3He Ages Research Articles

New insight into groundwater 4He ages based on Ne isotopic equilibrium in Jianghan Plain, Central China

The change of hydrostatic pressure caused by the fluctuation of groundwater table in the aquifer will lead to the partial dissolution of excess 4He gas, resulting in the isotope imbalance of 3He/4He-4He. The dissolved Ne in groundwater is mainly derived from the atmosphere, and its isotopic composition can correct the isotopic imbalance of 3He/4He-4He. We collected thirty-eight groundwater samples from the second aquifer of the Jianghan Plain, and the isotopic concentrations and ratios of He and Ne were measured. 21Ne/22Ne-20Ne/22Ne illustration is proposed to estimate the shares of atmospheric and mantle components. The 21Ne content and isotopic ratios of atmospheric and mantle components are used to estimate a calculated Ne content. The difference between the calculated Ne content and the measured Ne content (∆Ne) is used to evaluate the percentage of error estimated“excess air”. The accumulation of crustal 4He is corrected with the measured 4He content and the percentage of error estimated “excess air”. We found the maximum percentage of error estimated “excess air” was 7.57 % occurring in the groundwater samples from the second aquifer of Jianghan Plain, and the disequilibrium of 3He/4He-4He led to overestimation of the share of mantle He. The percentage of mantle He in total dissolved components is reassessed and range from 0.03 % to 0.74 %, indicating the mantle component is minor. The reassessed 4He ages (1.79 ka to 21.90 ka) were uniformly older than those estimated by traditional method which only use the measured 3He/4He ratio to distinguish the crust 4He (1.28 ka to 18.74 ka). 4He age is significantly underestimated up to 47.05 %.

Pleistocene to recent evolution of Mocho-Choshuenco volcano during growth and retreat of the Patagonian Ice Sheet

Abstract Mocho-Choshuenco volcano (39.9°S, 72.0°W) produced ~75 explosive eruptions following retreat of the >1.5-km-thick Patagonian Ice Sheet associated with the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, from 35 to 18 ka). Here, we extend this record of volcanic evolution to include pre- and syn-LGM lavas that erupted during the Pleistocene. We establish a long-term chronology of magmatic and volcanic evolution and evaluate the relationship between volcanism and loading/unloading of the Patagonian Ice Sheet via twenty-four 40Ar/39Ar and two 3He age determinations integrated with stratigraphy and whole-rock compositions of lava flows and glass compositions of tephra. Our findings reveal that the edifice is much younger than previously thought and preserves 106 km3 of eruptive products, of which 50% were emplaced immediately following the end of the penultimate glaciation and 20% after the end of the LGM. A period of volcanic inactivity between 37 and 26 ka, when glaciers expanded, was followed by the eruption of incompatible element-rich basaltic andesites. Several of these syn-LGM lavas dated between 26 and 16 ka, which crop out at 1500–1700 m above sea level, show ice contact features that are consistent with emplacement against a 1400- to 1600-m-thick Patagonian Ice Sheet. Small volume dacitic eruptions and two explosive rhyolitic eruptions dominate the volcanic output from 18 to 8 ka, when the Patagonian Ice Sheet began to retreat rapidly. We hypothesize that increased lithostatic loading as the Patagonian Ice Sheet grew prohibited dike propagation, thus stalling the ascent of magma, promoting growth of at least three discrete magma reservoirs, and enhancing minor crustal assimilation to generate incompatible element-rich basaltic andesitic to dacitic magmas that erupted between 26 and 17 ka. From an adjacent reservoir, incompatible element-poor dacites erupted from 17 to 12 ka. These lava flows were followed by the caldera-forming eruption at 11.5 ka of 5.3 km3 of rhyolite from a deeper reservoir atop which a silicic melt lens had formed and expanded. Subsequent eruptions of oxidized dacitic magmas from the Choshuenco cone from 11.5 to 8 ka were followed by andesitic to dacitic eruptions at the more southerly Mocho cone, as well as small flank vent eruptions of basaltic andesite at 2.5 and 0.5 ka. This complex history reflects a multi-reservoir plumbing system beneath Mocho-Choshuenco, which is characterized by depths of magma storage, oxidation states, and trace element compositions that vary over short periods of time (<2 k.y.).

Identification of modern meteoric water, glacial meteoric water, and fossil seawater in a deep borehole at the coastal area of Horonobe, north Japan, using groundwater dating and paleoclimatic proxy methods

Groundwater flow in deep areas of coastal regions has attracted significant attention for geological radioactive waste disposal or geological CO2 storage. To investigate groundwater flow in coastal areas, groundwater dating methods with the potential to assess slow groundwater flow were used at depths of up to 1200 m at Hamasato, Horonobe, northern Japan. Multiple groundwater dating methods were applied using pore water in drilling core and pumping groundwater. This study shows that modern meteoric water, glacial meteoric water, and fossil seawater are distributed in sand and silt layers at 300–360 and 90–300 m in depth and in silt and mud layers below 800 m in depth, respectively. Modern meteoric water infiltrated after and glacial meteoric water infiltrated during the latest glacial period were identified using δD and δ18O values, estimated recharge temperature from noble gas concentrations, and 14C concentrations. The estimated recharge temperatures of modern and glacial meteoric waters were 8.1 ± 2.0 and 2.1 ± 2.0 °C, respectively, whereas the δD and δ18O values were −68 ± 3‰ and −10.3 ± 0.2‰, −81 ± 2‰ and −11.4 ± 0.3‰, respectively. The 14C age of modern meteoric water was 10–16 ka. However, the 14C age of glacial meteoric water could not be estimated because it was highly diluted by 14C-free CO2 from methanogenesis and marine carbonate dissolution. Fossil seawater was identified using δD, δ18O, 36Cl, and 4He. δD and δ18O values underwent water-rock interaction and approached inland fossil seawater with increasing depth. 36Cl/Cl values did not reach secular equilibrium in situ in the Yuchi Formation due to its relatively short geological age and consolidation-induced porosity changes. However, the Yuchi Formation seawater is considered extremely old because its 36Cl/Cl ratio is higher than that of modern seawater as a result of 36Cl production, which also explains the observed 36Cl/Cl increases with depth toward the secular equilibrium ratio (36Cl/Clse). 4He concentrations were in the order of 10−6 ccSTP/gw, corresponding to an in situ accumulation age of 1–2 Ma, neglecting the external flux. The contribution of external flux could be negligible for the short geological age and rapid sedimentation rates. 4He ages were equivalent to the geological age of the Yuchi Formation. Core investigations can interpolate groundwater investigations because cores, particularly those from low-hydraulic conductivity layers, can be collected continuously. In addition, stable and radioactive isotopes and noble gases can help identify modern meteoric water, glacial meteoric water, and fossil seawater, assisting in understanding the groundwater flow velocity.

Understanding the evolution of oil sands tailings deposits using tritium-helium dating and noble gases

Oil sands tailings are deposited in tailings ponds to allow fines to settle over time. Knowledge of the age of tailings allows for an improved determination of the settling rates of tailings as well as an understanding of geochemical processes within the tailings ponds. In this study we tested the use of the tritium (3H) – helium (3He) age dating method to date pore water of oil sands tailings deposits. This method exploits the decay of naturally occurring 3H and its radioactive daughter product 3He to calculate the ages of tailings. Samples were collected from four oil sands tailings ponds. Many of the samples have noble gas concentrations that were below the air equilibrated water concentrations and some samples were supersaturated in methane (CH4). The concentrations are interpreted to be lower than expected as a result of stripping by the production of CH4. When samples supersaturated in CH4 are excluded, the calculated ages of Pond A samples ranged from 1.5 ± 0.1 to 32.0 ± 0.9 years, Pond B ranged from 5.3 ± 0.3 to 23.0 ± 0.8 years, Pond C ranged from 0 ± 0 to 6.5 ± 0.3 years, and Pond D ranged from 16.6 ± 0.6 to 27.3 ± 0.8. The tailings samples obtained from Pond A, Pond C and Pond D show a general trend of increasing tailings age with depth.

Malotas (b), a new eucrite from an old fall

AbstractOn the night of June 22, 1931 at 4 h 30 min, a fireball was seen in the vicinity of Malotas, Argentina. During the atmospheric trajectory (southwest to northeast), it experienced several fragmentation events. After the fall, a piece was given to Professor Juan A. Olsacher (National University of Córdoba City, Argentina), who collected some further pieces. One of those samples was officially classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite termed Malotas. The present work focuses on the study of another two pieces rediscovered recently in the Museo de Mineralogía y Geología Dr. Alfred Stelzner in Cordoba City, Argentina. The first piece turned out to be an achondritic meteorite termed Malotas (b). Petrographic features, chemical composition, and oxygen isotopes point to a monomict basaltic eucrite belonging to the Stannern‐trend chemical subgroup of eucrites. The occurrence of anorthitic plagioclase veins in clinopyroxene, veinlet apatite, irregular‐shaped pockets of silica and troilite and porous silica signal metasomatism and thermal annealing before a late thermal event took place after brecciation. The latter was possibly recorded in the nominal U/Th‐4He ages of 1.2–3.4 Ga detected in this work, whereas nominal K‐Ar gas retention ages are within the range 3.5–4.2 Ga and may have escaped late thermal modifications. The second piece is classified as an L5 chondrite. The different cosmic ray exposure ages of 3, ~50, and 27 Ma determined for the H5 and L5 chondrites and the eucrite samples, respectively, might signal a common fall as a result of the breakup of a polymict meteoroid.

Apparent oxygen utilization rates based on tritium-helium dating in the South China Sea: Implications for export production

We present tritium (3H) and helium isotope (δ3He) data from the South China Sea (SCS), to estimate apparent oxygen utilization rates (AOURs). The observed δ3He values are close to the theoretical solubility equilibrium value of -1.7% in the upper mixed layer, followed by an increase with depth down to ~1500 m. Below 1500 m depth, δ3He is homogenously distributed with a value of 20.9% ± 1.0%. The distribution of δ3He reveals that a significant fraction of 3He throughout the water column over the entire SCS basin is allochthonous, derived from mantle sources originated from the Pacific Ocean. By using the salinity-normalized “potential” alkalinity (NPA) as a conservative mixing tracer, 3He produced by tritium decay (tritiogenic) was separated from mantle 3He, and the apparent 3H–3He ages of the SCS water masses were subsequently calculated to be 11 ± 5 years at 100 m depth and 50 ± 4 years at 1000 m. Together with the observed dissolved oxygen concentrations, we estimated the mean AOURs and obtained values of 4.15 ± 0.27 μmol kg−1·yr−1 for the depth range of 100–500 m, and 0.81 ± 0.23 μmol kg−1·yr−1 for that between 800 and 1000 m depth. The depth-integrated AOURs between 100 and 1000 m depth, yield a spatially and temporally averaged export flux of organic carbon of 1.96 ± 0.16 mol-C·m−2·yr−1, comparable with previous estimates based on either 238U/234Th disequilibrium or nutrient and oxygen mass balance calculations in the SCS.

Billion-year exposure ages in Gale crater (Mars) indicate Mount Sharp formed before the Amazonian period

The erosion rates and mechanisms operating on Mount Sharp in Gale crater, Mars were assessed via experiments performed by the SAM instrument to determine the cosmogenic noble gas contents of Murray mudstone formation samples Mojave 2 and Quela. Previous measurements of samples from the Aeolis Palus depression between Mount Sharp and the north rim of Gale crater indicate that scarp retreat-generated surfaces formed within the last 100 Ma. In contrast, Mojave 2 yielded exposure ages of 1,320±240 (3He), 910±420 (21Ne), and 310±60 Ma (36Ar). Quela gave a 3He age of 1,460±200 Ma; 21Ne and 36Ar from this sample could not be quantified due to isobaric interferences. The discordant and young 36Ar exposure age in Mojave 2 is likely the result of interaction with water which dissolved the chlorine-bearing host phases of this nuclide. The most probable exposure scenario is that both Mojave 2 and Quela have been at the surface for the most recent ∼1 Ga after the overlying few meters of rock were removed in a geologically rapid exhumation episode. Based on local geomorphology, scarp retreat is the most likely mechanism for the exposure at these two sites. The exposure ages measured throughout Curiosity's traverse indicate that the net removal of rock has proceeded more recently on Aeolis Palus than on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp. The implied differential erosion rate is insufficient to explain how Mount Sharp formed, even over billions of years. Instead, given that the surfaces on Mount Sharp have existed for >1 Ga, the mountain must have formed early, likely during the Hesperian. This study provides direct quantitative support for inferences based on crater counts that Mount Sharp had eroded to close to its current form before onset of the Amazonian.

Dating of glacial palaeogroundwater in the Ordovician-Cambrian aquifer system, northern Baltic Artesian Basin

The Ordovician-Cambrian aquifer system in the northern Baltic Artesian Basin contains glacial palaeogroundwater that originates from the Scandinavian Ice Sheet that covered the study area in the Pleistocene. Previously, no absolute dating of this palaeogroundwater has been attempted. In this multi-tracer study, we use 3H, 14C, 4He and stable isotopes of water to constrain the age distribution of groundwater. We apply the geochemical modelling approach developed by van der Kemp et al. (2000) and Blaser et al. (2010) to calculate the theoretical composition of recharge waters in three hypothetical conditions: modern, glacial and interstadial for 14C model age calculations. In the second phase of the geochemical modelling, the calculated recharge water compositions are used to calculate the 14C model ages using a series of inverse models developed with NETPATH. The calculated 14C model ages show that the groundwater in the aquifer system originates from three different climatic periods: (1) the post-glacial period; (2) the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) and (3) the pre-LGM period. A larger pre-LGM component seems to be present in the southern and north-eastern parts of the aquifer system where the radiogenic 4He concentrations are higher (from ∼3.0·10−5 to 5.5·10−4 cc·g−1) and the stable isotopic composition of water is heavier (δ18O from −13.5‰ to −17.3‰). Glacial palaeogroundwater from the north-western part of the aquifer system is younger and has 14C model ages that coincide with the end of the LGM period. It is also characterized by lower radiogenic 4He concentrations (∼2.0·10−5 cc·g−1) and lighter stable isotopic composition (δ18O from −17.7 to −22.4‰). Relations between radiogenic 4He and 14C model ages and between radiogenic 4He and Cl− concentration show that groundwater in the aquifer system does not have a single well-defined age. Rather, the groundwater age distribution has been influenced by mixing between waters originating from end-members with strongly differing ages. Overall the results suggest, that in the shallower northern part of the aquifer system, significant changes in groundwater composition can be brought about by glacial meltwater intrusion during a single glaciation. However, multiple cycles of glacial advance and retreat are needed to transport glacial meltwater to the deeper parts of the aquifer system.

Synchronizing early Eocene deep-sea and continental records – cyclostratigraphic age models for the Bighorn Basin Coring Project drill cores

Abstract. A consistent chronostratigraphic framework is required to understand the effect of major paleoclimate perturbations on both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Transient global warming events in the early Eocene, at 56–54 Ma, show the impact of large-scale carbon input into the ocean–atmosphere system. Here we provide the first timescale synchronization of continental and marine deposits spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and the interval just prior to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2). Cyclic variations in geochemical data come from continental drill cores of the Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP, Wyoming, USA) and from marine deep-sea drilling deposits retrieved by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). Both are dominated by eccentricity-modulated precession cycles used to construct a common cyclostratigraphic framework. Integration of age models results in a revised astrochronology for the PETM in deep-sea records that is now generally consistent with independent 3He age models. The duration of the PETM is estimated at ∼ 200 kyr for the carbon isotope excursion and ∼ 120 kyr for the associated pelagic clay layer. A common terrestrial and marine age model shows a concurrent major change in marine and terrestrial biota ∼ 200 kyr before ETM-2. In the Bighorn Basin, the change is referred to as Biohorizon B and represents a period of significant mammalian turnover and immigration, separating the upper Haplomylus–Ectocion Range Zone from the Bunophorus Interval Zone and approximating the Wa-4–Wa-5 land mammal zone boundary. In sediments from ODP Site 1262 (Walvis Ridge), major changes in the biota at this time are documented by the radiation of a “second generation” of apical spine-bearing sphenolith species (e.g., S. radians and S. editus), the emergence of T. orthostylus, and the marked decline of D. multiradiatus.

Revisiting the andean tropical glacier behavior during the Antarctic cold reversal

The sensitivity of tropical glaciers to paleoclimatic conditions that prevailed during the Antarctic cold reversal (ACR, ca. 14.5-12.9 ka) has been the subject of a wide debate. In 2014 a paper suggested that tropical glaciers responded very sensitively to the changing climate during the ACR (Jomelli et al., 2014). In this study, we reexamine the conclusions from this study by recalculating previous chronologies based on 226 10Be and 14 3He ages respectively, and using the most up-to date production rates for these cosmogenic nuclides in the Tropical Andes. 53 moraines from 25 glaciers were selected from the previous analysis provided by Jomelli et al. (2014) located in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. We then focused on two distinct calculations. First we considered the oldest moraine and its uncertainty for every glacier representing the preserved evidence of the maximum glacier extents during the last deglaciation period, and binned the results into 5 distinct periods encompassing the Antarctic cold reversal and Younger Dryas (YD) chronozones: pre-ACR, ACR, ACR-YD, YD and post-YD respectively. Results revealed a predominance of pre-ACR and ACR ages, accounting for 60% of the glaciers. Second we counted the number of moraines per glacier according to the different groups. 21 moraines (40%) of the selected glaciers belong to the pre-ACR-ACR chronozones while 3 moraines only (5%) were dated to the YD and YD-Holocene groups. The rest was assigned to the ACR-YD. These results suggest that moraine records are a very good proxy to document the ACR signal in the Tropical Andes.

Lunar regolith stratigraphy analysis based on the simulation of lunar penetrating radar signals

The thickness of lunar regolith is an important index of evaluating the quantity of lunar resources such as 3He and relative geologic ages. Lunar penetrating radar (LPR) experiment of Chang’E-3 mission provided an opportunity of in situ lunar subsurface structure measurement in the northern mare imbrium area. However, prior work on analyzing LPR data obtained quite different conclusions of lunar regolith structure mainly because of the missing of clear interface reflectors in radar image. In this paper, we utilized finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and three models of regolith structures with different rock density, number of layers, shapes of interfaces, and etc. to simulate the LPR signals for the interpretation of radar image. The simulation results demonstrate that the scattering signals caused by numerous buried rocks in the regolith can mask the horizontal reflectors, and the die-out of radar echo does not indicate the bottom of lunar regolith layer and data processing such as migration method could recover some of the subsurface information but also result in fake signals. Based on analysis of simulation results, we conclude that LPR results uncover the subsurface layered structure containing the rework zone with multiple ejecta blankets of small crater, the ejecta blanket of Chang’E-3 crater, and the transition zone and estimate the thickness of the detected layer is about 3.25m.

LGC-1: A zircon reference material for in-situ (U-Th)/He dating

A pairwise in-situ (U-Th)/He dating method has been proposed for mitigating matrix-related bias in U and Th measurements using synthetic reference materials. This method requires a natural zircon reference material whose (U-Th)/He age should be homogeneous on the scale (~10–100μm) to be used in such dating experiments. A newly characterized zircon LGC-1 megacryst fulfils this requirement. This pale-yellowish, flawless Sri Lanka gem specimen is about 1.2∗0.8∗0.8cm in size. Optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence-imaging, X-ray elemental mapping, and Raman spectroscopy on a large number of random shards did not reveal any detectable textural and compositional heterogeneity. Laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses on a large number of randomly selected fragments yield 266 measurements of U, Th and Pb concentrations, which are within the corresponding experimental uncertainties. The weighted mean U, Th and Pb concentrations are 357.7±1.8ppm, 740.9±5.0ppm, and 39.06±0.18ppm, respectively, with a weighted mean Th/U ratio of 2.07±0.01, indistinguishable from Isotope Dilution ICP-MS (ID-ICP-MS) and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS) results. ID-TIMS U/Pb ages are concordant within uncertainties of decay constants, with a concordia age of 541.70±0.70Ma. Conventional (U-Th)/He dating on 28 random shards from the crystal in different laboratories gives a central age of 476.4±5.7Ma. Six in-situ (U-Th)/He analyses yield consistent 4He concentrations and ages with weighted mean values of 1248±46nmol/g and 462±21Ma, respectively. Fractions of this zircon have been shared with several laboratories in the Australia, China, UK and US, and are expected to serve as a reference for both in-situ and conventional (U-Th)/He analyses. The combination of analytical methods used to characterize LGC-1 zircon may be used as a template for future age reference calibration.

Petrology, mineralogy, porosity, and cosmic‐ray exposure history of Huaxi ordinary chondrite

AbstractA meteorite fall was heard and collected on July 13, 2010 at about 18:00 (local time) in the Shibanjing village of the Huaxi district of Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. The total mass of the fall is estimated to be at least 1.6 kg; some fragments are missing. The meteorite consists mainly of olivine, low‐Ca pyroxene, high‐Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, kamacite, taenite, and troilite. Minor phases include chromite and apatite. Various textural types of chondrules exist in this meteorite: most chondrule textures can be easily defined. The grain sizes of secondary plagioclase in this meteorite range from 2 to 50 μm. The chemical composition of olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene are uniform; Fa in olivine and Fs in low‐Ca pyroxene are, respectively, 19.6 ± 0.2 and 17.0 ± 0.3 (mole%). Huaxi has been classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite, with a shock grade S2, and weathering W0. The weak shock features, rare fractures, and the high porosity (17.6%) indicates that Huaxi is a less compacted meteorite. The preatmospheric radius of Huaxi is ~11 cm, corresponding to ~21 kg. The meteorite experienced a relatively short cosmic‐ray exposure of about 1.6 ± 0.1 Ma. The 4He and 40Ar retention ages are older than 4.6 Ga implying that Huaxi did not degas after thermal metamorphism on its parent body.

Cross-checking groundwater age by 4He and 14C dating in a granite, Tono area, central Japan

Groundwater dating was performed simultaneously by the 4He and 14C methods in granite of the Tono area in central Japan. Groundwater was sampled at 30 packed-off sections of six 1000-m boreholes. 4He concentrations increased and 14C concentrations decreased along a groundwater flow path on a topographic gradient. 4He ages were calculated by using the in situ 4He production rate derived from the porosity, density, and U and Th content of the rock, neglecting external flux. 14C ages were calculated with a noncorrected model in which the initial 14C content was 100 percent of the modern radiocarbon level (Co=100pmC), a statistical model using the average 14C content of tritium-bearing samples (Co=46.4pmC), and a δ13C model based on the isotopic mass balance. Although the absolute 14C ages calculated by the models were different, the relative 14C ages were almost identical. The relative 14C ages were considered reliable because dissolved inorganic carbon has no significant geochemical reactions in granite. The relation between the 4He ages and the noncorrected 14C ages was [4He age]=1.15 [14C age]+7200 (R2=0.81), except in the discharge area. The slope of this relation was equivalent to unity, which indicates that the 4He accumulation rate is confirmed by the relative 14C ages. Moreover, the accumulated 3He/4He ratio was equivalent to that derived from the 6Li(α,n)3H reaction in granite. These results show that the accumulated He is of crustal origin, produced in situ without external flux, except in the discharge area. The intercept value of 7200 a implies that the 14C concentrations were diluted due to geochemical reactions. Tritium-bearing samples supported this result. Simultaneous measurements make it feasible to estimate the accumulation rate of 4He and initial dilution of 14C, which cannot be done with a single method. Cross-checking groundwater dating has the potential to provide more reliable groundwater ages. The circulation time of the groundwater flow in the Tono area may be several tens of thousands of years, and the groundwater age calculated from the 4He and 14C ages appears to be consistent with geochemical information such as groundwater types, δD and δ18O.

PRODUCTION AND RECOIL LOSS OF COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES IN PRESOLAR GRAINS

ABSTRACT Presolar grains are small particles that condensed in the vicinity of dying stars. Some of these grains survived the voyage through the interstellar medium (ISM) and were incorporated into meteorite parent bodies at the formation of the Solar System. An important question is when these stellar processes happened, i.e., how long presolar grains were drifting through the ISM. While conventional radiometric dating of such small grains is very difficult, presolar grains are irradiated with galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) in the ISM, which induce the production of cosmogenic nuclides. This opens the possibility to determine cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) ages, i.e., how long presolar grains were irradiated in the ISM. Here, we present a new model for the production and loss of cosmogenic 3He, 6,7Li, and 21,22Ne in presolar SiC grains. The cosmogenic production rates are calculated using a state-of-the-art nuclear cross-section database and a GCR spectrum in the ISM consistent with recent Voyager data. Our findings are that previously measured 3He and 21Ne CRE ages agree within the (sometimes large) 2σ uncertainties and that the CRE ages for most presolar grains are smaller than the predicted survival times. The obtained results are relatively robust since interferences from implanted low-energy GCRs into the presolar SiC grains and/or from cosmogenic production within the meteoroid can be neglected.

Radiometric dating and temperature history of banded iron formation–associated hematite, Gogebic iron range, Michigan, USA

Newly developed techniques were used to characterize the age, origin, and temperature history of coarse hematite contained in high-grade iron ore. Three botryoidal specimens from two different mines in the Gogebic iron range near Ironwood, Michigan (USA), yielded (U-Th)/^(21)Ne ages concordant with plateau ^4He/^3He ages. These data reveal that while two of the specimens grew at ca. 772 ± 41 Ma, the third formed 300 m.y. later (453 ± 14 Ma). ^4He/^3He polydomain thermochronometry indicates hematite formation at >80 °C for the older specimens and ∼60 °C for the younger. Fe mobilization and recrystallization in open cavities at 3–5 km subsurface has occurred episodically or possibly continuously over hundreds of millions of years despite a quiescent tectonic setting throughout this interval. While the analyzed specimens are distinct from typical Fe ore, their ages along with structural relationships constrain the onset of iron enrichment to between 1060 and 770 Ma. Cooling of ∼0.5 °C/m.y. ensued between ca. 800 and ca. 550 Ma, declining to ∼0.1 °C/m.y. for the last 550 m.y. These data suggest an erosion rate of ∼6 m/m.y. and ∼5 km of total erosion of the Superior Upland province through the Phanerozoic, and limit unroofing associated with Pleistocene glaciation to <1 km.

Assessing compositional variability and migration of natural gas in the Antrim Shale in the Michigan Basin using noble gas geochemistry

This study uses stable noble gases' (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) volume fractions and isotopic ratios from Antrim Shale natural gas to assess compositional variability and vertical fluid migration within this reservoir, in addition to distinguishing between the presence of thermogenic versus biogenic methane. R/Ra values, where R is the measured 3He/4He ratio and Ra is the atmospheric value of 1.384±0.013×10−6, vary from 0.01 to 0.34 suggesting a largely dominant crustal 4He component with minor atmospheric and mantle contributions. Crustal 21Ne, 40Ar and 136Xe contributions are also present but the atmospheric component is largely dominant for these gases. Crustal contributions for 21Ne, 40Ar and 136Xe vary between 1.1% and 12.5%, between 0.7% and 19% and between 0.1% and 2.7%, respectively. A few samples present higher than atmospheric 20Ne/22Ne ratios pointing to the presence of a small mantle Ne component. High horizontal and vertical variability of noble gas signatures in the Antrim Shale are observed. These are mainly due to variable noble gas input from deep brines and, to a smaller extent, variable in-situ production within different layers of the Antrim Shale, in particular, the Lachine and Norwood members. Estimated 4He ages, considering external 4He input for Antrim Shale water, vary between 0.9ka and 238.2ka and match well for most samples with the timing of the major Wisconsin glaciation, suggesting that Antrim Shale water was influenced by glaciation-induced recharge. Consistency between measured and predicted 40Ar/36Ar ratios assuming Ar release temperatures ≥250°C supports a thermogenic origin for most of the methane in these samples. This thermogenic methane is likely to originate at greater depths, either from the deeper portion of the Antrim Shale in the central portion of the Michigan Basin or from deeper formations given that the thermal maturity of the Antrim Shale in the study area is rather low.

A new Holocene eruptive history of Erebus volcano, Antarctica using cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl exposure ages

The ages of recent effusive eruptions on Erebus volcano, Antarctica are poorly known. Published 40Ar/39Ar ages of the 10 youngest “post-caldera” lava flows are unreliable because of the young ages of the flows (<10 ka) and the presence of excess 40Ar. Here we use cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl to provide new ages for the 10 youngest flows and 3 older summit flows, including a newly recognized flow distinguished by its exposure age. Estimated eruption ages of the post-caldera flows, assuming no erosion or prior snow cover, range from 4.52 ± 0.08 ka to 8.50 ± 0.19 ka, using Lifton et al. (2014) to scale cosmogenic production rates. If the older Lal (1991)/Stone (2000) model is used to scale production rates, calculated ages are older by 16–25%. Helium-3 and chlorine-36 exposure ages measured on the same samples show excellent agreement. Helium-3 ages measured on clinopyroxene and olivine from the same samples are discordant, probably due in part to lower-than-expected 3He production rates in the Fe-rich olivine. Close agreement of multiple clinopyroxene 3He ages from each flow indicates that the effects of past snow coverage on the exposure ages have been minimal.The new cosmogenic ages differ considerably from published 40Ar/39Ar and 36Cl ages and reveal that the post-caldera flows were erupted during relatively brief periods of effusive activity spread over an interval of ∼4 ka. The average eruption rate over this interval is estimated to be 0.01 km3/ka. Because the last eruption was at least 4 ka ago, and the longest repose interval between the 10 youngest eruptions is ∼1 ka, we consider the most recent period of effusive activity to have ended.

3H/3He, 14C and (U–Th)/He groundwater ages in the St. Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Eastern Canada

This study attempts to place constraints on groundwater residence times using helium isotopes and 14C of a regional groundwater flow system – the Becancour River watershed – located midway between Montreal and Quebec City (Quebec, Canada). This densely populated region is one of the main targets for shale gas exploitation in Eastern Canada. For this reason, this watershed has been the focus of a detailed aquifer study to gain a better understanding of groundwater resources, both in terms of availability and quality. In the current study, noble gases were sampled and analyzed in twenty-eight wells from a Quaternary granular aquifer and a regional bedrock aquifer of Ordovician age. Tritium (3H) and radiocarbon (A14C) activities were measured on selected wells. Helium isotopic ratios 3He/4He (R) normalized to that of the atmosphere (Ra=1.386×10−6) range from R/Ra=0.039±0.003 to 3.109±0.065. The helium isotopic signatures point to the presence of three water bodies: 1) modern infiltration water with nearly atmospheric helium isotopic ratio and little post-bomb tritium recharging the shallower granular aquifer; 2) mid-50s tritium-rich water slightly mineralized; and 3) an older water component rich in terrigenic helium flowing in from the bedrock fractured aquifer. Uncorrected 14C ages range from 15ka to modern. 14C is affected by several dead carbon reservoirs related to carbonate dissolution, cations exchange, oxidation of organic matter and methanogenesis. Adjusted 14C ages calculated with NETPATH range from 7ka to modern. Older 14C ages correspond to the end of the regional re-organization of the hydrological system following deglaciation and isostatic rebound. Noble gas recharge paleotemperatures are 4–9°C colder than the present temperatures, although no clear relation with ages has been found. The relationship between the helium isotopic ratios and 14C ages suggests that the regional bedrock aquifer is affected by mixing between these three water sources. Calculated (U–Th)/4He ages can be partially explained by in situ production of 4He in the aquifer rock and the addition of a radiogenic helium source external to the aquifer. Calculated minimum helium fluxes of 1.0×10−8 to 1.8×10−7cm3STPcm−2yr−1 are tens to hundreds of times lower than the average continental crust flux of 3.3×10−6cm3STPcm−2yr−1, suggesting local sources, possibly from production of radiogenic helium in the shale gas formations underlying the studied aquifers. The occurrence of old groundwater in this aquifer system clearly limits the renewable resource and increases the risk of overexploitation in the case of increased use or in the case of pollution from different sources.

Identification of He sources and estimation of He ages in groundwater of the North China Plain

Dissolved helium concentrations and 3He/4He ratios were measured for 18 groundwater samples collected from the Quaternary confined aquifers in the North China Plain (NCP). The dissolved helium concentrations ranged from 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−6 cm3STP·g−1 in the 14 samples from the central plain, but was approximately two orders of magnitude higher, between 6 × 10−6 and 9 × 10−5 cm3STP·g−1, in 4 samples from the coastal plain. Based on these concentrations and the corresponding 3He/4He ratios varying from 0.09 to 0.55 Ra (where Ra is the 3He/4He ratio of air), the dissolved helium in groundwater in the central plain was identified to be primarily a mixture of atmospheric helium with radiogenic helium and a representative radiogenic helium ratio was estimated to be 0.035 Ra. Despite the high fraction of terrigenic 4He in the samples from the coastal plain, their 3He/4He ratios were found to be significantly above this radiogenic value, ranging between 0.20 and 0.37 Ra, indicating the presence of a mantle-derived He component in this area. About 2–4% mantle helium was estimated to be present in the groundwater of the coastal plain, which probably is associated with the regional Cangdong fault and tectonic activities. Based on the radiogenic He component, 4He ages of the groundwater in the central plain were calculated by assuming either pure in situ production or an external helium flux J0 of 4.7 × 10−8 cm3STPcm−2a−1. The estimated 4He ages fall between 9.5 and 51.4 ka and are comparable to the 14C ages, suggesting that the results of 4He dating are reasonable and can be an effective tool to estimate groundwater residence times under suitable conditions.