Stroke Spark Ignition Research Articles

Enhancement of Heat Transfer Rate Using Transient Thermal Analysis for Actual and Proposed Design of the Single Cylinder Air Cooled Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

Enhancement of Heat Transfer Rate Using Transient Thermal Analysis for Actual and Proposed Design of the Single Cylinder Air Cooled Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

Computational Fluid Dynamics of Four Stroke In-Cylinder Charge Behavior at Distinct Valve Lift Opening Clearance in Spark Ignition Reciprocating Internal Combustion Renault Engine

In-cylinder flow dynamics in internal combustion Renault engine is complex, expensive and difficult to compute experimentally. The present study attempts to emulate the in-cylinder charge behaviour at distinct valve lift opening clearance in four stroke spark ignition internal combustion engine using computational fluid dynamics. Considering the complexity of the geometry and in-cylinder fluid motion, governing equations for unsteady, three dimensional, compressible turbulent flow were computed with continuity equations (conservation of mass), Navier-Stokes equations (conservation of momentum) and RNG k-ε turbulence model. Assumed to be an inline spark ignition (SI) operating on a four stroke cycle, the engine was modelled with SolidWorks 2019 version while the in-cylinder charge behaviour was simulated using ANSYS Fluent 14.5. Increase in cylinder temperature enhanced the thermal properties of air-fuel mixture during combustion. Increase in valve lift opening clearance led to more charge quantity being ingested through the intake valve opening into the cylinder, thereby causing increase in temperature of in-cylinder charge as well as significant improvement in the volumetric and mechanical efficiency of the cycle. It was also observed that the rate of heat retention in the cylinder may be optimum at lower valve lift which may be characterised by minor or zero loses, while significantly high cylinder charge temperature may be prone to reduction of the intake charge density. Based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), in-cylinder velocity vectors, vorticity magnitudes and distributions of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) increased with increasing valve lift opening clearance, thereby, improving combustion efficiency, increasing torque and power output for effective engine performance.

Evaluation of the Performance Curves of the 4-Stroke, Spark-Ignited, Single-Cylinder Engine Altered to Consume Ethanol

Objective: To conduct tests on the B4T-5.5 hp spark-ignition engines (Otto cycle) with conventional fuels (types of gasoline) and, after modification, to test with renewable fuels (Ethanol) on the dynamometer in the engineering laboratory of Branco Motores Ltda., following SAE J1995 and SAE J1940 standards. Analyze the power and torque curves for each tested fuel. Theoretical framework: Utilizing the literature through research in books, dissertations, articles, and standards. Method: This study involves the performance of a gasoline engine converted to ethanol (renewable fuel) through quantitative research and the evaluation of test results on the 5.5 hp single-cylinder 4-stroke spark-ignition engine (B4T model) with each proposed fuel in the research. Results and Conclusion: During the analysis, the necessary values were measured to create the power and torque curves using different types of national fuels. The spark-ignition engine was connected to a dynamometer and tested with regular gasoline (Type C with 27.5% ethanol content), premium gasoline, podium® gasoline, and anhydrous ethanol 95% (the gasoline engine was modified to operate with ethanol). In the case of the renewable fuel, ethanol, the results for the spark-ignition engine (Otto cycle) showed an increase of 0.48 hp in power and 0.11 kgf.m in torque compared to gasoline. The ethanol-powered engine is a viable alternative and is considered a clean energy source when compared to traditional fuels (such as gasoline). Research Implications: Issues such as sustainability, renewable energies, environmentally friendly fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, and concerns about the environment have become increasingly common and evident in the global market. This reflects a global concern for environmental preservation and the future of the planet. For academia, the constant search for new or alternative sources will always be a challenge. Originality/Value: The proposal of an ethanol engine contributes to the reduction of pollutant gas emissions and environmental damage because ethanol, derived from sugarcane, absorbs carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide during the plant's development. This attenuates emissions since, during the ethanol burning process, the gases are only returned to the atmosphere (carbon and derivatives), unlike the burning of fossil fuels, which adds more gases to the atmosphere. Another point is that it provides an additional option for end consumers.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Cooling Jacket of Liquid Cooled Spark Ignition Engine

Thermal stresses due to long running of spark ignition engine often results in wear and tear of cylinder near the top dead center (TDC). These high thermal stresses at TDC arise due to the high temperature gradient during spark ignition. This situation eventually decreases the life and efficiency of an engine. In this study, the numerical and analytical analysis was carried out on 1298 cc in line four stroke spark ignition (SI) engine having a power output of 63 kW to drop the peak temperature at TDC. to reduce the peak value of temperature, square pin fins were used on the surface of engine cylinder wall near TDC. A parametric study is performed to get an optimal solution for removal of the peak temperature load at TDC. The results showed that the fins with dimension of 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 along with uniform spacing of 2 mm provide the optimum solution. It has been observed that the peak temperature at TDC dropped down considerably from 160 °C to 133 °C (a percentage reduction of 16.87%) for the pin fins case as compared to without the fin case. Furthermore, the heat transfer effectiveness for the optimum case was calculated as 3.32, whereas for numerical and analytical study it was calculated as 3.43. The error recorded between both the values was limited to 3.2%.

Butanol-gasoline blends impact on performance and exhaust emissions of a four stroke spark ignition engine

This study examined the possibility of finding an alternative fuel to replace the Iraqi-origin gasoline. Iraqi gasoline has high levels of lead and sulfur compounds, so the pollutants emitted from it are very dangerous to human health and the environment. In the current study, butanol was added to gasoline with volume fractions of 25%–75% gasoline (G75B25) and 50% butanol to 50% gasoline (G50B50). The influence of these two alcohol ratios of blending on the performance and exhaust emissions of engine were compared. This study aims to provide a clean and healthy fuel as an alternative to gasoline of Iraq with low combustion emission content.The results revealed that mixing gasoline with butanol led to better engine performance and lower exhaust emissions compared to the case of gasoline fuel alone. When comparing gasoline with G75B25 blend, it shows a relative decrease in the specific brake consumption (bsfc) of about 2% while (bsfc) was increased by 2.38% when G50B50 was used compared to gasoline. The CO emissions were reduced by 27.79% and 39.11%. Also, HC levels were reduced by 15.93% and 28%, respectively, compared to gasoline. The studied blends reduced noise levels by 1.64% and 3.93%. The obtained results confirm the possibility of adopting any of the two studied blends as a suitable alternative to gasoline and friendly to the Iraqi environment.

Experimental investigation of the effect of liquid petroleum gas on frictional power loss for performance enhancement of SI engine

Alternative gaseous fuels being clean, economical, and available in large quantity encourage the focus on optimizing various operating conditions for internal combustion engines. Alternative fuel as LPG is being considered to restore the role of alternative fuel to improve fuel economy by reducing fuel consumption and total frictional power loss compared to petrol fuel. The engine is tested using LPG and petrol so that comparison of the engine performance concerning fuel consumption and frictional power loss using Morse test. The conventional 4 Cylinder, 4 Stroke Spark Ignition engine expending a hydraulic dynamometer is used for experimentation. To find the most influencing factors from various input parameters of an engine like engine speed, load on the engine, engine oil viscosity which strongly affects engine frictional power loss. The comparative analysis of petrol and LPG fuels with different multi-grade engine oils shows that the mechanical efficiency obtained from the Morse test are 68.37%, 65.75% and 64.69% at 1750 rpm for petrol fuel with SAE20W30, SAE05W40 and SAE20W50 respectively, while for the same operating condition these values with LPG fuels are 62.99%, 61.85% and 59.85% respectively for SAE20W30, SAE05W40 and SAE20W50 engine oils at1750 rpm. Buckingham Pi-theorem is used to calculate, an experimental data-based mathematical model for which various pi-terms are determined, applying dimensional analysis for selected parameters for predicting outcomes as frictional power loss and fuel consumption rate.

Performance and emission characteristics of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) bio-lubricant in four stroke spark ignition engine

Over the years, the growing interest for bio-based alternatives to mineral products (i.e. fuel and lubricant) to save energy and improve environmental friendliness has become one of the most researched topics. According to world meteorological organization (WMO), Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) reached 420.23 parts per million in April, 2022. In this research, the extract from baobab nuts was purified, degummed and epoxidized to form Bio-lubricant. The physicochemical properties of the formed bio-lubricants were determined and are within the index of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) at different temperatures and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) with two different acids were conducted on the products. The results depicted minimal changes with repeated oxidation at higher temperature and different acids respectively. A four-stroke spark ignition engine at three different speeds was used to validate the bio-lubricant by compared with SAE40 performances. Four engine parameters considered: specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency, brake power and brake mean effective pressure. The bio-lubricant maintained a low values trend for the four parameters at engine speeds of 2000rpm, 2500rpm and 3000rpm with exception of brake thermal efficiency that depicts high value of 56% at both 2000rpm and 3000rpm. The SI engine lubricated with SAE40 has higher CO, HC and CO2 emissions.

Numerical Investigations of Injection Timing Effects on a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Performance: Part A, In-Cylinder Combustion Process

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are widely adopted in the automobile industry since its advantage in the fuel economy. Injection Timing (IT) is an important parameter for the GDI engine, having a great impact on the spray atomization, mixture evenness, combustion characteristics, and therefore performance of the GDI engine. With the motive of IT optimization, a three-dimensional CFD model of a single cylinder 4-stroke spark ignition GDI engine with bore of 84 mm and compression ratio of 10.3 was utilized to analyze the detailed process at different IT (270, 280, 290, 300-degree CA BTDC), while the other conditions were invariant like rotate speed at 2000 RPM. The spray, turbulence, G-equation combustion were included. The result indicated that delayed IT tended to reduce drop-wall impingement significantly but still intensified unevenness of mixture concertation severely, resulting in fuel-rich region appeared around cylinder. Because the duration available for mixing was shortened, which dominantly intensified the unevenness of the mixture. The combustion was deteriorated as the IT delayed because the excessive equivalence ratio region severely slowed flame propagation and frozen at the most uneven region, which finally degraded thermal efficiency and engine performance. In conclusion, this paper demonstrated the whole process from injection to combustion, revealing that droplet-wall impingement and available duration for mixing are dominant trade-off factors for mixture formation and following combustion process, as the IT changes.

Thermal and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of a Modified Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Block

An engine block is the main supporting structure for other components of the engine. Poor heat dissipation of the engine block causes excessive thermal expansion and frictional wearing of the engine components and makes engine oil to lose its lubricating power. Therefore, there is a need to modify the design of the engine block in order to improve its effectiveness. In this analysis, a two stroke spark ignition engine block was initially used as a reference model for the development of the modified model. Solidworks (2013) simulation software was used to model and conduct a thermal and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on the two models. The thermal analysis results shows that, the maximum temperature gradient and heat flux obtained during the steady state and transient thermal analysis were, 2.237×107 K/m, 3.6817×104 K/m, and 1.066×107 W/m2, 1.661×106 W/m2 for the reference model, while 1.771×106 K/m, 4.913×104 K/m, and 7.970×107 W/m2, 2.211×106 W/m2 for the modified model respectively. The results shows that the modified model has an improved heat dissipation rate than the reference model. The CFD analysis shows that, the reference model is subjected to high pressure and air resistance than the modified model. This increases the drag force acting on the reference model. While the modified model has high air flow velocity round the engine block, than the reference model. This is due to fins modification of the modified model. This makes the engine block model to have low air restriction. It is hereby recommended that further validation should be carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the modified model. The performance of the modified model can also be improved by converting its fins into triangular fins geometry.

Performance Evaluation of a Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled by Mixing Ethanol and Gasoline

The use of ethanol blend as an alternative source of fuel for developing clean and sustainable energy sources has grown considerably. In this study, the performance characteristics of an air-cooled, single-cylinder 4-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) engine (TD201) with a compression ratio of 8.5:1 was determined using gasoline and different blend ratios of ethanol and gasoline (E0, E2, E4, E6, E8, E10, and E12) at a varied engine speed of 2000rpm, 2200rpm, 2400rpm, 2600rpm and 2800rpm. The results revealed that as the ethanol content of the blend increases, the heating value decreases while octane value increases. The experimental results indicated that the brake torque, and power increase as the ethanol content in the blends increases. However, BSFC and exhaust temperature decreases as the ethanol content in the blends increases because of the oxygen enrichment. The emissions of unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reduce while carbon dioxide and ethanol content increases when compared with the reference fuel (E0).

Experimental Analysis using an Innovative Catalytic Converter coated with Nano-particles for Pollution Control from Automobiles

Air pollution control has become the area of interest due to the ever increasing air pollution problem from the automobiles. Several researchers have conducted several experiments to control the air pollution concentration from automobiles by using several techniques but this area has a wide scope for improvement. This research paper is based on an experiment conducted on a Four Stroke Spark Ignition engine test rig using an Innovative catalytic converter which was coated with nano-particles to estimate its effectiveness in air pollution control. The results of the experiment conducted clearly indicate that the Innovative design of catalytic converter is effective in air pollution control from automobiles.

Comparing the Potentiality of Propane, Propanol and Octane Fuel Using in SI Engine Based on Energy-Exergy Analysis

From the beginning of IC engine era, it is trying to improve the performance and efficiency of internal combustion engine. In this study, numerically analysis on combustion of Propane, Propanol and Octane in SI engine have been done thoroughly and presented to assess the potentiality and highlighted the comparison. For this analysis thermodynamic engine cycle model is developed for numerical analysis. Mathematical models considering fundamental equation and empirical relation are implemented in a single cylinder 4 stroke spark ignition engine (system) with the help of FORTRAN 95 to find out heat losses, friction losses, output parameter etc. Single cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine is considered as system. In this study, different working parameters like 8 and 12 compression ratios with three different rpm 2000, 4000 & 6000 are considered for simulation. This study shows the different comparisons of energy-exergy content (%), as example of exhaust gas 35.08 & 17.82, 37.02 & 19.22, 37.79 & 19.79 for Octane (at compression ratio 8 and 2000, 4000, 6000 rpm) etc., which explains the potentiality content and the potentiality losses in different process like combustion, mixing of gases etc. It also shows for the fuel propane and propanol in similar way with changing different operating conditions. Maximum inside cylinder temperature, 1st law and 2nd law efficiencies were determined for the fuels with respect to different compression ratio and engine speed.

Complementing Syngas with Natural Gas in Spark Ignition Engines for Power Production: Effects on Emissions and Combustion

Power generation units based on the bio-syngas system face two main challenges due to (i) the possible temporary shortage of primary sources and (ii) the engine power derating associated with the use of low-energy density fuels in combustion engines. In both cases, an external input fuel is provided. Hence, complementing syngas with traditional fuels, like natural gas, becomes a necessity. In this work, an experimental methodology is proposed, aiming at the quantification of the impact of the use of both natural gas and syngas in spark ignition (SI) engines on performance and emissions. The main research questions focus on investigating brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power derating, and pollutant emission (NOx, CO, THC, CO2) formation, offering quantitative findings that present the basis for engine optimization procedures. Experimental measurements were performed on a Toyota 4Y-E engine (a 4-cylinders, 4-stroke spark ignition engine) at partial load (10 kW) under different syngas energy shares (SES) and at four different spark ignition timings (10°, 25°, 35° and 45° BTDC). Results reveal that the impact of the different fuel mixtures on BTE is negligible if compared to the influence of spark advance variation on BTE. On the other hand, power derating has proven to be a limiting factor and becomes more prominent with increasing SES. An increasing SES also resulted in an increase of CO and CO2 emissions, while NOx and THC emissions decreased with increasing SES.

Method on Utilization of Low Quality Biogas as a Fuel for 4 Stroke Spark Ignition Engine of Electric Generator

Biogas quality in many installation of anaerobic digester for processing organic waste are found not optimum, especially in developing country where understanding of anaerobic processing is not well known. The methane content in the biogas are usually low that make it not possible to be utilized as a fuel of the engine. Biogas Purification usually will be introduced as a solution. But this idea is about complicated for simple or small anaerobic digester. Other solution is suggested by using enrichment of biogas by using other fuel such as hydrogen or blended with city gas such as LPG gas. But for preparing hydrogen gas or commercial will also costly. This research introduces simple technique for biogas enrichment by using denatured alcohol. The biogas contents were found around 30% vol. methane (CH4) and around 2% Carbon dioxide (CO2). The price of denatured alcohol is relative cheap because the selling tax is not as much as drinking alcohol. Engine with bigger combustion (420 cc) chamber was prepared for this purpose to make possible to be fueled with biogas. The compression was set to reach 10 bar. The clearance of the both intake and exhaust valve was set in order to be possible to be running by using biogas. The biogas-air mixer was design for this purpose. The carburetor was set for use of denatured alcohol. It is found that the engine is running well by using biogas fuel that is enriched by using denatured alcohol. The emission was found better comparing using gasoline for the same engine. The fuel consumption is reported for future economic analyses.

Design of Small Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Spark Ignition Engine for Electric Generator with Flexible Fuel: Biogas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or Gasoline

The available of conventional fuels are fluctuating depend on distribution from the source production to consumer. The availability of biogas as renewable energy is increasing due to establishments of many organic wastes processing worldwide. The need of electricity to support daily life activity is a must, but the availability of electric source in remote area is limited especially for a farm that far away from commercial line distribution of electricity. This work is dedicated to solve this problem. The single cylinder 4 stroke spark ignition engine (83 cc) was designed to be able to be fuelled flexibly by using biogas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or gasoline if sometime the biogas not available during initiation of the process or during maintenance of anaerobic digester. The engine is still can be run to provide electricity by using conventional fuel such as LPG or gasoline. The full consumption as well as emission of this flexible fuel engine was investigated. It is found that the fuel consumption is 9.97 L/mint for Biogas, 0.004 L/mint for gasoline and 2.24 L/mint for LPG. Surprisingly by using biogas the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) was down to almost zero (0.02 ppm), comparing gasoline 0.32 ppm, and LPG 0.4 ppm.

Exergy analysis of petrol engine accommodated nanoparticle in the lubricant system

An energy and exergy analysis of a four stroke spark ignition engine operated with nano-lubricant is experimentally investigated to assess the environment-engine energy interaction. The warm-up period and the influence of mixing nanoparticle with the lubricant on the exergy rate at various volume fractions VOF are also reported. It was observed that the engine warm-up period is dropped up to 40% when nano-lubricant is employed. The results also showed that presence of nanoparticles in the lubricant would double the exergy potential of the engine. Energy and exergy efficiency are both augmented when nano-copper is mixed with the lubricant.

Optimization of four stroke spark ignition engine for firesport

The effort of engineers is to achieve the highest possible power from the engine of a given size, in other words, to improve the weight - power ratio. This must be achieved while maintaining other parameters such as service life, emissions, fuel consumption, and others. Engine power is (simply put) given by the amount of air supplied to the combustion process. From this point of view, there are two ways to increase engine power: engine overcharging or improving the hydraulic conditions of the intake and exhaust system. This paper describes the second way - modifications of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine, which lead to engine power increase. Outputs using laboratory measurements have been verified. In addition, an engine model in Lotus Engine Simulation software has been created. The paper deals with the effect of some engine adjustments on the power: modification of valve shapes, modification of intake and exhaust ports, and camshaft modification. The described engine is mainly used in firesport, which is one of the most popular sport disciplines in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. All adjustments are designed so that the modified engine meets the rules for firesport. Due to the fact that the assessed engine for sports industry has been used, neither fuel consumption nor emissions have been monitored.

Exergy analysis of petrol engine accommodated nanoparticle in the lubricant system

An energy and exergy analysis of a four stroke spark ignition engine operated with nano-lubricant is experimentally investigated to assess the environment-engine energy interaction. The warm-up period and the influence of mixing nanoparticle with the lubricant on the exergy rate at various volume fractions VOF are also reported. It was observed that the engine warm-up period is dropped up to 40% when nano-lubricant is employed. The results also showed that presence of nanoparticles in the lubricant would double the exergy potential of the engine. Energy and exergy efficiency are both augmented when nano-copper is mixed with the lubricant.

Experimental investigation on a two stroke SI engine to optimize fuel consumption through electronic ignition

Two stroke spark ignition engines are characterized by simplicity in construction, a higher power and lower maintenance cost. However, the main, disadvantages are high specific fuel consumption, excessive exhaust emission of hydrocarbon monoxide. Great deal of research work is going all over the world to find an effective solution to the growing problem of environmental pollution and fuel conservation of gasoline powered 2-stroke S.I. Engine. Fuel conservation and environmental pollution are directly influenced by the characteristics of the combustion process. For an S.I. Engine spark is the source of ignition and combustion of the air fuel mixture inside the cylinder. Hence, the spark timings of an S.I. Engines have a significant effect on the fuel consumption and exhaust pollution. In the present work, the electronic spark timing unit was employed to vary the spark ignition timing and the engine performance was investigated.

A experimental test on 2-stroke spark ignition engine with gasoline and methanol-gasoline blends using brass coated piston

The Experiment was conducted on single cylinder two – stroke spark-ignition engine. Make it lesser time in chemical delay in combustion process the catalyst material such as brass was coated on piston crown with 300 µm thickness. The coated piston was tested with pure gasoline and gasoline-methanol blends and compared performance and emission characteristics between conventional piston and brass coated piston in trail- I. With pure gasoline coated piston given better results than a conventional piston engine. The improvement of results the test was conducted with methanol blends in the % volume 10%, 20%, and 30% named as M10, M20, and M30 in the trail-II. Out of three different blends with M20 (20% of methanol and 80% of gasoline) given a better reduction in exhaust emissions like hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and NOx. Pure gasoline with brass coated piston enhanced performance results such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and mechanical efficiencies upon conventional two stroke spark-ignition engine. Observing trail -II results with blends on coated piston 20% volume (M20) given optimum values more than that it is noticed poor performance and emissions characteristics on brass coated piston.