4th Axis Research Articles

CAD-CAE-CAM technology in the manufacture of a 3-jaw independent chuck prototype in acrylic

The use and application of CAD, CAE, CAM systems are increasingly necessary in the industry, (Arriaga Segundo, 1999) To meet the needs of the accelerated industrial transformation that is taking place in industrially developed and developing countries, it is essential that those involved in the Mexican metalworking industry. In the technological area, there is a machining center for 4 axes, of which only 3 are used, due to not having a chuck for the 4th axis, which is necessary to manufacture more complex parts, and to prepare future engineers in the use of this technology. For this reason, an acrylic mandrel prototype was designed and manufactured using CAD, CAM and CAE technology. To demonstrate its application and usefulness in the manufacture of complex parts. First, the components that make it up were designed in CAD software: clamps, "worm" screw and casing, to later carry out the finite analysis in CAE software, computer-aided engineering, ending with the simulation and manufacturing in CAM software. This will validate and demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing the mandrel in steel, with existing resources and with a design that best suits the requirements.

‘Love is a painful feeling’ - Experience of closeness in young women with personality disorder traits

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of closeness among young women and its relationship with peronality disorder traits. Individuals displaying personality disorders can experience problems in their relationships and perceive love negatively. The study involved a group of 242 young women. Personality disorder traits were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Axis II Disorders. The experience of love was described through analysis of 242 narratives about love. The results show three main types of love experience in young women: positive, active–negative, and passive–negative. Positive love experience is connected with high dependent personality traits, ‘passive-negative’ experience of love is linked to high personality disorder traits. Lower positive love experience is associated with high state anxiety in young women. The findings portrayed socially determined attitude of femininity that is deeply rooted in mentality of young women.

Protection, Regulation and Identity of Cultural Heritage: From Sign-Meaning to Cultural Mediation

In our research project, we will elaborate Charles Sanders Peirce’s three philosophical categories, and show how these categories operate at the levels of Protection, Regulation and Identity in the process of sign-meaning and sign-making within Cultural Heritage, Law and Discourse. The process of semiosis comprises a triadic dimension between signs, their functions and interpretations, operating on four axes within our special issue: Theoretical Cultural Heritage Issue (1st axis), Cultural Heritage and Postcolonialism (2nd axis), Intertwined Notions of Heritage and Culture (3rd axis), and Protection of Cultural Heritage (4th axis).

Long-term safety and performance of a novel conical bioresorbable vascular scaffold: insights from in-vitro and in-vivo studies

Abstract Background The phenomenon of size-mismatches between cylindrical stents and tapered vessels is not uncommon in current endovascular interventions which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Purpose The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of the novel conic BRS and to validate its performance with the support of optical coherence tomography (OCT), quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and histology up to 2 years in a porcine model. Methods We produced the conical BRS with the four-axis 3D printing system, with a computer-controlled rotational axis (the 4th axis) in addition to the 3 axes of traditional 3D printing systems. Mechanical properties were evaluated by recoil and radial strength, cyclic fatigability testing. Twelve swine that received 12 conic BRS were evaluated by OCT, QCA and histology post-implantation and at 12 and 24 months. Results The in vitro study showed no fractures after accelerated cycle testing over time (at 3.8×108 cycles). The recoil rate of the scaffolds after plate compress test was 14.3±0.61%. There was no significant peri-operative complications. By OCT, 60±21 struts per BRS were recognizable by 2 years. Quantitative coronary angiography showed late luminal loss and percent diameter stenosis were 0.02±0.52 mm and 0.50±16.90% at 2-year follow-up. Histopathological analysis demonstrated mild vessel injuries, inflammatory cell infiltration around struts at 1 and 2 years follow ups. Conclusions The conical BRS showed optimal performance and has the potential to improve clinical outcome. OCT and histological images Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Simulation Program for 4th Axis CNC Machining in NX CAM System

This paper presents the development of a simulation program to improve the process planning and simulation for 4th axis machining in NX CAM systems. A customised graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to enhance the simulation process planning and reduce the dependency on the user’s experience while developing the machining program in NX CAM systems. The simulation operation was recorded using a journaling tool available in NX CAM while visual basic programming was utilised to customise the code. The results indicate that the developed programs are capable of optimising the 4th axis machining simulation by reducing the processing steps and time with minimum process planning tasks.

Trait anxiety not acting as mediator in relationship between attachment and Cluster B personality disorders in criminal offenders

Attachment models formed in childhood significantly affect development of personality and emotions. Insecure attachment is thought to be related to forming of personality disorders and dysfunctional affects. Taking this into account, we aim to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and personality disorder traits, by considering a mediating role of trait anxiety. The study involved two samples: prisoners (n = 314) and a non-clinical group (n = 259). The diagnosis of personality disorders was based on the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Axis II Disorders, attachment styles were examined using the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised Adult Attachment Questionnaire, and trait anxiety was measured with the Trait State Anxiety Inventory. Multiple regressions were conducted to show whether attachment styles are predictors for personality disorder traits, and mediation analyses were computed to show a potential indirect role of trait anxiety. The current findings provide support to the view that the relationships between attachment and personality pathology in the non-clinical and criminal offender sample groups are partly based on a similar mechanism, the main predictor for personality disorders being fearful attachment style. The key mechanism for the anxious-fearful personality disorder associations is rooted in trait anxiety. However, there is a group of personality disorders (dramatic/emotional/erratic) among criminals which is not associated with attachment and is not mediated by trait anxiety. These personality disorders, potentially determined by other factors, are associated with the most serious crimes and criminal behaviours.

Investigation of roughing machining simulation by using visual basic programming in NX CAM system

This paper outlines a simulation study to investigate the characteristic of roughing machining simulation in 4th axis milling processes by utilizing visual basic programming in NX CAM systems. The selection and optimization of cutting orientation in rough milling operation is critical in 4th axis machining. The main purpose of roughing operation is to approximately shape the machined parts into finished form by removing the bulk of material from workpieces. In this paper, the simulations are executed by manipulating a set of different cutting orientation to generate estimated volume removed from the machine parts. The cutting orientation with high volume removal is denoted as an optimum value and chosen to execute a roughing operation. In order to run the simulation, customized software is developed to assist the routines. Operations build-up instructions in NX CAM interface are translated into programming codes via advanced tool available in the Visual Basic Studio. The codes is customized and equipped with decision making tools to run and control the simulations. It permits the integration with any independent program files to execute specific operations. This paper aims to discuss about the simulation program and identifies optimum cutting orientations for roughing processes. The output of this study will broaden up the simulation routines performed in NX CAM systems.

Cutting orientations for non-complex parts in 4th axis machining

The application of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machining for Rapid Manufacturing processes (CNC-RM) exploits the innate potential of 4th axis machining. The use of an indexer allows the workpiece to be rotated to various orientations which directly increased the region accessible to the cutting tool. However, in order to avoid thin webs and preserve tool life, cutting must be executed with a minimum of three orientations even for geometrically simple parts. Recent findings have suggested the separation of cutting orientations into roughing and finishing operations. Thus, the selection of orientations in finishing processes becomes more flexible and independent. This study was conducted to identify the effects of using a minimum of two cutting orientations in finishing operations for CNC-RM applications. This method is only applicable for non-complex parts where all the features can be machined from two directions. The results of the study illustrate the positive effects of minimizing the number of orientations. Despite improvement in machining operations, the complexity in defining the cutting orientations was also reduced.

The impact of EU governance and rural development policy on the development of the third sector in rural Poland: A nation-wide analysis

Governance and rural development programmes such as the European Union's LEADER programme are claimed in the policy literature to mobilise the involvement of the third sector in local development decision-making. Tracing the emergence of the third sector from the collapse of the socialist regime in the late 1980s to the aftermath of Poland's EU LEADER programme, this paper presents nation-wide data relating to the changing profile of the third sector in Poland's rural areas over time. Our analysis suggests that the implementation of the Polish LEADER + Pilot Programme (2004–2006) and the LEADER 4th Axis in Rural Development Programme (2007–2013) resulted in a significant increase in the number of third sector organisations. Using secondary data to examine the factors attributed to this increase, we found that the financial support offered by the LEADER programme incentivised the formal registration of third sector organisations. However, an analysis of primary data found that third sector organisations' dependence on acquiring funding constrained how they identified and achieved their own objectives. Nonetheless, we found that active involvement of the third sector in LAGs had a positive impact on the latter's engagement with local inhabitants in activities such as formulating local development strategies. We conclude that now, over a decade since the initiation of the Polish LEADER programme, the third sector has grown exponentially but its institutional character remains in flux. The presence of the third sector, its resources, and its power in rural governance is patchy. A greater period of time and targeted policy supports are required for the third sector to have a more defined and powerful presence in inter-sectoral partnerships and in rural areas more generally.

The Local Action Group, Local Sevelopment Model based on Community. Case Study-LGA “Land of Vineyards and Wine” Vrancea

The local development represents a process of diversification and improvement of economic and social activity in a “territory”, by mobilizing and coordinating resources and intangible materials at the local level. In the present context of the economic crisis is becoming increasingly evident that projects management for the development of local communities is based on European funding as a source for certain financial support for the sustainment of the implementation process of sustainable development strategies formulated at the national, regional, county or local level. The results of completed projects or those which projects are under implementation will positively affect the quality of life of county communities, contributing to the development of certain sectors considered a priority: tourism, infrastructure, SMEs, agriculture etc. The general objective of 4th Axis - LEADER is established by the starting up and performance of initiatives of local interest, through integrated actions, coherent, leading to diversification and development of the rural economy for the benefit of communities. Every township from Vrancea is contained in a Local Action Group financed from European funds. The general strategic vision of the all LGA represents “an attractive territory and a clear-cut identity, with a competitive and effective agriculture and rural economy, with respect for the environment, capable of providing the wine “which can be a model in this regard.

Master–slave manipulator for laparoscopic surgery using a 6-axis vertical articulated robot

Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive surgery that accelerates postoperative recovery, but it can only be performed by surgeons with advanced surgical skills. One of the main difficulties in laparoscopic surgery is restriction of free motion of the forceps because of limited degrees of freedom by the trocar. Recently, many master–slave manipulators with a remote center-of-motion mechanism have been used in laparoscopic surgery to solve this problem.The master–slave manipulator for laparoscopic surgery using a 6-axis vertical articulated robot has some advantages as a scalable and versatile system. However, to achieve smooth insertion and removal motion of the forceps from the trocar, the problem of restriction of motion by the trocar must be addressed.This paper describes a master–slave manipulator system for laparoscopic surgery using a 6-axis vertical articulated robot with a slave arm containing forceps. A manipulating mode of the slave arm, consisting of four basic motion modes and three control modes, is proposed in order to perform smooth operations when the motion of the trocar is restricted. The three control modes include a non-trocar mode, a trocar mode, and a transitional mode between the two modes in order to ensure smooth insertion and removal motions of the forceps. Furthermore, the transitional mode consists of a posture adjustment motion and insertion-removal motions. The posture adjustment motion before an insertion motion of the forceps under the transitional mode is achieved by the motions of only the 4th axis and 5th axis of the slave arm. The posture adjustment motion and insertion motion under the transitional mode and the master–slave motion under the trocar mode are shown through evaluations of the master–slave manipulator system, including a 6-axis vertical articulated robot, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

3A1-F03 6軸垂直多関節型ロボットを用いた腹腔鏡下手術支援用マスタ・スレーブマニピュレータの研究(医療ロボティクス・メカトロニクス(1))

Minimally invasive surgery accelerates postoperative recovery, but can only be applied by surgeons having advanced surgical skills. This paper introduces a master-slave manipulator system for laparoscopic surgery using a 6-axis vertical articulated robot for a slave arm with a forceps. The control mode of the system consists of a non-trocar mode, a trocar mode and a transitional mode between the two modes in order to ensure insert and remove motions of the forceps. An orientation adjustment motion before an insert motion of the forceps under the transitional mode is achieved by the motion of the 4th axis and the 5th axis of the slave arm. The orientation adjustment motion and insert motion under the transitional mode and master-slave motion under the trocar mode are shown by evaluation experiments of the master-slave manipulator system including the 6-axis vertical articulated robot.

LEADER w Małopolsce u progu nowego okresu programowania

The article refers to the conclusions of the debates, which summarize the effects of the implementation of the 4th axis of the Rural Development Programme in programming period 2007–2013. The authors present the results of research implemented (in the first half of 2012) in the project entitled: “The structure and conditions of local action groups social capital”. They concern, among others, the structure of LAG from Malopolska region. The dependence between political involvement of their members and their relations in this partnerships is also analyzed as well as the level of their knowledge about multifunctional and sustainable rural development and self-assessment of LAG’ activities.

Maximum Intersection of Spherical Polygons and Workpiece Orientation for 4- and 5-Axis Machining

Orienting the workpiece in such a way as to minimize the number of setups in a 4-axis or a 5-axis Numerical Control (NC) machine is formulated as follows: Given a set of spherical polygons (that are representations of curved surfaces visible to a 3-axis NC machine), find a great circle (the 4th axis) or a band (the 4th and the 5th axes) containing a great circle that intersects the polygons maximally. While there are potentially infinitely many solutions to this problem, a sphere is partitioned into O(N2) regions based on the N polygons. Within each of these regions, it is shown that it requires O(NlogN) time to determine maximum intersections and all the solutions are congruent. Central projection mapping is employed so as to present the algorithms in the plane.

Diamond Grinding of Aspheric Surfaces on a CNC 4-Axis Machining Centre

The advantages of aspheric lenses over spherical lenses are well recognised. A properly manufactured aspheric lens is generally capable of a performance equivalent to three or more spherical elements. Hence the enhanced performance of the aspheric lens in cutting down the degree of spherical aberration and off-axis coma, gives it distinct advantages over the spherical lens in simplified mounting, lower light losses, lower weight, and compactness in design. However there is a major set back, that is – the cost. The present trend in the manufacture of precision aspheric surfaces is the use of grinding, lapping, and polishing. Though large scale research is on the direct moulding of precision aspheric surfaces, mouldings are at present restricted to lighting, condenser lens and other non-precision optics. Thus grinding still provides the answer to obtaining precision aspheric lenses. In the present study, the authors used a 3 axis CNC machining centre incorporating in it a 4th axis through the use of a rotary table which is made to oscillate on a horizontal axis. Mathematical programmes were developed to obtain concave parabolic surfaces. Aspheric surfaces were produced in less than 15% of the time currently required in optical industries thus heralding a major breakthrough for the precision optics industries.