53Mn Reaction Research Articles

Excitation functions for fast neutron induced reactions on iron and lead

Cross sections of the 54Fe(n,p)54Mn, 54Fe(n,α)51Cr, 56Fe(n,p)56Mn and 204Pb (n,2n)203Pb reactions induced by D–T neutrons were obtained with activation method and γ-ray spectrometry technique. Experimental values measured in this work are consistent with most of the previous literature data. These reactions cross sections were theoretically calculated by using the TALYS-1.96 and EMPIRE-3.2.3 codes from threshold up to 20 MeV, and significant discrepancies were found between calculated results and experiment data. In addition, experimental values are compared with evaluated nuclear data of the CENDL-3.2, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-5, BROND-3.1 and JEFF-3.3 libraries, and significant difference was found for the 54Fe(n,α)51Cr reaction in ENDF/B-VIII.0 library but not for other reactions.

Fast neutron induced reaction cross sections on natural manganese and tantalum

The cross sections for the 55Mn(n,2n)54Mn, 181Ta(n,2n)180gTa, and 181Ta(n,p)181Hf reactions were measured to be 705.1 ± 26.1 mb at 14.0 MeV, 1362.7 ± 87.2 mb at 13.6 MeV, and 2.31 ± 0.09 mb at 13.6 MeV, respectively, by using an off-line γ-ray spectroscopic technique. The neutrons were produced via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction. The monitor reactions 27Al(n,α)24Na and 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb were used for neutron flux determination. The results from the present work were compared with those of the literature and the evaluated data from ENDF/B-VIII.0, JEFF-3.3, JENDL-5, CENDL-3.2, and BROND-3.1 libraries. Besides, the cross sections were also estimated with the TALYS-1.96 nuclear model code using different level density models for a better description of the present work and literature data. The present experimental results were found to be in good agreement with most of the available literature data and with the evaluated data.

Level structure and transition multipolarities of 54Mn

Excited states up to 3 MeV in the odd-odd 54Mn have been populated in the 54Cr(p,n)54Mn reaction at Ep = 4.5 MeV. Conversion coefficients (αK and απ ) were deduced using the NPG method for the first time in 54Mn. Multipolarities were unambiguously assigned in 16 transitions for the first time using the obtained conversion coefficient values. Spin and parity has been restricted for three transitions.

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on manganese up to 30 MeV

The excitation functions of the 55Mn(p,x)51Cr, 54Mn reactions were measured up to 30-MeV proton energy. The experiment was performed at the RIKEN AVF cyclotron using the stacked-foil activation technique. High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors were used for the gamma-ray spectrometry. Obtained results were compared with previous experimental data and the prediction of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code available in the TENDL-2021 library. Physical thick target yields of 51Cr and 54Mn were derived from the measured cross sections.

Excitation functions of natNi(p, x) reactions in the energy range of 75–100 MeV

Stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma spectrometry were used to investigate new excitation functions of proton-induced nuclear reactions on natNi targets in the energy range of 75–100 MeV. The stack foils were irradiated with 100 MeV protons at the separated-sector cyclotron of the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The proton intensity for each nickel foil was determined using the natNi(p, x)57Ni monitor reaction. The cross-sections of the natNi(p, x)56Ni, 55,57,58Co, and 54Mn reactions were calculated and compared with the existing literature data presented in the Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data (EXFOR). Furthermore, evaluated nuclear data of the PADF-2007, ENDF/B-VIII.0, and JENDL-4.0/HE libraries as well as theoretical calculations of the TALYS code were used. Overall, our experimental data agree with the majority of the literature data. The results of TALYS code as well as the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JENDL-4.0/HE libraries could reproduce most of the experimental trend, whereas the results of PADF-2007 library could not do so. The new experimental results provide cross-sections for proton-induced natNi reactions in the energy range of 75–100 MeV and could serve as a technical assistance for radionuclide production and radiation safety practices.

Neutron-induced activation cross-sections for fusion technology applications

Activation method was employed to measure the cross section for the 58Ni(n,pα)54Mn and 63Cu(n,pα)59Fe reactions in the energy range from the threshold up to 21 MeV. The quasi-monoenergetic neutrons in the energy range from 14 to 21 MeV were produced via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction at 1, 2, 3 and 4 MeV incident deuteron energies. High purity Ni and Cu samples with natural isotopic composition and dimensions of ϕ12x5 mm and ϕ20x5 mm respectively were utilized. The gamma-ray spectrometry using HPGe detector was utilized to measure the activity induced in the sample. The cross sections were determined relative to the standard cross section the 27Al(n,α)24Na reaction. The results for the 63Cu(n,pα)59Fe reaction cross section were obtained for the first time.

Measurement of 14.54 MeV neutron induced reaction cross sections of Cr and Mn with covariance analysis

Abstract The 50Cr(n,2n)49Cr, 52Cr(n,2n)51Cr, 52Cr(n,p)52V, 55Mn(n,2n)54Mn, 55Mn(n,α)52V and 55Mn(n,γ)56Mn reaction cross sections at the neutron energy of 14.54 ± 0.24 MeV were measured by using activation method along with off-line γ-ray spectrometry. The 27Al(n,p)27Mg monitor reaction was used for the 52Cr(n,p)52V and 55Mn(n,α)52V reactions, whereas the 197Au(n,γ)198Au monitor reaction for the 55Mn(n,γ)56Mn reaction. The 27Al(n,α)24Na monitor reaction was used for other three reactions. The neutron beam was generated from the T(d,n)4He reaction using the Purnima neutron generator at BARC, Mumbai. The covariance analysis for the uncertainties of reaction cross sections was performed by considering the correlations between different attributes. The present results were compared with the literature data, evaluated data of ENDF, ROSFOND, CENDL, JENDL and JEFF libraries as well as with the theoretical values based on TALYS-1.9 calculation.

A new study on pre-equilibrium and equilibrium effects of excitation functions of alpha-induced reactions on 51V, 55Mn and 59Co nuclei

In this article, the cross section simulations of 51V(α,n)54Mn, 55Mn(α,n)58Co, 55Mn(α,2n)57Co, 59Co(α,2n)61Cu and 59Co(α,α2n)57Co nuclear reactions were carried out using the pre-equilibrium and equilibrium models. TALYS 1.9 and ALICE/ASH codes for the above nuclear reactions were used to describe the formation of the reaction process. Besides, the contribution on the cross section calculations of initial exciton number for alpha-induced reactions at the pre-equilibrium emissions is discussed. The results of this paper are compared with the measured nuclear data found in the literature. It was found that the initial exciton number n0 = 5 appears to give a good harmony to the measured values.

Neutron pick-up in the 55Mn(d, t)54Mn reaction

In this paper, we analyze the one-neutron pick-up from the 55Mn target when it is bombarded by 17MeV deuteron, by performing coupled reaction channel (CRC) calculations. Spectroscopic amplitudes for CRC calculations, and structural information such as reduced B(E2) transition probabilities, quadrupole, and magnetic momenta, are obtained from shell-model calculations using the fp-kb3 interaction. The calculated structure quantities are in good agreement with the available experimental data for both target and ejectile. Analyses of angular distributions show the relevance of microscopic information for the description of the higher excited states of 54Mn .

Studies on excitation functions of alpha-induced reactions on natFe from threshold to 45 MeV

Excitation functions of the natFe(\( \alpha\), x)57Ni, natFe(\(\alpha\), x)55, 56, 57, 58m, gCo and natFe(\(\alpha\), x)52, 54Mn reactions were measured using the stacked-foil activation technique. The induced radioactivities in both the target and monitor foils were measured using an off-line \(\gamma\)-ray spectrometric technique. The cross sections for the above reactions were also calculated theoretically using the TALYS-1.8 code. The measured results were compared with the other experimental data and theoretical values. The theoretically calculated values are described well by our experimental data. It is observed that the rate of proton emission is larger than the neutron one. The measured results for the formation of few radionuclides are new and the other measured data strengthen the database. The experimental and theoretical studies on the investigated reactions should lead to a useful insight into the mechanisms of those reactions.

Validation of differential cross sections by means of 252Cf spectral averaged cross sections

The results of systematic evaluations of the spectrum-averaged cross section measurements performed in the spontaneous fission 252Cf neutron field are presented. The Following threshold reactions were investigated: 23Na(n,2n)22Na, 54Fe(n,p)54Mn, 54Fe(n,α) 51Cr, 27Al(n,p)27Mg, 27Al(n,α)24Na, 19F(n,2n)18F, 90Zr(n,2n)89Zr and 89Y(n,2n)88Y. The spectrum-averaged cross sections for 23Na(n,2n)22Na, 54Fe(n,α)51Cr and 89Y(n,2n)88Y reactions were measured for the first time. This quantity is compared with calculations carried with the IRDFF-v1.05 library. There is a notable disagreement exceeding uncertainties only for 54Fe(n,p)54Mn and 54Fe(n,α) 51Cr reactions. The spectrum-averaged cross sections were inferred from experimentally determined reaction rates. The experimental reaction rates were derived for irradiated samples from the Net Peak Areas measured using the semiconductor high purity germanium spectroscopy. The presented experimental data can be used to validate nuclear data libraries and reactions used in the practical reactor dosimetry and to specify high energy tail of the 252Cf neutron spectrum.

Geochronology and monitoring of cosmic rays for accumulating cosmogenic isotopes 53Mn and 10Be in terrestrial rocks

The paper is devoted to discussing the method of measuring the accumulation of radioactive isotopes 53Mn (with a half-life T = 3.7 million years) and 10Be (T = 2.5 million years) in iron-bearing rocks. Knowledge of the dynamics of the accumulation of these isotopes would allow us to estimate the variations in the intensity of cosmic rays, periods of glaciations and geological changes, as well as climatic processes on the Earth in retrospect of 0.1–10 million years. For an operative study of a large number of samples, it has been proposed to use a low-cost neutron activation method with the implementation of the 53Mn(n, γ)54Mn reaction in a slow neutron reactor. As has been shown, using the 10Be isotope together with 53Mn makes it possible to simultaneously determine both the cosmic-ray fluxes and the shielding time of the corresponding region from cosmic radiation. To obtain the reliable data on cosmic rays, it has been proposed to study rock samples from the lunar surface.

Calculations of Cross-Sections and Astrophysical S-factors for the (α,n) Reactions of Some Structural Fusion Materials

Structural material selection in design of fusion reactors is very crucial. These structural materials should satisfy the hard conditions such as high thermo-mechanical stresses, high heat loads and severe radiation damage without compromising on safety considerations. The materials such as titanium, vanadium and chromium are used in the construction of fusion reactors. Therefore, it is important to examine these materials. Obtained results from the nuclear reactions using structural materials can be used for developing of these structural materials. For this reason, in this study cross sections of the 46Ti(α,n) 49Cr, 50Cr(α,n) 53Fe and 51V(α,n) 54Mn reactions have been calculated at 2–20 MeV energy range. In these theoretical calculations, the TALYS 1.8 and NON-SMOKER codes were used. Also, the astrophysical S-factors which describe the possibility of reaction in low energies were calculated. Results of our calculations were checked to the experimental data obtained from EXFOR database.

(n, p) Reaction Cross Sections Calculations of Some Stellar Iron Group Fusion Materials

The excitation functions for (n, p) reactions from reaction threshold to 24 MeV on some important iron (Fe) group target elements (20 ≤ Z ≤ 28) for astrophysical (n, p) reactions such as Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co and Ni were calculated using TALYS-1.0 nuclear model code. The new calculations on the excitation functions of 28Si(n, p)28Al, 29Si(n, p)29Al, 42Ca(n, p)42K, 45Sc(n, p)45Ca, 46Ti(n, p)46Sc, 53Cr(n, p)53V, 54Fe(n, p)54Mn, 57Fe(n, p)57Mn, 59Co(n, p)59Fe, 58Ni(n, p)58Co and 60Ni(n, p)60Co reactions have been carried out up to 24 MeV incident neutron energy. In these calculations, the compound nucleus and pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism studied extensively. According to these calculations, we assume that these model calculations can be applied to some heavy elements, ejected into interstellar medium by dramatic supernova events.

Calculation of the isotope composition and induced activity in irradiated materials of innovative accelerator-driven systems

The paper describes the SNT.1 system for calculating the isotopic composition and induced activity of irradiated materials in innovative accelerator-driven systems (ADS). The SNT.1 algorithm, a list and the format of input data, a list of the evaluated nuclear data libraries to be used in calculations, and the potential calculation options are presented. The activity calculation for the water cooling of the Ta target in the TRADE project is presented, and the calculation results are compared with those obtained using other codes. The concentration and the activity of the nuclides formed during irradiation of a lead-bismuth target have been calculated with due regard for the variations in the accelerator current during irradiation. The possibility for neural networks to be used for the approximation and restoration of data, such as the reaction cross-sections, has been studied. The RBF and GRNN neural network structures were selected to approximate data on the 209Bi (n, 3n) 207Bi and 54Fe (n, p) 54Mn reaction cross-sections. Neural networks were used to restore data for the total cross-section of reactions of interaction with 209Bi nuclei. The approximation quality was assessed using agreement factors.

Study of lifetimes of low-lying levels in 53Mn

The properties of low-lying states of 53Mn were investigated via the 53Cr(p, n $\gamma$ )53Mn reaction using 4.3 MeV proton beam energy. The lifetimes of the levels at 1289.5, 1440.8, 1620.0 and 2273.8 keV excitation energies were measured using the Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM). The reduced transition probabilities B(M1) and B(E2) were extracted using the measured values of lifetimes for these levels and the mixing ratios from the literature. These values are compared with already known experimental values as well as the shell model calculations using an effective interaction.

Excitation functions of proton induced reactions on natFe in the energy region up to 45 MeV

The excitation functions of various reaction products such as 55,56,57Co, 52Fe, 52,54Mn, and 51Cr in the natFe(p, x) reactions were measured by the stacked-foil activation technique in the energy range between their respective reaction threshold and 45MeV at the MC-50 cyclotron of the Korean Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Korea. The present experimental data were compared with the existing literature data. It was found that excitation function of 56,57Co and 51Cr from the natFe(p, x) reaction are in agreement with the literature data. However, the cross-sections for natFe(p, x)52Fe reactions are lower and those for natFe(p, x)52Mn and natFe(p, x)54Mn reactions are higher than the literature data. The reaction cross-sections of the above mentioned reaction products were also compared with those from the TENDL-2012 library based on the TALYS-1.4 program as a function of proton energy, which was reproduced the trend of the excitation functions of the experimental natFe(p, x) reaction cross-section. The integral yields for thick target of the investigated radionuclides were calculated from the excitation function.

Calculations of Excitation Functions of Some Structural Fusion Materials for (n, t) Reactions up to 50 MeV Energy

Fusion serves an inexhaustible energy for humankind. Although there have been significant research and development studies on the inertial and magnetic fusion reactor technology, there is still a long way to go to penetrate commercial fusion reactors to the energy market. Tritium self-sufficiency must be maintained for a commercial power plant. For self-sustaining (D-T) fusion driver tritium breeding ratio should be greater than 1.05. So, the working out the systematics of (n, t) reaction cross sections is of great importance for the definition of the excitation function character for the given reaction taking place on various nuclei at different energies. In this study, (n, t) reactions for some structural fusion materials such as 27Al, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, and 56Fe have been investigated. The new calculations on the excitation functions of 27Al(n, t)25Mg, 51V(n, t)49Ti, 52Cr(n, t)50V, 55Mn(n, t)53Cr and 56Fe(n, t)54Mn reactions have been carried out up to 50 MeV incident neutron energy. In these calculations, the pre-equilibrium and equilibrium effects have been investigated. The pre-equilibrium calculations involve the new evaluated the geometry dependent hybrid model, hybrid model and the cascade exciton model. Equilibrium effects are calculated according to the Weisskopf–Ewing model. Also in the present work, we have calculated (n, t) reaction cross-sections by using new evaluated semi-empirical formulas developed by Tel et al. at 14–15 MeV energy. The calculated results are discussed and compared with the experimental data taken from the literature.

Estimation of fast neutron fluence released by the Tokai-mura criticality accident from 54Mn in soils collected from the JCO grounds

To estimate fast neutron fluence released by the JCO criticality accident in Tokai-mura, 54Mn, which is produced by the 54Fe(n,p)54Mn reaction, was determined in soil samples by ultra low background g-ray spectrometry after radiochemical separation. Activities of 54Mn, using 30-200 g soil samples were detected in soil samples from 13 points in all directions within a 20 m zone from the precipitation vessel we have used. The levels of 54Mn ranged from 0.015 to 2.12 mBq/g soil. By using these data and MCNP, the fast neutron fluences were estimated.

Determination of the 54Fe(n, 2n)53gFe and 54Fe(n, 2n)53mFe cross sections averaged over a 235U fission neutron spectrum

The reaction cross sections averaged over a 235U fission neutron spectrum have been measured for the 54Fe(n, 2n)53gFe and 54Fe(n, 2n)53mFe threshold reactions. The values found are, respectively: (1.14±0.13) mb, and (0.52±0.16) mb. The measured cross sections are referred to the (111±3) mb standard cross section of the 58Ni(n, p)58m+gCo reaction. The (81.7±2.2) mb standard cross section value for the 54Fe(n, p)54Mn reaction, was also used as a monitor to check the results obtained with the Ni standard, leading to an excellent agreement.