4-hydroxycoumarin Derivatives Research Articles

Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents against acute lung injury and colitis

Acute lung injury (ALI) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are common inflammatory illnesses that seriously affect people's health. Herein, a series of 4-hydroxylcoumarin (4-HC) derivatives were designed and synthesized. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from J774A.1 cells were then screened via ELISA assay, compound B8 showed 3 times more active than the lead compound 4-HC. The most active compound B8 had the IC50 values of 4.57 μM and 6.51 μM for IL-6 release on mouse cells J774A.1 and human cells THP-1, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that B8 could act on the MAPK pathway. Based on the target prediction results of computer virtual docking, kinase inhibitory assay was carried out, and it revealed that targeting IRAK1 was a key mechanism for B8 to exert anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, B8 exerted a good therapeutic effect on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and liposaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse models. The acute toxicity experiments indicated that high-dose B8 caused no adverse reactions in mice, confirming its safety in vivo. Additionally, the preliminary pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of B8 in SD rats were also examined, revealing a bioavailability (F) of 28.72%. In conclusion, B8 is a potential candidate of drug for the treatment of ALI and colitis.

Fishing antioxidant 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro assessments.

Coumarins represent a diverse class of natural compounds whose importance in pharmaceutical and agri-food sectors has motivated multiple novel synthetic derivatives with broad applicability. The phenolic moiety in 4-hydroxycoumarins underscores their potential to modulate the equilibrium between free radicals and antioxidant species within biological systems. The aim of this work was to assess the antioxidant activity of 18 4-hydroxycoumarin coumarin derivatives, six of which are commercially available and the other 12 were synthesized and chemically characterized and described herein. The 4-hydroxycoumarins were prepared by a two steps synthetic strategy with satisfactory yields. Their antioxidant potential was evaluated through three in vitro methods, two free radical-scavenging assays (DPPH• and ABTS•+) and a metal chelating activity assay. Six synthetic coumarins (4a, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4k, 4l) had a scavenging capacity of DPPH• higher than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50=0.58mmol/L) and compound 4a (4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one) with an IC50=0.05mmol/L outperformed both BHT and ascorbic acid (IC50=0.06mmol/L). Nine hydroxycoumarins had a scavenging capacity against ABTS•+ greater (C3, 4a, 4c) or comparable (C1, C2, C4, C6, 4g, 4l) to Trolox (IC50=34.34µmol/L). Meanwhile, the set had a modest ferrous chelation capacity, but most of them (C2, C5, C6, 4a, 4b, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l) reached up to more than 20% chelating ability percentage. Collectively, this research work provides valuable structural insights that may determine the scavenging and metal chelating activity of 4-hydroxycoumarins. Notably, substitutions at the C6 position appeared to enhance scavenging potential, while the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups showed promise in augmenting chelation efficiency.

Comparative study of experimental and DFT calculations for 3-cinnamoyl 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives.

Computational research plays an important role in predicting the chemical and physical properties of biologically active compounds important in future structural modifications to improve or modify biological activity. This research focuses on quantum chemical and spectroscopic investigations properties of synthesized 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives. Quantum chemical calculations were obtained using B3LYP, HF, and M06-2x level methods with the 6-31++G (d,p) basis set. Afterward, IR, 1H, 13C, UV-Visible experimentally parameters were compared with the results obtained using the B3LYP/6-31+G*(d) basis set of the molecules to be able to characterize the structures. Based on the quantum chemical calculations compound with acetamido group on the phenyl ring is the most reactive, and compound with nitro substituent is the least reactive and the the strongest electrophile among tested compounds. With the exception of compounds with dimethylamino group, all other compounds have a pronounced tautomer between between OH and C = O group. The calculated and experimental values are in agreement with each other. The molecular structure in the ground state of six 3-cinnamoyl 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives was optimized using density functional theory. The observed and computed values were compared and it can be concluded that the theoretical results were in good linear agreement with the experimental data.

Utjecaj supstituenta i otapala na spektralna svojstva 3-supstituiranih derivata 4-hidroksikumarina

Utjecaj supstituenta i otapala na spektralna svojstva 3-supstituiranih derivata 4-hidroksikumarina

Effect of hydroxyl position on antioxidant ability of hydroxycoumarin derivatives: A theoretical investigation

Effect of the OH group position on the antioxidant ability of hydroxycoumarin derivatives (HOC) was investigated by quantum chemical computation. Frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential, and thermodynamic parameters were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that 3-HOC, 6-HOC, and 7-HOC exhibit as the best reactants with free radicals through analysis of global reactivity descriptor values, meanwhile H (in OH groups) of 4-HOC, 5-HOC, 6-HOC, and 7-HOC molecules are the most preferable sites for nucleophilic attacks. Besides, thermodynamic and kinetic studies reveal hydrogen atomic transfer is the primary mechanism when hydroxycoumarin derivatives react with HOO• free radical in the gas phase and pentyl ethanoate. Hydrogen atomic transfer products account for over 97 % of the total products of hydrogen atomic transfer and radical adduct formation mechanisms. According to the study, 6-HOC is the most effective scavenger of free radicals when compared to other derivatives, with a rate constant of 1.38 × 104 M−1s−1 in the gas phase and 6.5 × 103 M−1s−1 in pentyl ethanoate. The interaction of O20∙∙∙H21 in the transition state of 6-HOC is crucial in stabilizing its structure. This finding suggests that 6-HOC can be a potential candidate for developing antioxidants for various applications in the medical and industrial fields. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms by which antioxidants can scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress.

Design of a structure-activity relationship model of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) inhibitors combining chemical synthesis of new compounds, enzymatic assays and molecular modelling

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) anticoagulants have been used since the 1950s as medicines and rodenticides. These molecules are mainly 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives and act by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), an endoplasmic reticulum membrane resident enzyme. However, many VKORC1 mutations have been reported over the last decade, inducing VKAs resistances and thus treatments failures. Although studies have reported experimental and computational investigations of VKAs based on VKORC1 structural homology models, the development of new effective anticoagulants has been quite complex due to the lack of structural data and reliable structure–activity relationships. However, the recent publication of VKORC1 crystal structure provides new information for further studies. Based on these findings, we combined chemical synthesis, enzymatic assays and molecular modelling methods to design a structure–activity relationship (SAR) model. Our results proved that the lipophilicity, the membrane permeability of inhibitors and their affinity towards human VKORC1 enzyme are the main characteristics for potent anticoagulants. Our SAR model managed to rank compounds according to their ability to inhibit the human VKORC1. Such a tool might constitute an alternative to evaluate new molecules potency before their chemical synthesis and biological assessment and might assist the development of new VKAs.

Preparation of a magnetic copper NNN pincer complex as an efficient catalyst in the synthesis of 4-(phenylethynyl) and 4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)coumarin derivatives

In this study, a 3-amino-trimethoxysilane-modified magnetic support was prepared and functionalized with furan-2-carbohydrazide through 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as an organic linker to form a nitrogen rich pincer type ligand for copper coordination. The structure and morphology of the prepared nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2-FCH (NNN pincer)/Cu) was confirmed with various techniques including FT-IR, FE-SEM, VSM, TEM, ICP, XRD, and EDX analysis. The amount of Cu in the nanocomposite was determined to be 9.9%wt. Then, its application in the synthesis of 4-(phenylethynyl)coumarin derivatives through CC bond formation between substituted 4-hydroxycoumarin and phenylacetylene derivatives was evaluated. After functionalizing of 4-position in 4-hydroxycoumarins with phenylacetylene derivatives, sodium azide was added and substituted 4-triazole-coumarins were synthesized in the presence of low amount of Fe3O4@SiO2-FCH (NNN pincer)/Cu nanocatalyst. The nanocatalyst was easy separated using of an external magnet and reused at least four run without reduction in its activity.

Development of novel ferrocene‐based MNP and its catalytic activity investigation in the synthesis of 3‐amino benzyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives

In the present study, a nanomagnetic bisethylferrocene‐containing ionic liquid (IL) supported on silica‐coated Fe3O4, [Fe3O4@SiO2@{CH2}3‐Imidazolium‐Fc{H2PO4}], was designed and synthesized as a novel catalyst using a simple chemical co‐precipitation procedure. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified by using EDX, FE‐SEM, XRD, and FT‐IR techniques. The catalytic activities of the novel magnetic nanoparticle were tested in the one‐pot synthesis of hydroxycoumarin derivatives through the three‐component reaction (t‐CR) between 4‐hydroxycoumarin, various aromatic aldehydes, and secondary amines at room temperature. Based on the obtained results, the prepared nano‐catalyst has progressed through a t‐CR due to the presence of acidic and basic segments in its structure. The short reaction time, high yield, eco‐friendly properties, and easy work‐up are some of the advantages of new synthesized nanomagnetic catalysts. The easy separation of the new magnetic catalyst from the reaction mixture makes it possible to reuse it after washing and drying.

Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic [3 + 2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of Enantioenriched Dihydrofuro[3,2-c]coumarins and its Quinolinone and Thiocoumarin Analogues.

A copper(II)-P,N,N-ligand catalyzed propargylic [3 + 2] cycloaddition approach for the synthesis of optically enriched dihydrofuro[3,2-c]coumarins has been accomplished for the first time. The cycloaddition utilizes propargylic esters as C2-bis-electrophiles and 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives as C,O-bis-nucleophiles. In addition, this novel strategy was also explored with 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinones and 4-hydroxythiocoumarins. Moreover, various dihydrofuro[3,2-c]coumarins and their quinolinone and thiocoumarin analogues were synthesized in moderate to good yields with high enantioselectivities.

A 7-Hydroxy 4-Methylcoumarin Enhances Melanogenesis in B16-F10 Melanoma Cells.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the melanogenetic potentials of the naturally occurring 7-hydroxy coumarin derivatives 7-hydroxy 5,6-dimethoxycoumarin (7H-5,6DM), 7-hydroxy 6,8-dimethoxycoumarin (7H-6,8DM), 7-hydroxy 6-methoxycoumarin (7H-6M), and 7-hydroxy 4-methylcoumarin (7H-4M) in the melanogenic cells model for murine B16F10 melanoma cells. The initial results indicated that melanin production and intracellular tyrosinase activity were significantly stimulated by 7H-4M but not by 7H-5,6DM, 7H-6,8DM, or 7H-6M. Therefore, our present study further investigated the melanogenic effects of 7H-4M in B16-F10 cells, as well as its mechanisms of action. In a concentration-dependent manner, 7H-4M increased intracellular tyrosinase activity, leading to the accumulation of melanin without affecting the viability of B16-F10 cells. Our study further investigated the effects of 7H-4M on melanogenesis, including its ability to promote tyrosinase activity, increase melanin content, and activate molecular signaling pathways. The results indicate that 7H-4M effectively stimulated tyrosinase activity and significantly increased the expression of melanin synthesis-associated proteins, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and TRP2. Based on our findings, we can conclude that 7H-4M has the ability to activate the melanogenesis process through the upregulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Additionally, our study showed that 7H-4M induced melanogenic effects by downregulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthesis kinase-3β (GSK-3β) cascades, while upregulating the JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Finally, the potential of using 7H-4M in topical applications was tested through primary human skin irritation tests. During these tests, no adverse reactions were induced by 7H-4M. In summary, our results indicate that 7H-4M regulates melanogenesis through various signaling pathways such as GSK3β/β-catenin, AKT, PKA/CREB, and MAPK. These findings suggest that 7H-4M has the potential to prevent the development of pigmentation diseases.

Construction of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters via ternary catalysis.

4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives represent one of the most important scaffolds in biologically active substances, pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Herein, we describe an efficient Pd/amine/Brønsted acid ternary-catalytic multicomponent reaction for the rapid construction of substituted 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters via convergent assembly of two in situ generated active intermediates. Furthermore, the late-stage transformations of coumarin derivatives and their in vitro trial of antitumor activity successfully demonstrated the potential utilities of the products as platform molecules.

EGFR and PI3K/m-TOR inhibitors: design, microwave assisted synthesis and anticancer activity of thiazole-coumarin hybrids.

A series of thiazoline and thiazolidinone-based 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives were synthesized using both conventional synthesis procedures and microwave-assisted techniques. The new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effect against three human cancer cell lines; MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 and one normal human cell line (BJ-1). The promising anti-proliferative compounds 2a, 2b, 6a and 6b were assessed for inhibiting EGFR and PI3K/mTOR. Compound 6a showed the highest inhibition activity towards the signaling pathway. The apoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest potential of derivative 6a were examined. Moreover, the molecular docking, physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of the promising compound were investigated, as well.

Direct synthesis of alkylated 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives via a cascade Cu-catalyzed dehydrogenation/conjugate addition sequence.

An efficient approach for the direct synthesis of alkylated 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives via a Cu-catalyzed cascade dehydrogenation/conjugate addition sequence starting from simple saturated ketones and 4-hydroxycoumarins has been developed. This protocol features excellent functional-group tolerance, easy scale-up, and a broad substrate scope including bioactive molecules. More importantly, a series of marketed drugs, such as warfarin, acenocoumarol, coumachlor, and coumafuryl, can be obtained by this method.

Synthesis of coumarin derivatives and investigation of their inhibitory effects on lung cancer cell motility

Based on the pharmaceutical potentials of coumarins, which have antitumor activity, we synthesized new coumarin derivatives and evaluated their biological activities. The new coumarin derivatives were chemically synthesized from 4-hydroxycoumarin, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance data. Ten of the synthesized compounds were investigated for antimetastatic activity against lung carcinoma cells. Several of the tested compounds showed good to mild inhibitory effects on lung cancer cell motility. There were no cytotoxic effects related to the use of these compounds. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives, 4h and 4i, elicited the significant inhibitory effect on lung cancer cell motility by suppressing expression of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers N-cadherin, Snail, and Twist.

GLP-1 Targeted Novel 3-phenyl-7-hydroxy Substituted Coumarins Mitigate STZ-induced Pancreatic Damage and Improve Glucose Homeostasis in OGTT Method.

Worldwide, type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for a considerable burden of disease, with an estimated global cost of >800 billion USD annually. For this reason, the search for more effective and efficient therapeutic anti-diabetic agents is continuing. Recent studies support the search for coumarins or related compounds with potential blood glucose-lowering properties. The study aims to design, synthesize and evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of a new class of 7-hydroxy coumarin derivatives. To explore and establish the in-silico-driven pharmacological role of a new class of 7- hydroxy coumarin derivatives as the therapeutic strategies against type 2 diabetes mellitus. A new class of 7-hydroxy coumarin derivatives was designed by assessment of their physicochemical properties and molecular docking against the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. Two novel series of 30 compounds were synthesized. The chemical structures of all the synthesized analogues have been elucidated by spectral studies of IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. After considering the molecular docking score and their physicochemical properties, the compounds were screened out for the evaluation of their hypoglycemic potential. The compounds were investigated for their hypoglycemic activity using a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic model and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) method at different dose levels. The molecular docking studies of synthesized derivatives reveal significant molecular interaction with the various amino acid residues of the GLP-1 receptor. IR spectral analysis revealed a strong band of -NH stretching in the range of 3406.7-3201.61 cm-1 and one strong band for the lactone carbonyl group of the coumarin ring in the range of 1722.0-1703.5 cm-1, confirming the chemical structure of all produced compounds. The synthesized coumarin analogues with the best docking score exhibited remarkable hypoglycemic potential as assessed by the STZ model and the OGTT method. Coumarin derivatives explored a good structure-activity relationship (SAR) and produced significant hypoglycemic potential.

Metal-Free, Adjustable, and Recyclable Catalytic Systems for the Construction of C–C Bonds by Activating Propargylic Alcohols

Pyrano[3,2-c]coumarin derivatives and C3-substituted 4-hydroxycoumarins as important skeletal structures of active natural products and pharmaceutically relevant molecules have received increasing attention. However, developing an adjustable system for selectively synthesizing them is still a challenging task. Herein, sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquid was successfully used as the catalyst for the alkylation of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives with secondary aromatic propargylic alcohols using dimethyl carbonate as the green solvent, giving up to 98% yield. On the other hand, protonated imidazole-based ionic liquid-catalyzed cyclization was also selectively achieved with a nearly quantitative yield. Developed metal-free catalytic systems exhibited well adjustable and recyclable properties, avoiding the contamination of metal and halogen, reducing the neutralization after the reaction, and benefiting the separation between the catalyst and the product. New strategies were applied for performing the gram-scale reaction smoothly. The adjustable systems might occur through two different mechanisms involving propargylic or allenic carbocation and hydrogen bonding effects between the catalysts and the substrates.

Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives: A New Class of Coumarin-Based G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activators and Inhibitors.

To expand the range of daphnetin-based inhibitors/activators used for targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in disease treatment, twenty-five coumarin derivatives 1–25, including 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives with various substitution patterns/groups at C3-/4- positions, were synthesized via mild Pechmann condensation and hydroxyl modification. The structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS. Their inhibition or activation activities relative to GPCRs were evaluated by double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS–ELISA) in vitro. The results showed that most of the coumarin derivatives possessed a moderate GPCR activation or inhibitory potency. Among them, derivatives 14, 17, 18, and 21 showed a remarkable GPCR activation potency, with EC50 values of 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, and 0.02 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, derivatives 4, 7, and 23 had significant GPCR inhibitory potencies against GPCRs with IC50 values of 0.15, 0.02, and 0.76 nM, respectively. Notably, the acylation of hydroxyl groups at the C-7 and C-8 positions of 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin skeleton or the etherification of the hydroxyl group at the C-7 position of the 7-hydroxycoumarin skeleton could successfully change GPCRs activators into inhibitors. This work demonstrated a simple and efficient approach to developing coumarin derivatives as remarkable GPCRs activators and inhibitors via molecular diversity-based synthesis.

Alkyl esters of umbelliferone-4-acetic acid as protonophores in bilayer lipid membranes and ALDH2-dependent soft uncouplers in rat liver mitochondria

A great variety of coumarin-related compounds, both natural and synthetic, being often brightly fluorescent, have shown themselves beneficial in medicine for both therapeutic and imaging purposes. Here, in search for effective uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, we synthesized a series of 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone, UB) derivatives combining rather high membrane affinity with the presence of a hydroxyl group deprotonable at physiological pH - alkyl esters of umbelliferone-4-acetic acid (UB-4 esters) differing in alkyl chain length. Addition of UB-4 esters to isolated rat liver mitochondria (RLM) resulted in their rapid depolarization, unexpectedly followed by membrane potential recovery on a minute time scale. According to TLC and HPLC data, incubation of RLM with UB-4 esters caused their hydrolysis, which led to disappearance of the uncoupling activity (recoupling). Both mitochondrial recoupling and hydrolysis of UB-4 esters were suppressed by inhibitors of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), disulfiram and daidzin, thus pointing to the involvement of this enzyme in the recoupling of RLM incubated with UB-4 esters. The protonophoric mechanism of mitochondrial uncoupling by UB-4 esters was proved in experiments with artificial bilayer lipid membranes (BLM): these compounds induced proton-selective electrical current across planar BLM and caused dissipation of pH gradient on liposomes. UB-4 esters showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Synthesis, characterization and investigating the binding mechanism of novel coumarin derivatives with human serum albumin: Spectroscopic and computational approach

Two 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives: (E)-3-(1-((4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)amino) -ethylidene)chromane-2,4‑dione (L1) and (E)-3-(1-((3‑hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-amino)ethylidene) chromane-2,4‑dione (L2), were prepared and structurally characterized by spectroscopic techniques in combination with the B3LYP-D3BJ theoretical method. The interactions between newly synthesized compounds and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated under physiological conditions at 296,303, and 310 K by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulations. The results of absorption and fluorescence spectral analysis showed that ligands quenched HSA fluorescence through a static process. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0 were calculated according to Van't Hoff's equation. The obtained results indicated that compounds bind spontaneously to HSA mainly by van der Waals's forces and through hydrogen bonds. Ligand-competitive displacement experiments, using known site-specific ligands for HSA's binding sites (I and II) suggest that ligands had a higher affinity for site I (subdomain IIA). The results of the computational analysis follow the experimental data, and the obtained results suggest that the investigated compounds show a good binding affinity according to the HSA receptor, which will be useful for future studies related to rational drug design.

Zn(OAc)2.2H2O-Catalyzed C3-alkylation and O-alkylation of 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives

or the C3-alkylation and O-alkylation of 4-hydroxycoumarins with benzylic, allylic, and corresponding acetates, respectively, under neat conditions at 60 0C with high product yield, Zn(OAc)2.2H2O has been found to be an effective reusable solid superacid catalyst.