2 to produce ·OH. Then, the as-formed ·OH can further largely shorten the gold nanobipyramids (Au NBPs), generating a series of palpable color variations. The linear range for AChE activity was 0.01–500.0 U/L with the limit of detection as low as 0.0074 U/L. The vivid visual effects could be easily distinguished for the multicolor assay of AChE activity by naked eye in visible light. To achieve the point-of-care testing, Au NBPs were further assembled on polymeric electrospun nanofibrous films (ENFs) surface as test strips for the easy-to-use test of AChE activity by RGB values with a smartphone. Fascinatingly, this proposed strategy can be used for the visual screening AChE inhibitors or non-inhibitors. Comparing with the clinical drugs (rivastigmine tartrate, and donepezil), some natural alkaloids such as evodiamine, caffeine, camptothecin, and berberine hydrochloride were selected as inhibitor modes to confirm the drug screening capability of this method. This proposed strategy may have great potential in the other disease-related enzymatic biomarkers assay and the rapid screening of drug therapy.

Investigation of the Photocatalytic Activity of Electrospun and Surface-Modified PAN/α-FeOOH Nanofibers for the Degradation of Hazardous Azo Dyes.

Decoration of α-FeOOH nanorods over PAN nanofibers was performed using the electrospinning technique. The as-designed decorated nanofibers were characterized using various techniques such as wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometry (UV-vis), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). α-FeOOH NRs were decorated uniformly over PAN fibers, as observed from its morphological investigation, which shows novelty. 1D α-FeOOH nanorods with PAN nanofibers have not been studied for photocatalytic characteristics. No literature mentions that α-FeOOH nanorods coated in PAN NFs act as photocatalysts to degrade hazardous azo dyes. α-FeOOH nanorods on PAN NFs inhibit aggregation and increase dye binding, boosting photocatalytic performance. PAN/α-FeOOH NFs have a maximal specific surface area with a reduced bandgap than α-FeOOH NRs. PAN/α-FeOOH nanofibers showed excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Trypan blue (TB) (120 min, 99.7%) and Eriochrome black T (EBT) dyes (160 min, 97.6%), respectively, under solar light irradiation. PAN/α-FeOOH NFs have the potential to be used in the degradation of azo dyes and the treatment of wastewater due to their low energy requirements and versatility.

Synergistic effect of underwater superoleophobicity and photo-Fenton oxidation on improving anti-fouling performances of filtration membranes for oily wastewater separation

Underwater superoleophobic membranes can inhibit the adhesion of oil droplets and efficiently reduce oil-fouling. However, under the action of transmembrane pressure, the oil inevitably adheres to the membranes, which is difficult to be removed by facile washing. Here, an excellent coupling of underwater superoleophobicity and photo-Fenton oxidation is reported for desired anti-fouling performances. Briefly, composite polypropylene (PP) membranes with stable underwater superoleophobicity and excellent photo-Fenton oxidation efficiency were constructed by depositing hydrophilic α-FeOOH nanorods and mussel-inspired coating in turn. Various stable water-in-oil emulsions can be effectively separated with the obtained membranes. Most importantly, in the presence of H2O2 and visible light, α-FeOOH nanorods can photo-Fenton oxidize oil and dye that break through the underwater superoleophobic defense layer. Therefore, the reversible fouling ratio (Rr-L) and the flux recovery ratio (FRR-L) improve to 76.8 ± 3.2% and 87.2 ± 2.4% respectively, while the irreversible fouling ratio (Rir-L) decreases to 9.9 ± 0.2% for separation pump oil-in-water emulsion containing methylene blue. This work has great potential and strategic value in the treatment of oily wastewater and the preparation of advanced filtration and anti-fouling membranes.

Various electromagnetic properties of magnetic Fe-based nanorods in GHz range

The introduction of magneto-dielectric substrates is required in the micro-strip antennas miniaturization due to the various dielectric and permeability constant. Most research work focus on the spherical structural Fe nanomaterials and the nanorods structures are rarely synthesized. In this paper, Fe-based nanorods have stepwise been synthesized with well maintaining their size and morphology by a moderate heat treatment of α-FeOOH nanorods. The magnetic and electromagnetic properties above GHz have been investigated. It is found that α-FeOOH, β-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 nanorods have a constant real part of permittivity and low loss tangent tan δε. And the γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and Fe nanorods are observed a resonance peak at 3 GHz which is over their nature resonance frequency and a relatively large permeability than their spherical nanoparticles. Our results indicate that Fe-based nanorods have various permittivity and permeability properties which have great potential application in high-frequency electronic or spintronic devices.

Hydrothermal synthesis of α-FeOOH (1D) nanorods and their transition to α-Fe2O3 (0D): an efficient photocatalyst in neutralizing hazardous organic dyes

α-FeOOH nanorods transitioned to α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles at 520 °C. Both act as photocatalysts, degrading BG and RhB with 96% (110 min) and 93% (90 min) for α-FeOOH and 99% (100 min) and 99.4% (80 min) for α-Fe2O3.

Influence of erbium doping on the structural, magnetic and optical properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorods

Pure and Er-doped hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorods were prepared by a two-step method involving hydrothermal synthesis and calcination of pure and Er-doped goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods. Substitution of Fe3+ by Er3+ in the crystal structure of hematite caused morpho-structural changes such as expansion of the unit cell and gradual shortening and rounding of hematite nanorods towards formation of nanoellipsoids. These changes induced modification of magnetic and optical properties suggesting the possibility of a systematic control of physical properties via rare earth substitution. A decrease in the hyperfine magnetic field, coercive field and Morin transition temperature, as well as an increase of the magnetic susceptibility and a narrowing of the optical band gap were observed by substitution. Intimate mechanisms related to the formation of more and more defect-like hematite phases with decreased temperatures for the transition to the low temperature antiferromagnetic phase at increased doping level were evidenced via temperature dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Construct α-FeOOH-Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel as a Carrier for Glucose Oxidase Electrode.

A promising α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel (FeOOH-GA) has been prepared for the assembly of an enzyme electrode. The α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that graphene oxide is reduced by Fe2+ ion and α-FeOOH nanorods anchored on the reduced graphene oxide sheet through the Fe-O-C bond. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method show that FeOOH-GA displays a various and interconnected pore structure. The FeOOH-GA was used as a support material on the glass carbon electrode (GCE) for glucose oxidase (GOD). Electrochemistry properties and bioelectrocatalytic activities of Nafion/GOD/FeOOH-GA/GCE were achieved from cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that Nafion/GOD/FeOOH-GA/GCE maintains outstanding catalytic activity and electrochemical properties. The FeOOH-GA could immobilize GOD through the hydrophobicity of the reduced graphene oxide and hydroxide radical of α-FeOOH. Appropriate α-FeOOH and diversified pore structure are beneficial for electron transfer, enzyme electrode storage, and interfacial electron transfer rate. All results indicated that the α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a carrier could effectively immobilize the tested enzyme.

Controlled Fabrication and Characterization of α-FeOOH Nanorods

Controlled Fabrication and Characterization of α-FeOOH Nanorods

Tunable nonlinear optical enhancement of α-FeOOH nanorods/RGO composites

High-quality α-FeOOH nanorods/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Crystal structure and optical properties of the composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, Raman, UV–vis, PL. These results of characterization showed that the composites were successfully prepared. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the composites were investigated by Z-scan technique under 30 ps laser at 532 nm wavelength with 10 Hz repetition. The composites had larger third-order NLO susceptibility compared to pure α-FeOOH nanorods and RGO nanosheets. The enhancement of NLO performance benefited from synergistic effect of local field effect and charge transfer between α-FeOOH nanorods and RGO. Moreover, the composite with the α-FeOOH nanorods:RGO weight ratio of 2:1 (S3) showed the most robust NLO response. Comparing with RGO, the value of third-order NLO susceptibility χ(3) of S3 was increased by around 60 times and the saturation intensity Isat was nearly decreased by 6 times as the modulation depth M highly increased, respectively. The improved NLO property of α-FeOOH nanorods/RGO composite indicated its possible application in optical switches, mode lockers and other NLO devices.

Tunable Polarization and Surface Relief Holographic Gratings in Azopolymer Nanocomposites with Incorporated Goethite (α-FeOOH) Nanorods

We employ two approaches to tune the properties of concurrently inscribed volume polarization and surface relief gratings in nanocomposite thin films containing the azopolymer PAZO (poly[1-4-(3-carboxy-4-hydrophenylazo)benzensulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]) and goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods. The first one is applied on the stage of sample preparation by varying the concentration of the goethite nanorods from 0% to 15%. Then, different angles between the recording beams are set in the holographic scheme, which allow us to obtain gratings with spatial periods in the range from 0.86 to 2.51 µm. Surface relief modulation close to 300 nm is achieved as well as total diffraction efficiency in the ±1 diffracted orders of more than 50%. The influence of the incorporated goethite nanorods on the properties of both volume birefringence and the surface relief grating are discussed.

Effect of Ru3+ ions on the formation, structural, magnetic and optical properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorods

Nanosized hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a widely investigated material due to its favourable properties (chemically stable, environmentally safe, inexpensive) and very good performance in several advanced applications. Properties and performance of hematite nanoparticles can be adjusted and improved by modification of particle size and shape, as well as by substitution of Fe3+ ions in the crystal structure of hematite with other metal ions. Ru3+ ions are potentially suitable metal ions for the substitution of Fe3+ ions in hematite because of the same charge and similar ionic radii. In the present work, the effects of Ru3+ ions on the formation and properties of hematite nanorods prepared by combination of hydrothermal precipitation and calcination were investigated. The influence of the molar fraction of Ru3+ ions in the hydrothermal precipitation system on the formation and properties of iron oxide phases was studied. Single-phase goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods containing incorporated Ru3+ ions were formed in the presence of low levels of Ru3+ ions (<3 mol%), while at higher levels (4 and 5 mol% Ru) hematite nanocylinders, consisting of self-assembled and fused nanoparticles, were obtained. The mechanism of the formation of these iron oxide nanostructures in the presence of Ru3+ ions was explained and compared with the effect of other metal cations reported in the literature. Ru-doped hematite nanorods were formed after calcination of Ru-doped goethite nanorods at 500 °C. A gradual elongation of hematite nanorods with increased Ru doping to highly elongated Ru-doped hematite nanoneedles at 2 mol% Ru was observed and explained. The influence of the Ru doping level on the magnetic properties of hematite nanorods was investigated using Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. Temperature of the transition between antiferromagnetic (AFM) and weakly ferromagnetic (WFM) spin ordering state (Morin transition) gradually rose with increasing Ru3+-for-Fe3+ substitution in hematite. Besides, magnetization of the WFM hematite gradually decreased with Ru doping which was attributed to the reduced canting of two almost antiparallel spin sublattices in this phase. The optical band gap in hematite nanorods was found to get gradually narrower with increased Ru doping due to the modified electronic structure.

Porous g-C3N4 and α-FeOOH bridged by carbon dots as synergetic visible-light-driven photo-fenton catalysts for contaminated water remediation

Merging photocatalysis with Fenton-like reaction provides a promising synergetic advanced oxidation technology for water treatment, whereas the rational design of efficient cooperative photo-Fenton system still remains a great challenge. In this study, a ternary α-FeOOH/carbon dots/porous g-C3N4 (α-FeOOH/CDs/p-GCN) composite is developed as visible-light-driven heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst for contaminated water remediation. α-FeOOH nanorods are in-situ grown on porous g-C3N4 substrates, among which CDs are intercalated as high-speed electron transmission bridges, simultaneously preventing the photogenerated electron-hole recombination and accelerating the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycle. The distinctive heterostructure and synergetic catalytic effect endow α-FeOOH/CDs/p-GCN with superior efficiency, reusability, and universality for recalcitrant pollutant elimination, the reaction rate of which is nearly 13.6, 7.3, 3.4, 1.4, and 5.1 times higher than that of α-FeOOH, bulk g-C3N4 (b-GCN), p-GCN, α-FeOOH/p-GCN, and α-FeOOH/CDs/b-GCN, respectively. The FeOOH/CDs/p-GCN also demonstrates excellent tolerance to realistic environmental matrices including deionized water, sea water, river water, wastewater, and underground water. HO• and •O2− radicals are proved to be the predominant contributors in the photo-Fenton system. This work provides an efficient synergetic visible-light-driven photo-Fenton catalyst possessing great potential for practical contaminated water remediation.

Improved delivery system for celastrol-loaded magnetic Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 heterogeneous nanorods: HIF-1α-related apoptotic effects on SMMC-7721 cell

Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 heterogeneous nanorods were prepared by a rapid combustion method with α-FeOOH nanorods as precursors. Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 heterogeneous nanorods with a saturation magnetization of 33.2 emu·g−1 were obtained using 30 mL of absolute ethanol at a calcination temperature of 300 °C. Their average length was around 140 nm, and average diameter was about 20 nm. To improve the dispersion characteristics of the Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 heterogeneous nanorods in aqueous solution, citric acid and PEG were applied to modify the nanorod surface via the Mitsunobu reaction. The results showed that the hydrodynamic size range of Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3/CA-PEG-celastrol was 250–500 nm, the surface potential was −15 mV, and the saturation magnetization was approximately 23 emu·g−1. The drug loading capacity of Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3/CA-PEG was larger than the non-PEG modified version. Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3/CA-PEG-celastrol had slow-release characteristics and was sensitive to changes in pH. Application of a magnetic field significantly promoted the inhibition of SMMC-7721 human liver cancer cell growth after treatment with Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3/CA-PEG-celastrol. Celastrol and Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3/CA-PEG-celastrol increased the production of reactive oxygen species in SMMC-7721 cells and promoted apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Bax, Bcl-2) were also changed. In addition, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was enhanced. We may conclude that celastrol-loaded magnetic Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 heterogeneous nanorods may be applied in the chemotherapy of human cancer with good biocompatibility and delivery.

Effect of the phase composition of iron oxide nanorods on SO2 gas sensing performance

α-FeOOH nanorods were synthesized by a facile precipitation method. γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 nanorods were then obtained by calcining for 6 h at 200 and 600 °C in ambient air, respectively. A mass-type sensor was developed based on the different iron oxide phase compositions of α-FeOOH, γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 coating a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The gas sensing properties of three as-prepared sensors were systematically examined for detecting sulphur dioxide gas (SO2) at room temperature. The effect of phase composition of iron oxide nanorods on sensing properties was also discussed. Although as-prepared iron oxides have a similar morphologic structure, the sensor based on γ-Fe2O3 exposes the highest response to SO2. The sensing results show that the γ-Fe2O3 coated QCM sensors had an extremely good performance for SO2 gas in the 2.5–20 ppm range at room temperature.

Studies on anion-induced structural transformations of iron(III) (Hydr)oxide micro-nanostructures and their oxygen evolution reaction performance

Herein, the fundamental studies on the influence of anions, NO3− and SO42−, on the formation of nanostructured α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH has been reported. Interestingly, the nitrate (NO3−) endows the formation of α-Fe2O3 while sulphate (SO42−) endows the formation of α-FeOOH. Thus, the prepared α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH were systematically characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The SEM image reveals α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH were composed of microspheres and nanorods respectively. Further, the prepared α-Fe2O3 microspheres and α-FeOOH nanorods were used as potential electrocatalyst to catalyse oxygen evolution reaction (OER) where α-FeOOH nanorods were recognized as best OER catalyst with low overpotential of 333 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and stability over 20 h.

Applicability of Goethite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites to Remove Lead from Wastewater.

Lead ion in drinking water is one of the most dangerous metals. It affects several systems, such as the nervous, gastrointestinal, reproductive, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Adsorption process is used as a technology that can solve this problem through suitable composites. The adsorption of lead (Pb(II)) on graphene oxide (GO) and on two goethite (α-FeOOH)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites (composite 1: 0.10 g GO: 22.22 g α-FeOOH and composite 2: 0.10 g GO: 5.56 g α-FeOOH), in aqueous medium, was studied. The GO was synthesized from a commercial pencil lead. Composites 1 and 2 were prepared from GO and ferrous sulfate. The GO and both composites were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on the GO and both composites was evaluated through adsorption isotherms. Composite 1 presented a significant agglomeration of α-FeOOH nanorods on the reduced graphene oxide layers. Meanwhile, composite 2 exhibited a more uniform distribution of nanorods. The adsorption of Pb(II) on the three adsorbents fits the Langmuir isotherm, with an adsorption capacity of 277.78 mg/g for composite 2200 mg/g for GO and 138.89 mg/g for composite 1. Composite 2 emerged as a highly efficient alternative to purify water contaminated with Pb(II).

Magnetic-field tunability of optical properties in colloidal suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods

The dependence of polarized optical properties of colloidal suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods in water and PAO base fluids under the action of an applied magnetic field are investigated in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared from 300 to 1500 nm wavelength. We found that the transmittance in the NIR range can be tuned by changing magnetic field direction and strength. Moreover, we found that the magnetic field dependence of optical properties is strongly connected to the base fluid where magnetic nanoparticles are suspended. The obtained results show that the optical properties of goethite-based suspensions are very sensitive to even weak external magnetic fields, with promising perspectives for sensing applications.

An embedded heterostructure Fe2O3@α-FeOOH/RGO with optimized SEI film and fast Li-ion diffusion

As an indispensable part of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the quality of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) influences directly the electrochemical performance. α-FeOOH with superior theoretical capacities, low cost, and environmental friendliness has been regarded as a promising anode of LIBs. In this work, we found that the hydroxyl groups on the surface of α-FeOOH bond with organic electrolytes that forming an inferior SEI layer contained excessive ROCO2Li, finally causing a poor Li+ transport. Thus, we construct a novel heterostructure of spindle-like α-FeOOH nanorods embedded in mulberry-like Fe2O3 sphere on reduced graphene oxide sheets (F@F/C) based on the dissolution-recrystallization mechanism to optimize the composition of SEI layers. The content of ROCO2Li is decreased as expected in the SEI of F@F/C electrode, which diminish the ionic transfer impedance in the interface and provide more alternative diffusion pathways. As expected, the heterostructural hybrid achieves an excellent electrode performance with a reversible capacity about 1800 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 300 cycles. Even cycled at a high current density of 1 A g−1, the hybrid also remains 1050 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles with a capacity decay rate of only 0.005% per cycle.