4-spored Basidia Research Articles

Type studies on two Paxillus species (Paxillaceae, Boletales) described from China

Types and recently collected samples of two Paxillus species namely P. rhytidophyllus and P. yunnanensis, originally described from southwestern China, were critically restudied based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic data of DNA sequences from the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α). The results showed that these two species belong to Boletinellus and Tricholomopsis, respectively. Thus, two new combinations, Boletinellus rhytidophyllus and Tricholomopsis yunnanensis are proposed. Boletinellus rhytidophyllus is characterized by a deeply decurrent and shallow hymenophore which is poroid-lamellate to alveolate, slightly thick-walled (0.6–1 μm) basidiospores, occasionally 2- to 4-spored basidia, rare or infrequent hymenial cystidia, and a trichodermal pileipellis. Tricholomopsis yunnanensis is characterized by a convex pileus densely covered by red-violet to red-brown fibrillose squamules, a yellowish stipe sparsely covered with red to red-brown fibrillose squamules, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, prominent large cheilocystidia measuring 60–195 × 11–39 μm, and a palisadic pileipellis. New descriptions and line drawings of these two species and their comparisons with allied taxa are presented.

<p align="left"><strong>Morphological and molecular analyses reveal two new species of <em>Guepinia</em> from China</strong></p>

Guepinia alba sp. nov. and G. shanxiense sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Northern China in this paper. Morphologically, G. alba is distinguished from other Guepinia species by whitish basidiomata and 4-spored basidia while G. shanxiense is diagnosed by reddish orange basidiomata and ellipsoid to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and nrLSU sequences support the establishment of the two new species.

Two new species of Laccaria from South China, with a note on Hodophilus glaberipes

Laccaria fengkaiensis and L. prava, collected from Heishiding Nature Reserve, South China, are proposed here as new taxa based on morphological and molecular evidences. These two new species along with Hodophilus glaberipes Ming Zhang et al. are described with photographs and line drawings and compared against related species. Morphologically, Laccaria fengkaiensis is characterized by a medium-sized to large pinkish white to light orange, strong striate to rugulose-striate or rugulose-sulcate pileus, a strong, solid stipe of the same color, 4-spored basidia, globose to obellipsoid basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and a pileipellis with abundant pileocystidia. Laccaria prava is characterized by a moderate-sized but very thin pinkish white to light orange, strong striate to rugulose-striate or rugulose-sulcate pileus, a distorted same colored stipe, 4-spored basidia, obellipsoid to globose basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and a stipitipellis with abundant caulocystidia. Hodophilus glaberipes is characterized by a small basidioma, with a pileus and its lamellae white at first, orange white to brownish orange with age, a white stipe, subglobose to globose basidiospores, and discoloring pastel red in wounds. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region provided further evidence that Laccaria fengkaiensis and L. prava are new species which are clearly separated from all other Laccaria species with rDNA sequence data available; Hodophilus glaberipes belongs to the H. micaceus superclade, with H. indicus K.N.A. Raj et al. as a closely related sister species.

Nia lenicarpa sp. nov. (Niaceae, Agaricales) from Red Sea mangroves in Saudi Arabia with comments on Nia vibrissa

An undescribed Nia species was recorded from intertidal decayed wood of Avicennia marina collected from Red Sea mangroves in Saudi Arabia. Nia lenicarpa sp. nov. is characterized by smooth basidiomes, growing singly or in groups of 2 to 10 confluent basidiomes, with a three-layered, thick peridium and 4-spored basidia. Nia lenicarpa differs from N. vibrissa by having smaller basidiomes without peridial hairs but with thick peridia, larger basidia and basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA placed N. lenicarpa in a monophyletic clade with two N. vibrissa clades. There are no molecular data available for the other two Nia species; N. epidermoidea and N. globispora. The morphology of N. vibrissa from driftwood collected from a beach in Japan is illustrated. Vertical sections of basidiomes of the Japanese material showed the presence of an outer peridium that is formed by the tips of the peridial hairs which was not reported before. This supports the presence of several cryptic species in the N. vibrissa complex.

A hidden basidiolichen rediscovered: Omphalina oreades is a separate species in the genus Lichenomphalia (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)

AbstractMolecular studies have shown the type collection of Omphalina oreades to be conspecific with a small brown basidiolichen from the Appalachian range in Newfoundland, both with 4-spored basidia. Two sequences deposited in GenBank, originally identified as O. grisella, fell in the same clade. Sequences of the type collection of Omphalia grisella, with 2-spored basidia, formed a sister clade together with two GenBank deposits, one identified as O. grisella and the other as Omphalina velutina. Omphalina oreades is recombined here as Lichenomphalia oreades comb. nov., and the species redescribed and illustrated. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) from the algae associated with two collections of L. oreades fell within a highly supported clade with members of an undetermined species of Coccomyxa. The most abundant algal ribosomal large subunit sequence from granules at the base of a different collection matched GenBank sequences identified as Chloroidium ellipsoideum, which is probably either a free-living algal species or a partner to a species of Trapeliopsis. The second most abundant sequence matched Coccomyxa subellipsoidea and is the most likely photobiont of L. oreades. Further studies are required to elucidate the relationship of L. velutina to these taxa.

­­­Laccaria rubroalba sp. nov. (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) from Southwestern China

The novel species Laccaria rubroalba is described from Southwestern China by using both morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is characterized by small basidiomata; reddish white pileus when moist or young, white to pale when dry; 4-spored basidia and globose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, moderately echinulate basidiospores. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS sequence data confirmed the separation of this new species from other closely related species in the genus Laccaria. The new species is compared with similar taxa. A description, line drawings and colour photographs of the new species, and phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.

A new Laccaria species from cloud forest of Fortuna, Panama

A new species of Agaricales, called Laccaria stellata, was collected in a premontane cloud forest in the Fortuna Forest Reserve, Panama, and it is described based on morphological and molecular characteristics. It differs morphologically from all known species of Laccaria by minute, pinkish-orange colored basidiomata, a very thin and translucent pileus, very distant lamellae, 4-spored basidia, and globose basidiospores covered by relatively large echinulae. Molecular rDNA sequence data confirm the separation of this new species from other Laccaria species for which rDNA sequence data are available.

Five new species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India

Five new species of Inocybe, I. iringolkavensis, I. keralensis, I. kuruvensis, I. muthangensis and I. wayanadensis, are described from Kerala state, India, based on morphological and molecular data. All are associated with trees belonging to Dipterocarpaceae. Inocybe iringolkavensis is characterized by nodulose to somewhat stellate basidiospores, 1–4-spored basidia, and caulocystidia restricted to the stipe apex. Inocybe keralensis has a yellowish brown pileus, lamellae with whitish, serrate edges, smooth, ellipsoidal basidiospores and a duplex pileipellis with the superficial hyphae devoid of encrustations and encrusted hyphae beneath. The diagnostic features of I. kuruvensis include a dark brown pileus, stipe with a whitish base and grayish brown, floccose-fibrillose surface, nodulose basidiospores with saddle-shaped projections and faintly encrusted paracystidia with refractive contents. Violet basidiomata with a rimose, hygrophanous pileus, densely pruinose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, and nodulose basidiospores are the major features of I. muthangensis. Inocybe wayanadensis is characterized by small, whitish basidiomata, a viscid pileus with a rimulose surface, a densely pruinose and fibrillose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, nodulose basidiospores, thick-walled pleuro- cheilo- and caulocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. The phylogenetic relationships of these new species are inferred from an analysis of nuc rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the 28S gene. Except I. keralensis, which belongs to the Pseudosperma clade, all other species belong to the Inocybe clade. This study represents the second report of an Inocybe species (I. muthangensis) that combines violet basidiomata with nodulose basidiospores.

Three new Laccaria species from Southwest China (Yunnan)

In this paper descriptions of three new Laccaria species from Southwest China (Yunnan) are reported. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and molecular data have been studied to describe the new species and delineate them within the genus Laccaria. The first species Laccaria fulvogrisea is characterized by a grey to brownish coloured fruiting body and large echinulate spores. Laccaria aurantia is characterized by the deeply orange colour and globose balloon-like spores with a fine echinulate ornament. The third species Laccaria yunnanensis has large barrel-shaped pleurocystidia and a brownish to flesh-coloured fruiting body. All three species have 4-spored basidia and were found near or within Quercus and Lithocarpus mixed broad leaved forests at an altitude of above 2,000 m.

Mycena guldeniana – a new alpine species from Norway

Mycena guldeniana (section Polyadelphia) is proposed for an agaric found in alpine areas of south Norway that is here described, illustrated and compared with other species of the section. The new species grows on fallen, decaying leaves under Salix spp. or occasionally on small twigs in the same habitat and is characterized by its small size, greyish brown pileus, 4-spored basidia, smooth cheilocystidia, prominent, wide terminal cells of the pileipellis hyphae, and clamp connections. Phylogenetic analyses of nucLSU support the taxon within Mycena and genetically distinct from the morphologically similar M. terena.

Two new species of Laccaria (Basidiomycetes) from China

Laccaria alba and L. angustilamella are described as new species. The former is characterized by its white to whitish basidioma, 4-spored basidia, and globose to subglobose basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and the latter is by its basidioma with a furfuraceous, pinkish flesh-colored pileus with a thin context, low lamellae, a fibrillose, brownish red stipe and 4-spored basidia that bear globose to subglobose basidiospores with long and broad echinulae.

Australian truffle-like fungi. VI* Gigasperma (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) and Horakiella gen.nov. (Basidiomycotina, Sclerodermataceae)

Re-examination of both species assigned too the genus Gigasperma reveals significant differences between the two taxa that warrant separation at the order level. Gigasperma cryptica is characterised by large, smooth, extremely thick-walled, reddish brown spores borne on 4-spored basidia as in some Agaricales. Horakiella clelandii gen. et comb. nov. differs in its ornamented, hyaline to pale brown spores enclosed by nurse hyphae as in the Sclerodermatales.* Part V, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1992, 5, 631–8.

Characteristics of some species ofLaccaria, a fungal genus of significance to forestry, temperate and tropical

With an increasing interest in the use of selected fungi for the production of sheathing (ecto-) mycorrhizas by controlled inoculations, attempts were made to identify collections ofLaccaria fruitbodies from woodland and forest sites in central Scotland and at high altitudes in southern India. Although the sizes of individual fruitbodies within collections varied appreciably, it was nonetheless possible to sort the collections into 2 groups using mean sizes: one group with (i) stipes (stalks) about 7 mm long and 1 mm diam. and (ii) pilei (caps) 10 mm diam., and a second group with appreciably larger fruitbodies. The group of larger fruitbodies was found to contain collections with either 2- or 4-spored basidia; the basidia in the group of small fruitbodies were all 2-spored. Although of similar sizes, spores of the 4-spored specimens had different shapes as judged by the ratios (Q values) of spore length: spore width, separately assessed for each spore with its apiculus in view. They were either globose (Q=1·01) with 8·6 spines per 9 μm2, each spine being on average 1·01 μm tall—a description conforming toLaccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Bk. and Br- or elliptical (Q=1·20) with 16·3 spines per 9 μm2, each spine being only 0·72 μm tall—a description conforming toLaccaria proxima (Boud.) Pat. The spores of the group of large fruitbodies with 2-spored basidia were globose, like those ofLaccaria laccata, but slightly larger and with more spines per unit area, 11·3 per 9 μm2, a description conforming toLaccaria ohiensis (Mont.) Sing. The spores of the group of small fruitbodies with 2-spored basidia were similarly globose but, in contrast, were appreciably larger, 10·1×9·6 μm (compared with 6·3×6·3 μm forL. laccata), with taller (1·91 μm) and fewer spines, 4·2 per 9 μm2, a description conforming toLaccaria tortilis (Bolt.) S. F. Gray. Laccaria laccata, Laccaria proxima andLaccaria tortilis were collected in Scotland;Laccaria proxima andLaccaria ohiensis in India. Contrary to expectationLaccaria laccata was found less frequently thanLaccaria proxima, the fruitbodies of both being sometimes outnumbered by those ofLaccaria tortilis in young stands ofBetula spp.