Α-amino Esters Research Articles

Synthesis of β-Silyl Amines via Merging Photoinduced Energy and Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Flow.

The development of efficient methods for synthesizing β-silyl amines has long been a significant goal in organic synthesis. Previous methods mainly relied on the use of prefunctionalized substrates or special reagents. Herein, we present a visible-light-promoted synthesis approach for β-silyl amines, utilizing a combination of photoinduced energy and hydrogen atom transfer processes. Using flow chemistry technology, a variety of valuable skeletons, including β-silyl amines and α-amino esters, can be produced from readily available feedstocks such as hydrosilanes and simple alkanes. Moreover, the strategy's full-process fluidized production capability highlights its potential for industrial-scale manufacturing. Mechanistic studies revealed that oxime esters can act as radical precursors as well as hydrogen atom transfer reagents.

Biocatalytic Synthesis of α-Amino Esters via Nitrene C-H Insertion.

α-Amino esters are precursors to noncanonical amino acids used in developing small-molecule therapeutics, biologics, and tools in chemical biology. α-C-H amination of abundant and inexpensive carboxylic acid esters through nitrene transfer presents a direct approach to α-amino esters. Methods for nitrene-mediated amination of the protic α-C-H bonds in carboxylic acid esters, however, are underdeveloped. This gap arises because hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) of protic C-H bonds by electrophilic metal-nitrenoids is slow: metal-nitrenoids preferentially react with polarity-matched, hydridic C-H bonds, even when weaker protic C-H bonds are present. This study describes the discovery and evolution of highly stable protoglobin nitrene transferases that catalyze the enantioselective intermolecular amination of the α-C-H bonds in carboxylic acid esters. We developed a high-throughput assay to evaluate the activity and enantioselectivity of mutant enzymes together with their sequences using the Every Variant Sequencing (evSeq) method. The assay enabled the identification of enantiodivergent enzymes that function at ambient conditions in Escherichia coli whole cells and whose activities can be enhanced by directed evolution for the amination of a range of substrates.

A General Enantioselective α-Alkyl Amino Acid Derivatives Synthesis Enabled by Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Addition.

Enantioenriched unnatural amino acids represent a prevalent motif in organic chemistry, with profound applications in biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Herein, we report a cobalt-catalyzed aza-Barbier reaction of dehydroglycines with unactivated alkyl halides to afford unnatural α-amino esters with high enantioselectivity. This catalytic reductive alkylative addition protocol circumvents the use of moisture-, air-sensitive organometallic reagents, and stoichiometric chiral auxiliaries, enabling the conversion of a variety of primary, secondary, and even tertiary unactivated alkyl halides to α-alkyl-amino esters under mild conditions, thus leading to broad functional group tolerance. The expedient access to biologically active motifs demonstrates the practicality of this protocol by reducing the number of synthetic steps and enhancing the reaction efficiency.

Synthesis of hexafluorovaline-containing di- and tripeptides

A new strategy for the synthesis of peptides incorporating racemic hexafluorovaline (hfVal) is presented. The synthetic pathway relies on the anti-Michael addition of benzyl amine derivatives to ad hoc prepared β-bis-trifluoromethyl-acryloyl-α-amino esters which proceeds in mild condition, high yields, even if with low stereocontrol. The following elaboration of the intermediates, namely deprotection of the benzyl moiety and coupling with α-amino esters allowed us to synthetize the targeted tripeptides in four overall synthetic steps, resulting in a synthetic pathway more favorable respect to those appeared in literature based on the synthesis and isolation of racemic Boc-hfVal-OH (eight synthetic steps).

Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Alkynyl Carbene Insertion into N-H Bonds.

The first insertion of an alkynyl carbene into N-H bonds under Rh-catalysis is developed. Alkynyl hydrazone carboxylates are used as donor-acceptor carbene precursors and are exquisitely inserted into the N-H bonds of various amines, amides, and 1,2-diamines. A wide variety of 3-alkynyl 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and densely functionalized α-alkynyl α-amino esters are obtained in good to excellent yields. Further, chemoselective N-H insertion reactions, mechanistic studies, and various synthetic transformations for obtaining valuable heterocycles are demonstrated.

Site-Selective Deuteration of α-Amino Esters with 2-Hydroxynicotinaldehyde as a Catalyst.

An efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of α-deuterated α-amino esters via hydrogen isotope exchange of α-amino esters in D2O with 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as a catalyst under mild conditions. This methodology exhibits a wide range of substrate scopes, remarkable functional group tolerance, and affording the desired products in good yields with excellent deuterium incorporation. Notably, the ortho-hydroxyl group and the pyridine ring of the catalyst play a crucial role in the catalytic activity, which not only stabilizes the carbon-anion intermediates but also enhances the acidity of the amino esters' α-C-H bond.

Asymmetric synthesis of enantiopure tetracyclic dispirooxindolopyrrolidine-piperidones via microwave-assisted multicomponent reaction: Crystallographic analysis, antimicrobial activity and in silico studies

In an attempt towards the development of new antimicrobials, we synthesized by microwave-assisted multicomponent reaction (MCR) of enantiopure (E,E)-3,5-bisarylidene-N-[(S)-(-)-methylbenzyl]-4-piperidones, isatin and α-amino esters a series of optically active tetracyclic dispirooxindolopyrrolidine-piperidones. The beneficial and promising features of this protocol such as simple operational procedure, short reaction time (10 min), and high product yields (up to 97 %) make it an efficient eco-friendly approach offering a powerful mean to expand the structural diversity of spirooxindoles. This approach appears hugely advantageous for high-throughput screening processes in drug discovery research. In addition, crystallographic parameters and inter- and intramolecular interactions occurring in spiropyrrolidine-fused piperidone derivative 4g were examined through single-crystal XRD analysis allowing to determine the absolute configuration of the enantiopure compound. The preliminary biological assessment of their antimicrobial activity indicates that most of the screened products display higher activity than the standard reference drugs Ampicillin and Griseofulvin. Some of them exhibited good to moderate activity against both bacteria and fungi. In addition, in silico molecular docking and predictive ADMET studies for the most active spirocompounds were carried out. Molecular docking confirmed the binding efficacy of candidates 4c and 4l through low score energy values and the establishment of diverse bonding interactions with the active site residues. Finally, the ADMET profiling of the most active spiroheterocycles proved their remarkable drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties.

Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed N-H Insertions of Carbenes under Mechanochemical Conditions.

Under mechanochemical conditions in a mixer mill, Rh2(OAc)4 catalyzes the reaction between aryldiazoesters and anilines to give α-amino esters. The process proceeds under mild conditions and is insensitive to air. It is solvent-free and scalable. A broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and good functional group tolerance are additional salient features of this protocol.

Metal-Free One-Pot Domino Synthesis of Oxazolidinethione Derivatives of Quaternary Amino Acids from α-Amino Esters and Aldehydes Using CS2.

We present a streamlined, metal-free, one-pot domino approach to efficiently synthesize oxazolidinethione derivatives containing substituted quaternary amino acids. This method employs α-amino esters, aldehydes, and CS2 under mild conditions, constructing three new bonds (C-N, C-C, and C-O) to produce oxazolidinethione compounds featuring a quaternary center and a beta-hydroxy derivative in high yields. This scalable protocol enables the creation of libraries of biologically significant, intricate amino acid derivatives using amino esters and aldehydes.

New Synthesis of 3-Aminohydantoins via Condensation of Hydrazines with Isocyanates Derived from α-Amino Esters

AbstractA new, simple, and efficient method for the synthesis of 3-aminohydantoins was reported in two steps, starting from the corresponding l -amino esters. Commercially available α-amino esters were converted into the corresponding isocyanate derivatives, which were then subjected to the condensation reaction with hydrazine hydrate and arylhydrazines, in the presence of DMAP and DIPEA. This method provides the corresponding 3-aminohydantoins in moderate and good yields under a simple and practical protocol.

Improvement of α-amino Ester Hydrolase Stability via Computational Protein Design.

Amino ester hydrolases (AEHs) are capable of rapid synthesis of cephalexin but suffer from rapid deactivation even at low temperatures. Previous efforts to engineer AEH have generated several improved variants but have been limited in scope in part due to limitations in activity assay throughput for β-lactam synthesis reactions. Rational design of 'whole variants' was explored to rapidly improve AEH thermostability by mutating between 3-15% of residues. Most variants were found to be inactive due to a mutated calcium binding site, the function of which has not previously been described. Four active variants, all with improved melting temperatures, were characterized in terms of synthesis and hydrolysis activity, melting temperature, and deactivation at 25°C. Two variants were found to have improved total turnover numbers relative to the initial AEH variant; however, a clear tradeoff exists between improved stability and overall activity of each variant.

Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Azido α-Amino Esters via the Alkylazidation of Alkenes.

An iron-catalyzed alkylazidation of dehydroamino acids using peroxides as alkyl radical precursors is described. Non-natural azidated amino esters bearing an α-alkyl chain could be obtained in 18-94% yields using TMSN3 as an azide source. The obtained α-alkyl-α-azide α-amino esters could be further functionalized through cycloaddition or azide reduction with amide couplings to afford aminal-type peptides, α-triazolo amino acids, and tetrahydro-triazolopyridine, showing the great versatility of this now easily accessible class of amino acids.

Picolinaldehyde-Zinc(II)-Palladium(0) Catalytic System for the Asymmetric α-Allylation of N-unprotected Amino Esters.

Reported in this work is a synergistic ternary achiral picolinaldehyde-Zn(II)-chiral palladium complex system for the highly enantioselective α-allylation of N-unprotected amino esters. By utilizing a variety of allylic carbonates or vinyl benzoxazinanones as substrates, α-allyl α-amino esters were obtained in high yields (up to 96%) with high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). Control experiments suggest that the coordination of Zn(II) with the Schiff base intermediate enhances the acidity of the α-C-H bonds of amino esters, thereby favoring α-allylation over intrinsic N-allylation. Furthermore, NMR studies reveal an interaction between the chiral palladium complex and the Zn(II)-Schiff base intermediate, leading to the formation of a picolinaldehyde-Zn(II)-Pd(0) catalytic system.

Visible-light-mediated catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α-amino esters via free carbene insertion into N[sbnd]H bond

A method that facilitates the construction of valuable chiral products exploiting simple high energy intermediates in an atom- and sustainable fashion could prove highly enabling for asymmetric synthesis. Free carbenes are one kind of such high energy intermediates and their utilization in catalytic asymmetric reactions is still elusive, due to the existence of severe racemic background reaction. In our pursuit to develop catalytic asymmetric NH insertion reaction of free carbene, a general chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed enantioselective protonation of the in situ generated ammonium ylide was discovered under visible-light irradiation of diazo compound in the presence of arylamine, furnishing the desired α -amino esters with moderate to high enantioselectivity and yield. More importantly, it was found there is a remarkable correlation between the enantioselectivity of product and substituent electronic parameter (σpara) of substrates. This work not only demonstrates chiral phosphoric acid catalysis is compatible with free carbene insertion reactions without disturbing deactivation OH insertion side reactions, but also indicates the pKa of arylamine is also a significant parameter for turning the enantioselectivity of the reaction. The method disclosed herein is expected to bring new insights into the use of free carbene in the catalytic asymmetric reactions under metal free conditions.

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Amino Esters into Optically Active β-Amino Alcohols through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Catalyzed by Ruthenabicyclic Complexes.

Racemic α-substituted α-amino esters were hydrogenated into enantioenriched β-amino alcohols through dynamic kinetic resolution with chiral ruthenabicyclic complexes. The reaction was carried out with a substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 200-1000 under 15 atm of H2 at 25 °C to afford a variety of β-substituted β-aminoethanols in up to 96% ee (24 examples). The mechanistic studies including deuteration experiments suggested that the reaction proceeds with 1,2-hydride migration of the α-amino acetalate intermediate into the α-hydroxy imine followed by the continuous reduction of the imino compound, affording the amino alcohol product.

Trifluoromethylated 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones via (3+3)-Annulation of Nitrile Imines with α-Amino Esters.

The synthesis of two series of monocyclic and bicyclic trifluoromethylated 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one derivatives based on (3+3)-annulation of methyl esters derived from natural α-amino acids with in situ generated trifluoroacetonitrile imines has been described. The devised protocol is characterized by a wide scope, easily accessible substrates, remarkable functional group tolerance, and high chemical yield. In reactions with chiral starting materials, no racemization at the stereogenic centers was observed and the respective enantiomerically pure products were obtained. Selected functional group interconversions carried out under catalytic hydrogenation and mild PTC oxidation conditions were also demonstrated.

Chemoenzymatic Enantioselective Synthesis of the Hancock Alkaloids (S)- and (R)-Galipeine, (S)-Cuspareine, (S)-Galipinine, and (S)-Angustureine

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of the Hancock 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids (S)-galipeine, (S)-cuspareine, (S)-galipinine, and (S)-angustureine and the nonnatural enantiomer (R)-galipeine is described herein. The target compounds were obtained in five steps from a racemic quinaldinic acid derived α-amino ester in overall yields of 21.2% to 37.5%. The synthetic route comprised two key steps: an enzymatic kinetic resolution to control the C-2 stereocenter, affording (R)- and (S)-α-amino esters as key chiral intermediates with 94% and 72% ee, respectively, and Wittig olefination of (R)- and (S)-α-amino aldehyde synthons with the corresponding phosphonium salts using a phase-transfer system (t-BuOH/CH2Cl2), thereby allowing the introduction of alkyl substituents at C-2. Finally, the enantioselective synthesis was concluded with the catalytic hydrogenation of olefinic bonds on the Wittig adducts to furnish the target Hancock alkaloids, including (R)-galipeine, whose synthesis is described here for the first time.

Convergent paired electrolysis for zinc-mediated diastereoselective cinnamylation of α-amino esters.

A paired electrochemical method is presented for the one-pot synthesis of γ,δ-unsaturated α-amino esters. The method involves the in situ generation of organozinc reagents through zinc chloride reduction on the nickel cathode and the TEMPO-mediated oxidation of amino esters on the carbon anode. The presence of an ester moiety in the amine substrate was found to be crucial for achieving high diastereoselectivity.

Amphiphilic Polyfluorinated Amino Ethers from Cyclic Sulfamidates.

Regioselective ring opening of cyclic sulfamidates was achieved by means of nucleophilic polyfluorinated alkoxides to access achiral and chiral β- and γ-ORF amines and α-amino esters. Subsequent transformations provide free amines ready for incorporation into bioactive substances through amide bond formation or nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

Photocatalytic Alkyl Addition to Access Quaternary Alkynyl α-Amino Esters.

A regioselective alkylation of β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters by visible-light photocatalysis has been developed. This method enables 1,2-addition of methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals to the conjugated imines under mild conditions to produce a variety of quaternary alkynyl α-amino acid and cyclic amino acid motifs. Alkyl radicals are generated from alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates with an organic photocatalyst. This process is effective under an air atmosphere, providing operational benefits compared to conventional alkylation using organometallic reagents.