3G Cellular Technology Research Articles

Determination of the Relationship between Cell Network Parameters with a Cubic Hermite Spline

One of the most urgent tasks during the organization of cellular networks is the task of improving the quality of service provision by the cellular operator. The paper presents a method for determining the relationship between the cellular network parameters KPI and KQI by using cubic Hermite spline. First of all, the theoretical principle of calculating and constructing a cubic Hermite spline is given in satisfaction of the conditions of the least squares’ method. The use of splines, as a signal model, can significantly improve the quality of signal processing due to the continuity of values and part of the derivatives in the nodes of spline gluing. Cubic Hermite splines, in turn, differ in their simplicity of calculations from the global one, which ensures high performance in computing, which is important for real-time operation when processing large amounts of data.On the basis of this, to evaluate the use of this spline an experimental study was conducted to establish the functional dependence between KPI and KQI network parameters. Namely, within the framework of the work, the Internet access service has been tested on the basis of the use of 3G cellular technology. The experiment consists of 50 experiments. Data was obtained under constant external conditions to ensure the purity of the experiment. On the basis of the measured data for each parameter, the ordinates vector of the spline bonding nodes was calculated and an approximation of the parameters was made using Cubic Hermite splines.The next step is to establish the influence degree of each KPI parameter on the single KQI parameter. The analytical connection coefficients were found taking into account that the mean square error of the KQI parameter prediction from the KPI parameters would be minimal. As a result, on the above data basis, the statistical alignment of the time series of the KQI parameter was performed, that is, it was leveled the KQI physics process using already found KPI approximated parameters.The use of splines allows us to find not only statistical estimates of the desired parameters of the spline approximations, but also their confidence intervals, which increases the accuracy and reliability of the results and it is undoubtedly the advantage of the chosen approach. In our case, this allows you to get a KQI forecast from KPI.In the future, research under such conditions will be followed by the implementation of a specific KPI parameter choice in order to its improvement to improve the quality of service provided to users of the cellular communication operator.Ref. 11, fig. 10.

Measuring the Performance of Handover Mechanisms in UMTS for Diverse Traffic Services Classes to Improve QoS

Cellular technologies are continuously growing. Because of these reason, 3G cellular technology has been implemented. In UMTS, services are categorized into four UMTS quality of services classes. The handover is significant characteristic of UMTS technology and is the major problem faced in implementation phase. The efficient handover process defines QoS of network. This paper addresses the analysis of different handover scenarios executed in 3G UMTS network for four different qualities of service classes. Different scenarios are created for soft and hard handovers in OPNET 14.5 Modeler simulator and conclusion are compiled for each quality of service class from analysis of results.

Impact of spectrum management policy on the penetration of 3G technology

Diffusion of 3G cellular technology varies widely across countries and regions. Past studies have shown that lower levels of diffusion of previous technologies and higher levels of income are significant factors in accelerating the take up of 1st and 2nd generation of mobile telephony. In addition, spectrum management policy plays a significant role in shaping 3G diffusion. Regulatory policies regarding spectrum management include mandating band and technology and decisions to hold spectrum auctions. An econometric analysis over a multi-country panel dataset shows that these spectrum management policies do have significant influence on the take-up of 3G. Findings suggest that the presence of multiple technologies for the previous generation is associated with rollout delay. The estimations indicate that countries that mandated a specific frequency band for 3G saw faster roll out, but in the long run those countries experienced a slower growth rate. Also estimations find that 3G diffusion is not significantly affected by the choice of auctions vs. alternative license award processes. Insights gained from this study of the 2G to 3G transition can provide guidance to regulators now contemplating the transition to newer generations.

A Cross-National Analysis of the Effect of Spectrum Management Policy on the Penetration of 3G Technology

Adoption of 3G cellular technology varies widely across countries and regions. Past scholarly works have shown that lower levels of adoption of previous technology and higher levels of income are significant factors in accelerating the take up of new technology in mobile telephony. This apart, spectrum management policy also plays a significant role in shaping 3G diffusion. Regulatory policies regarding spectrum management include standardization of band and technology and decisions to hold spectrum auctions. Our econometric analysis over a multi-country panel dataset shows that these spectrum management policies do have significant influence on the take up of 3G. Findings suggest that presence of multiple technologies for previous generation may delay the rollout. Mandating band can promote faster roll out, but in the long run can slow down the growth. We also find that auctions cause the countries to reach inflection point earlier but do not affect growth significantly. Insights gained from this study of the 2G to 3G transition can provide guidance to regulators now contemplating the transition to the newer generations.

Wireless Image Streaming in Mobile Ultrasound

This work evaluates the feasibility of using 802.11 g ad hoc and 3G cellular broadband networks to wirelessly stream ultrasound video in real-time. Telemedicine ultrasound applications in events such as disaster relief and first-response triage can incorporate these technologies, enabling onsite medical personnel to receive assistance with diagnostic decisions by remote medical experts. The H.264 scalable video codec was used to encode echocardiographic video streams at various image resolutions (video graphics array [VGA] and quarter video graphics array [QVGA]) and frame rates (10, 15, 20, and 30 frames/s). The video stream was transmitted using 802.11 g and 3G cellular technologies, and pertinent transmission parameters such as data rate, packet loss, delay jitter, and latency were measured. 802.11 g permits high frame rate and VGA resolution and has low latency and jitter, but it is suitable only for short communication ranges, whereas the 3G cellular network allows medium to low frame rate streaming at QVGA image resolution with medium latency. However, video streaming can take place from any location with 3G service to any other site with Internet connectivity. The transmitted ultrasound video streams were subsequently recorded and evaluated by physicians with expertise in medical ultrasonography who evaluated the diagnostic value of the received video streams relative to the original videos. They expressed the opinion that image quality in the case of both 802.11 g and 3G was fully to adequately preserved, but missed frames could momentarily decrease the diagnostic value. This research demonstrates that 3G and 802.11 g wireless networks combined with efficient video compression make diagnostically valuable wireless streaming of ultrasound video feasible.

Interworked WiMAX-3G cellular data networks: An architecture for mobility management and performance evaluation

This paper proposes an architecture for interworking heterogeneous all-IP networks with an in-depth analysis of its performance. The novelty of this framework is that it freely enables any 3G cellular technology, such as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or the CDMA 2000 system, to interwork with a given broadband wireless access (BWA) system, such as the Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) network or the wireless local area network (WLAN) via a common signaling plane. As a universal coupling mediator for real-time session negotiation and management between these dissimilar networks, the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) has been exploited. The analytical evaluation investigates the behavior of handoff delay, transient packet loss, jitter, and signaling cost during a vertical handoff for the given framework. Finally, an OPNET based simulation platform has been introduced for the verification of the analytical model and results.

An analytical evaluation of mobility management in integrated WLAN-UMTS networks

Ensuring uninterrupted service continuity for handoff calls in an all-IP inter-networked heterogeneous environment requires successful session management among participating access networks. As such, a mobility-aware novel interworking architecture is presented in this article that facilitates session management including session establishment and seamless session handoff across different networks. This framework conveniently enables any 3G cellular technology such as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to interwork with a given Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) network or the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) under a common signaling platform. This framework exploits the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as a universal coupling mediator for real-time session negotiation and management. Next, a Queuing Theory based analytical model for evaluating the performance of vertical handoff management between these interworked 3rd Generation (3G) cellular networks and the WLANs is presented. The analysis includes vertical handoff performance measures such as delay, transient packet loss, jitter, and signaling overhead/cost. The latter part of this paper presents some results from OPNET based simulations for the verification of the analytical model and results.

Modelling a reliable wind/PV/storage power system for remote radio base station sites without utility power

The development of photovoltaic (PV) cells has made steady progress from the early days, when only the USA space program could afford to deploy them, to now, seeing them applied to roadside applications even in our Northern European climes. The manufacturing cost per watt has fallen and the daylight-to-power conversion efficiency increased. At the same time, the perception that the sun has to be directly shining on it for a PV array to work has faded. On some of those roadside applications, particularly for remote emergency telephones or for temporary roadwork signage where a utility electrical power connection is not practical, the keen observer will spot, usually in addition to a PV array, a small wind-turbine and an electrical cabinet quite obviously (by virtue of its volume) containing a storage battery. In the UK, we have the lions share (>40%) of Europe's entire wind power resource although, despite press coverage of the “anti-wind” lobby to the contrary, we have hardly started to harvest this clean and free energy source. Taking this (established and proven) roadside solution one step further, we will consider higher power applications. A cellular phone system is one where a multitude of remote radio base stations (RBS) are required to provide geographical coverage. With networks developing into the so called “3G” technologies the need for base stations has tripled, as each 3G cell covers only 1/3 the geographical area of its “2G” counterpart. To cover >90% of the UK's topology (>97% population coverage) with 3G cellular technology will requires in excess of 12,000 radio base stations per operator network. In 2001, there were around 25,000 established sites and, with an anticipated degree of collocation by necessity, that figure is forecast to rise to >47,000. Of course, the vast majority of these sites have a convenient grid connection. However, it is easy to see that the combination of wind and PV power generation and an energy storage system may be an interesting solution for the more rural and remote applications – particularly those where an electrical supply is not available or practical – and this paper attempts to explore the current practicalities of such a power generation solution for those cellular phone base stations.

Third-generation wireless services for homeland security

Commercial third-generation (3G) cellular technologies being deployed worldwide offer a host of services that can be used to support communications among public safety officials and members of government agencies and to disseminate information to the general public. This paper reviews some of the unique requirements for voice and data services in the context of homeland security and describes how 3G CDMA2000 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗</sup> and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks satisfy many of them. It also discusses how the broadcast/multicast services (BCMCS) currently being standardized for 3G cellular technologies can provide team∗∗∗oriented voice and broadband data communications for public safety users. Finally, it proposes an architectural framework that allows the services and capabilities of homeland security wireless networks to be upgraded using commercial 3G cellular technologies while preserving the investment in legacy public safety networks.