5-HTTLPR Research Articles

Effect of Stress and Serotonin-Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region Variants on Internet Gaming Disorder in Korean Adults

Objectives Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is known to be related to stress and the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) that is known to be associated with stress and has been studied to affect various psychiatric illness outbreaks. We tried to examine the relationship between ...

Association between serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism and clinicopathological factors and effect of the polymorphism on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients

To examine the association between the genotype (LL, LS and SS) of serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism(5-HTTLPR) and clinicopathological factors, and to investigate the effect of 5-HTTLPR on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Data of peripheral blood samples of 161 colorectal cancer patients at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from October 2009 to January 2014 were collected retrospectively. The genotyping of 5-HTTLPR was determined by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. Coincidence Chi-square test was used to examine the 5-HTTLPR genotype with Hardy-Weinberg law. Chi-square test and Cox multifactor model were used to analyze the association of 5-HTTLPR genotype with clinicopathology and prognosis. All the patients were informed and agreed to participate in the study. This study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee (2015056). Of 161 colorectal cancer patients, 89 were male and 72 were female; the median age was 64 (25-85) years; 86 (53.5%) cases were colon cancer and 75 (46.5%) were rectal cancer. Genotype was LL in 12 cases, LS in 59 cases and SS in 90 cases, which complied with the law of Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance (χ²=0.288, P=0.592). Univariate analysis showed that 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism was only associated with lymph node metastasis [lymph node metastasis rate: LL and LS genotype 21.1% (15/71);SS genotype 40.0% (36/90), χ²= 6.532, P=0.011]. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates of whole patients were 71% and 63% respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the SS genotype was an independent risk factor affecting the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients(HR=1.933, 95%CI:1.090-3.428, P=0.024). Among genotypes of 5-HTTLPR gene, colorectal cancer patients with SS genotype have higher risk of lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis.

Effects of the polymorphsim 5-HTTLPR on the hypersensitive C-reactive protein in patients with depression

Objective To explore the influences of serotonin transporter promoter region(5-HTTLPR) polymorphism on hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) in patients with depression. Method 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reactive-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) in 103 patients with depression and 103 healthy controls.The severity of depression was evaluated by Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD). The hs-CRP level was tested by immunofluorescence.The influence of different genotypes on hs-CRP and the interaction of genotype and hs-CRP on the pathogenesis of depression were analyzed. Results The frequency of genotype and allele in 5-HTTLPR was no statistical significant(P=0.81, 0.121) among the three groups.There were statistically significant differences in hs-CRP concentration (P=0.007) among the three genotypes of the study group, and the concentration of hs-CRP in SS genotype((8.1±2.7)mg/L) was significantly higher than that in LS((4.9±1.8)mg/L) and LL genotype((5.2±1.3)mg/L) (P=0.002, 0.001). The retardation factor in patients were significantly differences in different genotypes(F=4.637 , P=0.033). SS genotype(9.3±3.1) was significantly higher than LL(6.1±2.7) and LS genotypes(5.8±2.1) in retardation factor(P=0.008, 0.007). Logistic regression analysis showed that SS genotype was associated with hs-CRP.The interactive effect was positive related to the morbidity of depression.The correlation of interaction between SS genotype and hs-CRP was greater than LL/LS(OR=1.890, 95%CI=1.011-3.396). Conclusion SS genotype of 5-HTTLPR has strengthen effect on hs-CRP.The interaction of genotype and hs-CRP affects the onset of depression.The interaction of SS genotype and hs-CRP is more likely to effect the onset of depression. Key words: 5-HTTLPR; Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; Depression; Phenotype

Effect of serotonin transporter genotype on self-reported efficacy and activity changes of brain prefrontal area in response to placebo.

Patients benefit from drug therapy not only through pharmacological mechanisms, but also through non-pharmacological action (placebo effect), which may be mediated in part by the prefrontal area of the brain. We consider that the difference between responders and non-responders to placebo might be related to polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). To study this idea, we performed a randomized double-blind clinical trial using caffeine and lactose (placebo). Activity in the prefrontal area of the brain was measured in terms of blood flow by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as an objective indicator. Self-reported feelings of drowsiness on established scales were used as subjective indicators. Twenty-one subjects in block A took caffeine on the first day and placebo on the third day, and 21 in block B took placebo on the first day and placebo on the third day. After placebo administration, improvement of sleepiness was significantly enhanced, a similar extent to that after caffeine medication. Among the 42 subjects, 22 showed S/S type polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (52.4 %), 17 showed S/L type (40.5 %) and 3 showed L/L type (7.10 %). Statistical analysis of the results indicate that subjects with L/L genotype showed a significantly greater placebo response in terms of both self-reported feeling of drowsiness and blood flow in the prefrontal area of the brain associated with working memory (46 area). Our results indicate that the L/L genotype of 5-HTTLPR, which is rare in Japanese (3.2 %) but common in Americans (32.2 %), may be associated with a greater placebo effect.

Assessment of Genetic Mutations by the Gene’s 5-HTTLPR and SLC6A4 and SCC6A4 in the Human Depression

In this study we have analyzed 300 people.140 Human depression and 160 control group. The genes 5-HTTLPR and SLC6A4 and SCC6A4 analyzed in terms of genetic mutations made. In this study, people who have genetic mutations were targeted, with nervous disorders, Human depression. In fact, of all people with Human depression,114 people had a genetic mutation in the gene 5-HTTLPR. And 16 had a genetic mutation in SLC6A4 gene were a genetic mutation in the gene SCC6A4 and 10, respectively. Any genetic mutations in the target genes control group, did not show.

Polymorphisms of 5-HTT LPR and GNβ3 825C>T and Response to Antidepressant Treatment in Functional Dyspepsia: A Study from The Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Trial.

The Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Trial reported that amitriptyline (AMI) was associated with adequate relief of functional dyspepsia (FD) symptoms, but the pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response in FD are not known. GNβ3 825C>T CC genotype has been previously linked to FD and TT genotype to antidepressant response in depression. The ss genotype of the 5-HTT LPR variant of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been linked to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) response. We aimed to examine whether GNβ3 825C>T and 5-HTT LPR polymorphisms result in differential treatment effects in FD patients receiving antidepressant therapy. Participants were randomized to receive placebo, 50 mg AMI, or 10 mg escitalopram (ESC). The primary end point was adequate relief for ≥5 weeks of the last 10 weeks. Genotyping of GNβ3 825C>T and 5-HTT LPR was performed utilizing PCR-based methods. GNβ3 825C>T and 5-HTT LPR genotype data were available for 256 (88%) and 246 (84%) patients, respectively. Both polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In tests for differential treatment, neither 5-HTT LPR nor GNβ3 825C>T genotype influenced response to therapy (P=0.89 and P=0.54, respectively). Although there was a tendency for a more favorable response to ESC in the SS/LS genotype compared to the LL genotype groups (40% vs. 31% reporting adequate relief of FD symptoms) among those in the ESC treatment arm, this was not significant (P=0.43). GNβ3 825C>T and 5-HTT LPR genetic variants do not alter treatment response to tricyclic and SSRI antidepressants in FD.

The correlation between 5-serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and the first episode major depressive disorder and cognitive function in adolescents

Objective To study the correlation between 5- serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphism and the first episode major depressive disorder(MDD) and cognitive function in adolescent. Methods 5-HTT genotype and allele were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 76 patients with first episode of MDD and 73 normal controls.Case control method was used to analyze the correlation between different genotypes and the onset, the clinical features, and cognitive function. Results There was no significant difference between 5-HTTLPR genotype frequencies for the 41 cases of type S/S(53.9%), 27 cases of type L/S(35.5%), 8 cases of type L/L(10.5%)of case group and 5-HTTLPR genotype frequencies for the 38 cases of type S/S(52.1%), 18 cases of type L/S(24.7%), 17 cases of type L/L(23.3%) of control group(P>0.05). Patients with S/S type, L/S type had significantly higher sleep scores than those of patients with type L/L(P=0.005, P=0.001). Agitation score in patients with S/S type group was significantly higher than that in patients with S/L, L/L(P=0.000, P=0.001); patients with S/S inferiority scores were significantly lower than those of patients with S/L, L/L(P=0.002, P=0.006). There was no significant difference in cognitive function among three groups. Conclusions In Chinese Han population, there may be no direct association between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and susceptibility to MDD and its cognitive function in adolescents. S/S and L/S patients may be prone to sleep problems, type S/S patients may be prone to irritability and type L/L patients may be prone to inferiority. Key words: Adolescents; Major depressive disorder; Serotonin transporter; Gene polymorphism; Cognitive function

The 5-HTT gene polymorphisms correlated with the clinical manifestations of depression

Objective To determine the potential correlation of 5-HTT gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and STin2) with clinical manifestations in depression. Methods A total of 401 depressed patients, all of Chinese Han region, were collected and genotyped by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). All patients were evaluated using a 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA), and then associated analysis was applied. Results (1) The age of onset in patients with L/S genotype of 5-HTLPR polymorphism were much younger than that of patients with L/L and S/S genotype (F=3.281, P=0.039). Besides, there was also a significant difference of HAMA1 (anxious mood) scores among patients with different genotypes for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, where the scores of those with L/S genotype were the highest (2.34±0.80, P=0.010). (2) The scores of HAMD10 (mental anxiety), HAMA1 (anxious mood), HAMA3 (fear) and mental anxiety factor were higher in patients with 12/10 genotype than patients with 12/12 and 10/10 genotype for STin2 polymorphism (2.40±0.83, 2.38±0.90, 1.42±1.04, 14.60±4.26 respectively; P value: 0.014, 0.044, 0.03 and 0.006 respectively). The scores of HAMD10(mental anxiety) and mental anxiety factor were (2.11±0.77), ( 12.96±3.78) in the 12/12 genotype patients, and significantly lower than that in the 12/10 genotype patients (adjusted P value: 0.018, 0.006). Conclusions A positive association of the 5-HTT polymorphisms with anxious symptoms in depressed patients is revealed. These findings might provide some evidences for the clinical phenotype and optimization of depression treatment. Key words: 5-HTT; Gen polymorphism; Depression

Correlation of 5-HTTLPR genetype and behavioral problems in school-age twins

Objective To analyze the correlation between 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene linked polymorphic region(5-HTTLPR) and twin children's behavioral problems and its interaction with environmental factors. Methods A total of 147 pairs of school-age twins aged 6-12 years were enrolled. The behavioral problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The genotype of 5-HTTLPR was detected by the method of PCR. The correlation of 5-HTTLPR and children's behavioral problems was performed using generalized estimating equation. Results (1)The overall incidence rate of behavioral problems in school-age twins was 24.15% (27.94% in the boys; 20.89% in the girls), in which the rate of thinking problems (15.31%) was the highest, and the rates of other problems were lower (3.40%-8.16%). (2) The results of correlation analysis showed that 5-HTTLPR was only related to the social problems (P<0.05). The S allele of 5-HTTLPR maybe associated with the social problems. (3) The results of interaction of 5-HTTLPR with twin factors of themselves and family environmental factors showed that 5-HTTLPR was the main effect of the anxious/depressed problems, and S allele carriers were easier to occur anxious/depressed problems. Gender was the main effect of the social problems, and boys were easier to occur social problems. There was no significant interaction between 5-HTTLPR and twin factors of themselves and family environmental factors. Conclusion 5-HTTLPR genetype may have some relevance to the social and anxious/depressed problems, and S allele may be a susceptibility gene of social and anxious/depressed problems. Key words: 5-HTTLPR; School-age twins; Behavioral problems

Polymorphism of rs3813034 in Serotonin Transporter Gene SLC6A4 Is Associated With the Selective Serotonin and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Response in Depressive Disorder: Sequencing Analysis of SLC6A4.

Selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRI/SNRI) are commonly used for treating major depression. Regretfully, significant heterogeneity exists regarding the benefits of SSRI/SNRI in individual cases. We previously reported that a polymorphism located in the serotonin transporter linked promoter region (5-HTT LPR) is associated with an interindividual difference in SSRI treatment efficacy. However, this explains only a small part of the variation of this complex phenotype. Other 5-HTT variants in the coding regions, 3' untranslated region (3' UTR), and introns adjacent to each exon could also contribute to treatment response. Therefore, we performed a sequencing analysis of the SLC6A4 gene (coding for 5-HTT) and investigated the association between variants detected in this study and the antidepressant response to SSRI/SNRI in 201 Japanese depressive patients. Seventeen novel mutations were identified by sequencing analysis. We found that the polymorphism G2563T (rs3813034) as a tag single-nucleotide polymorphism of IVS9 A-90G (rs140701), G2356T (rs1042173), and A3641C (rs7224199) is associated with interindividual variability of SSRI/SNRI efficacy at week 6, independent from clinical variables and effect of 5-HTT LPR (P < 0.001 by multiple regression analysis). This polymorphism could help determine individualized SSRI/SNRI treatments for depressive patients in combination with 5-HTT LPR.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome susceptible genes in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis of 21 case-control studies.

Numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the Chinese population; however, published articles drew incompatible or even contradictory results. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptible SNPs and risk of OSAS in the Chinese population. We conducted a meta-analysis of seven polymorphisms and risk of OSAS based on 21 case-control studies. The results of our study showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -308 G/A (OR = 3.70, 95% CI = 1.39-9.83), gene-linked polymorphic region (LPR) (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41-0.79), and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene (5-HTT) (OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.49-7.95) polymorphisms were associated with OSAS risk in the Chinese population, while there was no significant association between 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) 102C/T, 5-HTR2A A1438G, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D), or leptin receptor (LEPR)-Gln 223Arg polymorphism and risk of OSAS in the Chinese population. Our study demonstrated that TNF-α 308 G/A, 5-HTT LPR, and 5-HTT-VNTR polymorphisms were associated with OSAS risk, whereas little association was observed between 5-HTR2A 102C/T, 5-HTR2A A1438G, ACE I/D, or LEPR-Gln 223Arg polymorphism and risk of OSAS in the Chinese population.

Serotonin system and post-stroke depression

Objective To investigate the effect of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the occurrence, development of post-stroke depression (PSD). Methods The literatures on the relationship between 5-HT and PSD were selected from databases such as Wanfang Data , CNKI and PubMed before in 2010-2014. According to absorption and exclusion criteria of the literature, collect literatures, and summary, induce and analyze on them. Results Search 258 literatures and accept 44 literatures accorded with the criteria, including the relationship between 5-HT and PSD, the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HTR) gene polymorphism and PSD, the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter linked promoter region(5-HTTLPR) and PSD, and the treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in PSD. Conclusion Reduced levels of 5-HT lead to the occurrence of PSD, and they had a negative correlation; 5-HTR1A, 5-HTR2A are related genes of PSD; S allele and S/S genotype is susceptible factors of PSD, while the L allele is the protective factors of PSD; SSRIs can increase the level of 5-HT in the synaptic gap so as to improve the depressive symptoms of PSD. In the future, it is necessary to increase the sample size to confirm the relationship between 5-HT and PSD, and combine with other factors to explore the relationship between them. Key words: Serotonin; Post stroke depression; Gene polymorphism

1017 The Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Trial (FDTT): 5-HTT LPR and Gn β3 825C>T Are Not Pharmacogenetic Markers for FD Antidepressant Treatment Response

The Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Trial (FDTT): 5-HTT LPR and Gnβ3 825C>T Are Not Pharmacogenetic Markers for FD Antidepressant Treatment Response Yuri A. Saito, Ann E. Almazar, Giles R. Locke, Ernest P. Bouras, Colin W. Howden, Brian E. Lacy, John K. DiBaise, Charlene M. Prather, Bincy Abraham, Hashem El-Serag, Paul Moayyedi, Lawrence A. Szarka, Linda M. Herrick, Katherine E. Tilkes, Cathy D. Schleck, Alan R. Zinsmeister, Nicholas J. Talley

Interaction between a serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism and stress predicts anxiety symptoms in adolescents: a multi-wave longitudinal study

Objective To explore the interaction between a serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism(5-HTTPR) and stress in predicting anxiety symptoms. Methods Through random cluster sampling, a total of 252 healthy adolescents participated in this study.During the initial assessment, all participants completed the Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire (ALEQ) and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) to assess their levels of stress and anxiety and were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. Participants subsequently completed MASC and ALEQ once every three months during the subsequent 24 months. A multilevel model was used to investigate the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress that predict anxiety symptoms. Results The results indicated no major effect of 5-HTTLPR in males (β=0.80, P>0.05)or females(β=-0.21, P>0.05). There were major effects of stress in males(β=0.30, P<0.01) and females (β=0.33, P<0.01)and a significant interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress. Females with at least one 5-HTTLPR S allele(β=0.11, P<0.01)and males with at least one 5-HTTLPR L allele(β=-0.10, P<0.01)exhibited more anxiety symptoms under stressful situations. Conclusion The interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress can predict anxiety symptoms in adolescents. There are gender differences on the 5-HTTLPR × stress interaction. Key words: Anxiety symptoms; Serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism; Stress; Adolescent

Association of serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphisms with major depressive disorder

Objective To explore the association of serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphisms with the onset of major depressive disorder. Methods A case-control association study was taken, 350 patients which met the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), and 370 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited. HAMD-17 was used to evaluate the severity of depression. Peripheral blood of all the objects was collected, and genomic DNA was extracted. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotypes. SPSS19.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Results The 5-HTTLPR genotypes and alleles frequency distribution between MDD patients (LL, LS, SS genotypes: 10.9%, 38.0%, 51.1%; L, S alleles: 29.9%, 70.1%) and controls (LL, LS, SS genotypes: 12.4%, 40.5%, 47.1%; L, S alleles: 32.7%, 67.3%) had no significant difference (P=0.522; P=0.245). However, the frequency of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotypes and alleles distribution between MDD patients(L’L’, L’S’, S’S’ genotypes: 6.6%, 34.5%, 58.9%; L’, S’ alleles: 21.7%, 78.3%)and controls(L’L’, L’S’, S’S’ genotypes: 8.1%, 42.4%, 49.5%; L’, S’ alleles: 29.3%, 70.7%) had statistically significance(P=0.041; P=0.019). Logistic regression analysis showed that S’S’ (SS, LGS, LGLG) was the risk genotype for MDD (P=0.016, OR=1.461, OR95%CI=1.072-1.991). Conclusion No significant association was found between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the onset of major depressive disorder, 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S’S’ genotype and S’ maybe the risk genes. Key words: Major depressive disorder; Serotonin transporter; Gene polymorphism

The association study between the interaction of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms and the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Objective To explore the relevance of the interaction of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms and the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Methods The subjects comprised 246 patients according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) criterion for major depressive disorder(MDD). The clinical efficacy were assessed by using 17 Hamilton depression quantity (HAMD) scale after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) citalopram (20 to 60 mg/d) or paroxetine (20 to 60 mg/d) were used randomly for 1, 2, 4, 6 weeks.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE )and DNA sequencing analysis were used to detect the genotype of 5-HTT gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of VNTR and LPR and SNPs at rs2242446 and rs5569 of NET.SPSS13.0 software were used for statistical analysis. Results (1) An association between 5-HTT LPR and the efficacy of SSRIs was found after 6 weeks in these samples (P=0.023). The clinical efficiency of LL genotype was higher than SS+ LS genotype(OR=2.225, OR95%CI=1.118, 4.427). (2) The interaction of 5-HTT LPR and NET rs5569 and the SSRIs antidepressant effects was statistical significance(P=0.01). Conclusion Preliminary study found that the interaction of 5-HTT LPR and NET rs5569 may be related to SSRIs antidepressant effects in China’s patients with MDD. Key words: Major depressive disorders; Serotonin transporter; Norepinephrine transporter; Gene polymorphisms; Interaction

The Bright Side of the Short

Consistent with the “stress–diathesis” hypothesis, individuals with at least one short allele on the serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR)

The Role of 5-HTT LPR and GNβ3 825C&gt;T Polymorphisms and Gene–Environment Interactions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Smaller studies have evaluated SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR and GNβ3 825C>T polymorphisms in IBS, and interactions between 5-HTT LPR with life events have been reported in the psychiatric literature, but gene-environment studies in IBS are lacking. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of two polymorphisms with IBS and age of onset, and whether there are gene-environment interactions with IBS. Outpatients with IBS and controls completed a validated questionnaire and provided blood for DNA. Comparisons of genotype/allele frequencies between cases and controls were performed with logistic regression. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the variants and age of onset. Environmental variables tested included abuse, parental alcohol abuse, parental psychiatric disorders, and gastrointestinal infections. Genotyping was performed in 385 cases and 262 controls with median age of 50 years (range, 18.0-70.0) and 498 (77 %) females. The IBS subtype distribution among cases was: 102 (26 %) D-IBS, 40 (10 %) C-IBS, 125 (32 %) M-IBS, 118 (31 %) other. No association was observed between IBS or age of onset and both variants. Significant interactions were observed between GI infection and the GNβ3 825T allele. For those reporting gastrointestinal infection, the OR for IBS was 3.9 (95 % CI 1.2-12.7) whereas the OR was 0.86 (95 % CI 0.65-1.13) for those without prior infection. There was a significant interaction between the GNβ3 polymorphism and infection in the development of IBS, suggesting that its etiology is the result of a combination of specific genetic and environmental risk factors.

Association of 5-HTTLPR, DRD4 gene polymorphisms with the accident tendentiousness of drivers

To investigate the relationship between 5-HTTLPR and/or DRD4 gene polymorphisms and the accident tendentiousness of drivers. A case-control study, including 42 patients and 46 controls, were performed using type-A behavior questionnaire and EPQ scale. 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 gene -521 C/T were detected by the PCR-RFLP technique. The scores of type-A behavior questionnaires, such as TH and TH + CH in exposure group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). P and N scores of EPQ questionnaires in exposure group were significantly higher than those in control group, and L score in exposure group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the frequencies of the genotypes and alleles of 5-HTTLPR gene between the cases and the controls (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the frequencies of the genotypes and alleles of DRD4 gene between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the drivers with the accident tendentiousness, P scores in the cases with homozygous genotypes of the S/S in 5-HTTLPR gene were significantly higher than those in the cases with the genotypes of S/L and L/L in 5-HTTLPR gene (P > 0.05). E scores in subjects with homozygous genotypes of the T/T in DRD4 gene were significantly higher than those in subjects with genotypes of the T/C+C/C in DRD4 gene (P > 0.05). The driver accident tendentiousness may be associated with 5-HTTLPR gene, but not associated with DRD4 gene. The two genes are associated with the type-A behavior and personality characteristics of drivers with accident tendentiousness. However, 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 gene may not have synergism in these behaviors and personality.

Research Highlights: Continuous Un-Sert-Ainty of 5-HTTLPR

Research Highlights: Continuous Un-Sert-Ainty of 5-HTTLPR