4C Model Research Articles

Body composition estimation from mobile phone three-dimensional imaging: evaluation of the USA army one-site method.

Within the USA military, monitoring body composition is an essential component of predicting physical performance and establishing soldier readiness. The purpose of this study was to explore mobile phone three-dimensional optical imaging (3DO), a user-friendly technology capable of rapidly obtaining reliable anthropometric measurements and to determine the validity of the new Army one-site body fat equations using 3DO-derived abdominal circumference. Ninety-six participants (51 F, 45 M; age: 23·7 ± 6·5 years; BMI: 24·7 ± 4·1 kg/m2) were assessed using 3DO, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and a 4-compartment model (4C). The validity of the Army equations using 3DO abdominal circumference was compared with 4C and DXA estimates. Compared with the 4C model, the Army equation overestimated BF% and fat mass (FM) by 1·3 ± 4·8 % and 0·9 ± 3·4 kg, respectively, while fat-free mass (FFM) was underestimated by 0·9 ± 3·4 kg (P < 0·01 for each). Values from DXA and Army equation were similar for BF%, FM and FFM (constant errors between -0·1 and 0·1 units; P ≥ 0·82 for each). In both comparisons, notable proportional bias was observed with slope coefficients of -0·08 to -0·43. Additionally, limits of agreement were 9·5-10·2 % for BF% and 6·8-7·8 kg for FM and FFM. Overall, while group-level performance of the one-site Army equation was acceptable, it exhibited notable proportional bias when compared with laboratory criterion methods and wide limits of agreement, indicating potential concerns when applied to individuals. 3DO may provide opportunities for the development of more advanced, automated digital anthropometric body fat estimation in military settings.

A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce.

This study aimed to investigate the evidence regarding vaccine hesitancy including refusal rate, associated factors, and potential strategies to reduce it. This is a scoping review. Three main databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 1 January 2020 to 1 January 2023. All original studies in the English language that investigated one of our domains (vaccine hesitancy rate, factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, and the ways/interventions to overcome or decrease vaccine hesitancy) among the general population were included in this study. The data were charted using tables and figures. In addition, a content analysis was conducted using the 3C model of vaccine hesitancy (Confidence, Complacency, and Convenience) that was previously introduced by the WHO. Finally, 184 studies were included in this review. Of these, 165, 181, and 124 studies reported the vaccine hesitancy rate, associated factors, and interventions to reduce or overcome vaccine hesitancy, respectively. Factors affecting the hesitancy rate were categorized into 4 themes and 18 sub-themes (contextual factors, confidence barriers, complacency barriers, and convenience barriers). Vaccine hesitancy (VH) rate and the factors affecting it are different according to different populations, contexts, and data collection tools that need to be investigated in specific populations and contexts. The need to conduct studies at the national and international levels regarding the reasons for vaccine refusal, the factors affecting it, and ways to deal with it still remains. Designing a comprehensive tool will facilitate comparisons between different populations and different locations.

‘What if I get sick?’ Healthcare (non)decisions of overseas Filipino workers in Taiwan

The increasing presence of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Taiwan, particularly in the electronics and technology (E&T) industry, has raised concerns about their health and health-seeking behaviours. Our study draws on a theoretical framework combining Brandenberger et al.’s 3C model, which considers challenges in communication, continuity of care, and confidence regarding healthcare delivery for migrant workers, with Scott’s sociology of nothing. This framework enables us to interpret the decisions of OFWs on seeking care, not seeking care, or not making any decision. Although the National Health Insurance covers migrant workers and the New South Bound Policy commits to promoting migrant health, narrative accounts of individual workers, migrant rights advocates, and shelter organisers inform us of OFWs’ ambivalence towards utilising the healthcare resources available. The decisions made by OFWs in the E&T industry may include seeking assistance, not seeking assistance, or not addressing health concerns due to legal, financial, or cultural reasons. The contextual nuances behind their decisions led us to look beyond the challenges they face and argue for interventions such as peer education on legal rights awareness and health literacy to enable OFWs to make informed decisions about their well-being.

A 5C model of responsible service leadership: learning from living systems to play the infinite game

PurposeThis paper offers a new vision of responsible service leadership for service organizations nested in economic, societal and environmental contexts across time to foster collective flourishing.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the call for novel perspectives that recognize service as a game among (vs between) people in service ecosystems, we build on service leadership theory to integrate insights from infinite (vs finite) games and biomimicry practices to propose a holistic model for responsible service leadership.FindingsWe extend the 3C (competence, character and care) model of service leadership (Shek et al., 2021) adding context and chronos as essential pillars of responsible service leadership in nested ecosystems. We offer new interpretations and applications of the 3Cs through the lens of context and chronos.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper furthers the emerging conversation about unique leadership approaches for service, linking existing service leadership theories with holistic views of service ecosystems and enabling a shift from decontextualized models of leadership to a more inclusive approach.Practical implicationsWe propose that responsible service leadership can inspire new approaches to leadership development within organizations and in business education (e.g. competencies, settings) and a reconsideration of organizational structures (e.g. culture, selection and incentive design).Social implicationsThe proposed 5C model revisits foundational assumptions of responsibility in service leadership, integrating actors across and within service ecosystems, society at large and the environment in the present and future.Originality/valueThis paper offers a conceptual framework – the 5Cs model of responsible service leadership – aimed at reimagining service leadership.

Advancing body composition assessment in patients with cancer: First comparisons of traditional versus multicompartment models

Background and aimsMeasurement of body composition using computed tomography (CT) scans may be a viable clinical tool for low muscle mass assessment in oncology. However, longitudinal assessments are often infeasible with CT. Clinically accessible body composition technologies can be used to track changes in fat-free mass (FFM) or muscle, though their accuracy may be impacted by cancer-related physiological changes. The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement among accessible body composition method with criterion methods for measures of whole-body FFM measurements and, when possible, muscle mass for the classification of low muscle in patients with cancer. MethodsPatients with colorectal cancer were recruited to complete measures of whole-body DXA, air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). These measures were used alone, or in combination to construct the criterion multicompartment (4C) mode for estimating FFM. Patients also underwent abdominal CT scans as part of routine clinical assessment. Agreement of each method with 4C model was analyzed using mean constant error (CE = criterion – alternative), linear regression including root mean square error (RMSE), Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) and mean percentage difference (MPD). Additionally, appendicular lean soft tissue index (ALSTI) measured by DXA and predicted by CT were compared for the absolute agreement, while the ALSTI values and skeletal muscle index by CT were assessed for agreement on the classification of low muscle mass. ResultsForty-five patients received all measures for the 4C model and 25 had measures within proximity of clinical CT measures. Compared to 4C, DXA outperformed ADP and BIA by showing the strongest overall agreement (CE = 1.96 kg, RMSE = 2.45 kg, MPD = 98.15 ± 2.38%), supporting its use for body composition assessment in patients with cancer. However, CT cutoffs for skeletal muscle index or CT-estimated ALSTI were lower than DXA ALSTI (average 1.0 ± 1.2 kg/m2) with 24.0% to 32.0% of patients having a different low muscle classification by CT when compared to DXA. ConclusionsDespite discrepancies between clinical body composition assessment and the criterion multicompartment model, DXA demonstrates the strongest agreement with 4C. Disagreement between DXA and CT for low muscle mass classification prompts further evaluation of the measures and cutoffs used with each technique. Multicompartment models may enhance our understanding of body composition variations at the individual patient level and improve the applicability of clinically accessible technologies for classification and monitoring change over time.

Quasar 3C 47: Extreme Population B jetted source with double-peaked profiles

Context. An optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disk (AD) around a supermassive black hole might contribute to broad-line emission in type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the emission line profiles are most often not immediately consistent with the profiles expected from a rotating disk. The extent to which an AD in AGN contributes to the broad Balmer lines and high-ionization UV lines in radio-loud (RL) AGN needs to be investigated. Aims. This work aims to determine whether the AD can account for the double-peaked profiles observed in the Balmer lines (Hβ, Hα), near-UV (MgIIλ2800), and high-ionization UV lines (C IVλ1549, CIII]λ1909) of the extremely jetted quasar 3C 47. Methods. The low ionization lines (LILs) (Hβ, Hα, and Mg IIλ2800) were analyzed using a relativistic Keplerian AD model. Fits were carried out following Bayesian and multicomponent nonlinear approaches. The profiles of prototypical high ionization lines (HILs) were also modeled by the contribution of the AD, along with fairly symmetric additional components. Results. The LIL profiles of 3C 47 agree very well with a relativistic Keplerian AD model. The disk emission is constrained between ≈102 and ≈103 gravitational radii, with a viewing angle of ≈ 30 degrees. Conclusions. The study provides convincing direct observational evidence for the presence of an AD and explains that the HIL profiles are due to disk and failed-wind contributions. The agreement between the observed profiles of the LILs and the model is remarkable. The main alternative, a double broad-line region associated with a binary black hole, is found to be less favored than the disk model for the quasar 3C 47.

A Layered Employee Recruitment Model and Strategy Considering Value Fitness

Based on the status and role of employees at different levels in the enterprise, a hierarchical employee recruitment model (3C model) and corresponding strategies based on the perspective of values are proposed. For enterprises, rather than striving to influence and change their employees' values, it is better to choose employees who align with the company's values during recruitment. Senior managers are the leaders and leaders of enterprises, and their value orientation in business management is closely related to the long-term development of the enterprise. When recruiting, emphasis should be placed on the compatibility of values, consciously forming heterogeneity in the management values of senior team members, and improving the effectiveness of team operation; Middle level managers are the backbone of the enterprise, playing an important role in connecting the past and the future. When recruiting, emphasis should be placed on consistency of values, and their value assessment standards can be determined based on the 3V model, with appropriate consideration given to the widely recognized life values of middle level managers; Grassroots employees are the specific executors of work, and recruitment should focus on the competence of values. Enterprise values can be integrated into the competency model of the position, and comprehensive consideration should be given to specific job characteristics. The hierarchical employee recruitment strategy based on the perspective of values provides a new perspective and method for the recruitment and selection of employees from a more detailed perspective.

Primary school students' perceptions and developed artefacts and language from learning coding and computational thinking using the 3C model

AbstractBackgroundA resurgence in teaching coding in primary school classrooms has led to a pedagogical swing towards using physical computing and coding to develop students' use of algorithms, computational thinking, and problem‐solving skills. Two obstacles impede the optimal development of these objectives: the availability of a suitable pedagogy and an instructional sequencing model for primary school teachers to effectively present coding and computational thinking concepts and skills to students in alignment with their developmental stage.ObjectiveThis study aims to address both obstacles by introducing the 3C Model, a newly developed instructional sequence grounded in established pedagogies and designed to effectively teach coding and computational thinking skills to primary school students based on their developmental stage.MethodsThe qualitative study employed two data sources to triangulate findings, using: (1) semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis to investigate 11 primary school students' perceptions of their learning experiences with the 3C Model, and (2) researcher observations along with reflections of the students' developed and demonstrated learning through the method of knowing‐in‐action, reflection‐in‐action, and reflection‐on‐action.Results and ConclusionsThe findings of this study fill a gap in the existing literature by demonstrating that the pedagogical and sequential approach embedded in the 3C Model not only enhanced students' engagement levels but also resulted in improved curriculum learning outcomes. The 3C Model provides teachers with a coherent and age‐appropriate instructional structure. It uses physical computing devices and digital coding platforms to introduce coding concepts, furthering the development of computational thinking skills in primary school students beyond mere procedural and rote learning.ImplicationsThe study holds important implications for practical applications, as it addresses an absence in the literature of an established pedagogy and instructional sequencing model for effectively teaching coding and computational thinking concepts and skills to primary school students. Drawing on established pedagogical and developmental learning theories, the 3C Model provides primary school teachers with an engaging, age‐appropriate instructional method that avoids decontextualised teaching and surface‐based learning. Instead, it encourages collaborative student work and contextualised learning, steering away from isolated and generic approaches.

Tracking Body Composition Over a Competitive Season in Elite Soccer Players Using Laboratory- and Field-Based Assessment Methods.

Bongiovanni, T, Lacome, M, Rodriguez, C, and Tinsley, GM. Tracking body composition over a competitive season in elite soccer players using laboratory- and field-based assessment methods. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e104-e115, 2024-The purpose of this study was to describe body composition changes in professional soccer players over the course of a competitive playing season and compare the ability of different assessment methods to detect changes. Twenty-one elite male soccer players (age: 23.7 ± 4.8 years; height: 185.0 ± 5.2 cm; body mass: 80.7 ± 5.5 kg; body fat: 12.8 ± 2.2%) playing for an Italian national second league (Serie B) championship team were assessed at 4 time points throughout a competitive season: T0 (mid-October), T1 (mid-December), T2 (mid-February), and T3 (end of April). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfolds (SKF), and bioelectrical impedance analysis were performed at each time point, and multiple SKF-based equations were applied. A modified 4-compartment (4C) model was also produced. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, relevant post hoc tests, and Pearson's correlations. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 4C, and the SKF-based equations of Reilly and Civar detected differences in fat-free mass (FFM) between time points, with the most differences observed for DXA. Fat-free mass increased from T0 values to a peak at T2, followed by a decrease by T3, although FFM values remained higher than T0. Fat-free mass gain was primarily driven by increases in the lower limbs. Fat-free mass changes between all methods were significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.70-0.97. No significant differences between time points were observed for absolute fat mass or body fat percentage, although significant correlations between several methods for change values were observed. Select laboratory and field methods can detect changes in FFM over the course of a season in elite, professional soccer athletes, with a more limited ability to detect changes in adiposity-related variables. For SKF in this population, the equation of Reilly is recommended.

Kinetic 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: a dual input four-compartment model.

The endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in glucose metabolism and has not been explored in the kinetic estimation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT. A dual-input four-compartment (4C) model, regarding endoplasmic reticulum was preliminarily used for kinetic estimation to differentiate 28 tumours from background liver tissue from 24 patients with HCC. Moreover, parameter images of the 4C model were generated from one patient with negative findings on conventional metabolic PET/CT. Compared to the dual-input three-compartment (3C) model, the 4C model has better fitting quality, a close transport rate constant (K1) and a dephosphorylation rate constant (k6/k4), and a different removal rate constant (k2) and phosphorylation rate constant (k3) in HCC and background liver tissue. The K1, k2, k3, and hepatic arterial perfusion index (HPI) from the 4C model and k3, HPI, and volume fraction of blood (Vb) from the 3C model were significantly different between HCC and background liver tissues (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the 4C model yielded additional kinetic parameters for differentiating HCC. The diagnostic performance of the top ten genes from the most to least common was HPI(4C), Vb(3C), HPI(3C), SUVmax, k5(4C), k3(3C), k2(4C), v(4C), K1(4C) and Vb(4C). Moreover, a patient who showed negative findings on conventional metabolic PET/CT had positive parameter images in the 4C model. The 4C model with the endoplasmic reticulum performed better than the 3C model and produced additional useful parameters in kinetic estimation for differentiating HCC from background liver tissue.

Implementation of Problem Based Learning Based on 4C in Independent Curriculum Science and Social Learning in Elementary Schools

&lt;em&gt;The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of the PBL Based on 4C in Independent Curriculum science and social learning for 5th Grade students at SD Negeri Wirun 01 in Sukoharjo Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year. The teachers who participated were class 5 teachers with more than 10 years of teaching experience. This research was carried out by observing and seeing directly the teacher who was teaching in class. The research method used in this research is a qualitative approach using descriptive methods. Data collection techniques for qualitative research include observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The research results showed that the PBL Based on 4c model can have a positive impact on teachers and students in implementing 21st century learning. Later, the results of this research can support the implementation of 4C which includes Critical Thinking, Creativity, Collaboration and Communication for 5th Grade students, especially in when learning science and science using the independent curriculum.&lt;/em&gt;

Body composition assessment in 6-month-old infants: A comparison of two- and three-compartment models using data from the Baby-bod study.

An appreciation of infant body composition is helpful to understand the 'quality' of growth in early life. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP) using PEA POD and the deuterium dilution (DD) technique are commonly used body composition approaches in infants. We evaluated the comparability of body composition assessed using both techniques with two-compartment (2C) and three-compartment (3C) models in 6-month-old infants. Infant fat mass (FM) and percent fat mass (%FM) obtained from a 2C model using PEA POD (2C-PP) and a 2C model using the deuterium dilution technique (2C-DD) were compared to those derived from a 3C model, and to each other, using Bland-Altman analysis and Deming regression. Measurements were available from 68 infants (93% Caucasian, 53% male). The mean biases were not significant between any of the method comparisons. However, significant constant and proportional biases were identified in 2C-DD vs 3C and 2C-PP vs 2C-DD, but not in the 2C-PP vs 3C comparison. Furthermore, we observed significant associations between the mean differences and infants' percent total body water (%TBW). While no significant between-method mean differences were found in body composition estimates, some comparisons revealed significant constant and proportional biases and notable associations between the mean differences and %TBW were observed. Our results emphasise the importance of method choice, ensuring methodological uniformity in long-term studies, and carefully considering and regulating multiple pre-analytical variables, such as the hydration status of the participants.

Sustainability Versus the Level of Development of Cities with County Rights in Poland in Terms of The Four-Capital Model

The study aims to assess the sustainability and level of development of cities with county rights in 2013-2022 and establish the relationship between these categories. The four-capital model (4C) is used to achieve the goal, according to which the sustainability of development is maintained if capital resources (economic, human, natural and social) are at a constant level or increase over time. The analysis shows that cities with county rights were characterized by sustainable growth, averaging 6.9% (with economic capital increasing by 9.4%, human by 3.1%, natural by 5.6%, and social by 9.4%). The Spearman correlation index of 0.81 (p&lt;0.05) indicates that economic capital had the most significant impact on the final dynamics of urban development. The level of development of cities with county rights was determined using an aggregate measure calculated as the average value of standardized indicators (so-called Perkal index). From the research criteria point of view, the highest level of development was in Sopot (Perkal index = 3.0) and the lowest in Ruda Śląska (-1.0). The correlation analysis shows that the most significant impact on the final result had two capitals, i.e. economic and human, whose relationship with the aggregate measure amounted to 0.93 (p&lt;0.05). The study showed that except for natural capital, for which it was impossible to establish a statistically significant correlation between sustainability and the level of development, in the remaining capitals, the direction was inversely proportional, and the intensity was moderate. The correlation coefficients were -0.33 for economic capital, -0.50 for human capital, and -0.51 for social capital. The relationship at the aggregate level (for the entire 4C model) was -0.52, which means that as the development level increases, the growth rate decreases and vice versa.

A Multivocal Literature Review on Non-Technical Debt in Software Development: {A}n Insight into Process, Social, People, Organizational, and Culture Debt

Software development encompasses various factors beyond technical considerations. Neglecting non-technical elements like individuals, processes, culture, and social and organizational aspects can lead to debt-like characteristics that demand attention. Therefore, we introduce the non-technical debt (NTD) concept to encompass and explore these aspects. This indicates the applicability of the debt analogy to non-technical facets of software development. Technical debt (TD) and NTD share similarities and often arise from risky decision-making processes, impacting both software development professionals and software quality. Overlooking either type of debt can lead to significant implications for software development success. The current study conducts a comprehensive multivocal literature review (MLR) to explore the most recent research on NTD, its causes, and potential mitigation strategies. For analysis, we carefully selected 40 primary studies among 110 records published until October 1, 2022. The study investigates the factors contributing to the accumulation of NTD in software development and proposes strategies to alleviate the adverse effects associated with it. This MLR offers a contemporary overview and identifies prospects for further investigation, making a valuable contribution to the field. The findings of this research highlight that NTD’s impacts extend beyond monetary aspects, setting it apart from TD. Furthermore, the findings reveal that rectifying NTD is more challenging than addressing TD, and its consequences contribute to the accumulation of TD. To avert software project failures, a comprehensive approach that addresses NTD and TD concurrently is crucial. Effective communication and coordination play a vital role in mitigating NTD, and the study proposes utilizing the 3C model as a recommended framework to tackle NTD concerns.

Vaccination Refusal During Pandemic Period

Identifying the causes of vaccination refusal is important in determining strategies to combat them. In a study examining the refusal of COVID-19 vaccines based on the 3C model of vaccine rejection, formed by the World Health Organization's vaccine rejection working group (SAGE) in Malaysia, the most common reason for vaccine rejection was found to be doubt on the efficacy and safety of the vaccine. In the model defined by SAGE as the 3C, three cs are defined as confidence (confidence in the vaccine), complacency (necessity of the vaccine), convenience (suitability for the vaccine, access to the vaccine). In the same study, misinformation was shown as an important reason for vaccination refusal

The 4C model of healthy sleep for childhood interpersonal trauma

Restorative sleep is foundational for growth and development but remains a largely neglected area of health in the context of childhood trauma. This healthcare gap is especially great among child victims of interpersonal trauma who experience sleep disturbances at high rates. A trauma-informed framework is imperative both for understanding and addressing sleep-wake dysregulation in this vulnerable population. This article introduces the 4C Model of Healthy Sleep for Childhood Interpersonal Trauma as a resource and tool for professionals who provide services and support for these children in various settings (e.g., pediatricians, social workers, prevention specialists). Model components were developed and derived from evidence-based pediatric sleep practices, principles of attachment theory, reciprocal relationships between trauma and sleep disruption, and sleep intervention research among children with a history of foster care placement. Developed for use with infants and children up to 10 years of age, the trauma-informed model aims to educate and empower caregivers with behavioral tools for reducing sleep-related problems among child victims of interpersonal trauma including attachment disruptions. Although not intended to address complex sleep problems and disorders, the relevance and conciseness of the 4C model provides a needed resource for both research and practice.

IQiYis Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market ---Based on the Case of the Light On Theatre

Streaming platforms are popular in China, with many streamers competing with each other; one of the famous streaming services in China is iQiYi. 2020 saw the launch of iQiYis own production of theatre: the Light On Theatre. As the first suspense drama theatre, analysing its marketing strategy can help better understand the main marketing objectives for future suspense dramas in China. This paper takes Light On Theatre as a case study and uses the 4c model to analyse the reasons why it has competitiveness in the Chinese streaming market. This paper analyses the Light On Theatre using each element of the 4c model (consumers, cost, convenience, and communication) and provides some recommendations on the results of these analyses. It concludes that the success of Light On Theatre stems from a focus on consumer experience and gives some suggestions to help maintain Light On Theatres competitiveness. A positive online environment can help to enhance the consumers viewing experience, thereby increasing consumer loyalty.

RSV vaccination in older adults: Addressing vaccine hesitancy using the 3C model.

The first vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) targeting older adults was approved for use in Canada in August 2023. As a frequent first point of contact for Canadians seeking advice on vaccination and the most common setting for the administration of influenza vaccines, community pharmacies will also play a role in RSV vaccination efforts. To address vaccine hesitancy confidently and effectively, pharmacists must be equipped with knowledge of the factors that affect a person's decision on whether to be vaccinated or not. The 3C Model of Vaccine Hesitancy summarizes these as complacency, confidence and convenience. This article introduces the model and describes the often-underrecognized relevance of RSV to older adults, including risk factors and burden of disease. It also reviews the history and status of vaccine development and approval and presents clinical trial data to equip pharmacists to discuss RSV vaccination with older adults who express vaccine hesitancy.

“Who is Anders Tegnell?” Unanswered questions hamper COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A qualitative study among ethnic minorities in Sweden

BackgroundDespite high COVID-19 vaccination coverage in many European countries, vaccination uptake has been lower among ethnic minorities, including in Sweden. This is in spite of the increased risk of contracting the virus and targeted efforts to vaccinate among first and second generation migrants. The aim of this study was to understand this dilemma by investigating ethnic minorities’ perceptions and their experience of accessing the COVID-19 vaccine. MethodsThis is a qualitative study drawing on 18 semi-structured interviews with health volunteers working in ethnic minority communities and with participants from the two largest ethnic minorities in Sweden (Syria and Somalia). Deductive qualitative analysis was completed using the 3C model by WHO (Complacency, Confidence and Convenience). ResultsComplacency does not appear to be a barrier to intention to vaccinate. Participants are well aware of COVID-19 risk and the benefits of the vaccine. However, confidence in vaccine poses a barrier to uptake and there are a lot of questions and concerns about vaccine side effects, efficacy and related rumors. Confidence in health providers, particularly doctors is high but there was a sense of conflicting information. Accessing individually tailored health information and health providers is not convenient and a major reason for delaying vaccination or not vaccinating at all. Trust in peers, schools and faith-leaders is high and constitute pathways for effective health information sharing. ConclusionEthnic minorities in Sweden are willing to get vaccinated against COVID-19. However, to increase vaccination uptake, access to individually tailored and face to face health information to answer questions about vaccine safety, efficacy, conflicting information and rumors is urgently required.

Single Ionization of Helium by Protons of Various Energies in the Parabolic Quasi-Sturmians Approach

The parabolic quasi-Sturmian approach, recently introduced for the calculation of ion–atom ionizing collisions, is adapted and applied here to the single ionization of helium induced by an intermediate-energy proton impact. Within the method, the ionization amplitude is represented as the sum of the products of the basis amplitudes associated with the asymptotic behavior of the continuum states of the two noninteracting hydrogenic subsystems (e−,He+) and (p+,He+). The p−e interaction is treated as a perturbation in the Lippmann–Schwinger-type (LS) equation for the three-body system (e−,He+,p+). This LS equation is solved numerically using separable expansions for the proton–electron potential. We examine the convergence behavior of the transition amplitude expansion as the number of terms in the representation of the p−e interaction is increased and find that, for some kinematic regimes, the convergence is poor. This difficulty, which is absent for a higher proton energy impact, is solved by varying the momentum of the auxiliary proton plane wave introduced into the basis function. Fully differential cross-sections are calculated and compared with experimental data for 75 keV protons and the results obtained with the 3C model.