3D Touch Research Articles

Virtual reality vs. tablet for procedural comfort using an identical game in children undergoing venipuncture: a randomized clinical trial.

Recent research has explored the effectiveness of interactive virtual experiences in managing pain and anxiety in children during routine medical procedures, compared to conventional care methods. However, the influence of the specific technology used as an interface, 3-dimensions (D) immersive virtual reality (VR) vs. 2D touch screens, during pediatric venipuncture, remains unexamined. This study aimed to determine if immersive VR is more effective than a tablet in reducing pain and anxiety during short procedures. An interactive game was designed by clinicians and psychologists, expert in pain theory, hypnosis, and procedural pain and anxiety relief, and was tailored for both VR and tablet use. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to either the Tablet or VR group. The primary outcome measures were pain and anxiety levels during the procedure. Secondary outcome measures included the need for physical restraint, duration of the procedure, enjoyment levels, and satisfaction ratings from both parents and nurses. Participants, in both groups, had low levels of pain and anxiety. Physical restraint was infrequently used, procedures were brief, and high satisfaction levels were reported by patients, parents, and nurses. This study suggests that the type of technology used as a support for the game has a minimal effect on the child's experience, with both groups reporting low pain and anxiety levels, minimal physical restraint, and high enjoyment. Despite immersive VR's technological advancements, this study underscores the value of traditional tablets with well-designed interactive games in enhancing children's wellbeing during medical procedures. [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05065307].

3D visualization technology for Learning human anatomy among medical students and residents: a meta- and regression analysis

Background3D visualization technology applies computers and other devices to create a realistic virtual world for individuals with various sensory experiences such as 3D vision, touch, and smell to gain a more effective understanding of the relationships between real spatial structures and organizations. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of 3D visualization technology in human anatomy teaching/training and explore the potential factors that affect the training effects to better guide the teaching of classroom/laboratory anatomy.MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on teaching human anatomy using 3D visualization technology. We extensively searched three authoritative databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase; the main outcomes were the participants’ test scores and satisfaction, while the secondary outcomes were time consumption and enjoyment. Heterogeneity by I² was statistically determined because I²> 50%; therefore, a random-effects model was employed, using data processing software such as RevMan, Stata, and VOSviewer to process data, apply standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval, and subgroup analysis to evaluate test results, and then conduct research through sensitivity analysis and meta-regression analysis.ResultsThirty-nine randomized controlled trials (2,959 participants) were screened and included in this study. The system analysis of the main results showed that compared with other methods, including data from all regions 3D visualization technology moderately improved test scores as well as satisfaction and enjoyment; however, the time that students took to complete the test was not significantly reduced. Meta-regression analysis also showed that regional factorsaffected test scores, whereas other factors had no significant impact. When the literature from China was excluded, the satisfaction and happiness of the 3D virtual-reality group were statistically significant compared to those of the traditional group; however, the test results and time consumption were not statistically significant.Conclusion3D visualization technology is an effective way to improve learners’ satisfaction with and enjoyment of human anatomical learning, but it cannot reduce the time required for testers to complete the test. 3D visualization technology may struggle to improve the testers’ scores. The literature test results from China are more prone to positive results and affected by regional bias.

Generation of keyboard handwriting during user authentication on mobile devices

Objectives. This article discusses a new way of generating keyboard handwriting using a touch keyboard for authentication in currently existing mobile systems.Methods. Due to the insufficient reliability of single password authentication, the proposal is to use it in combination with characteristics which correspond to handwriting on mobile devices. This article demonstrates the possibility of using individual user characteristics in the formulation of keyboard handwriting on devices with touch keyboards. The type of keyboard used affects the characteristics of keyboard handwriting, so this aspect can be used to improve password authentication reliability. The authentication process in the information environment can be supplemented with data on the nature of the impact on a touch keyboard. The use of the built-in 3D Touch function is also of interest. This is available when working on mobile devices and appliances equipped with a touch keyboard. The paper demonstrates that the use of one parameter only is insufficient for accurate authentication. The study proposes a method of determining an acceptable error range for both the touch force and the intermediate interval during authentication. For this purpose, the Laplace function which formulates the interval of each characteristic depending on the required probability of user recognition is used.Results. Touch force and the intermediate interval are sufficient to obtain the necessary characteristics, in order to formulate a refined user portrait depending on the user’s keyboard handwriting. Experimental statistics are given separately for an average sample of three different users depending on touch force. They also provide the results of authentication when using both standard deviations of pressing and the intervals when using the touch keyboard for the iOSXcode platform.Conclusions. The conclusion relates to the possibility of user authentication by keyboard handwriting, formulated on the basis of both the touch force on the keyboard symbols and intervals between pressing. Using the values of the sample mean and standard deviations allows authentication according to the required recognition probability.

Understanding the Effects of Movement Direction on 2D Touch Pointing Tasks

HCI researchers have long recognized the significant effects of movement direction on human performance, and this factor has been carefully addressed to benefit user interface design. According to our previous study (2012), the weights of the two target dimensions, width W and height H, in the extended index of difficulty (ID) for 2D pointing tasks are asymmetric and appear to vary periodically based on movement direction (θ), following a cosine function. However, this periodic effect of movement direction is uncertain for direct 2D touch pointing tasks, and a thorough understanding of the effects of movement direction on direct pointing tasks, such as on touch input surfaces, is still lacking. In this paper, we conducted two experiments on a 24-inch touch screen, with tilted and horizontal orientations respectively, to confirm the periodic effect in the context of direct pointing and illustrate its variations across different pointing tasks. At the same time, we propose a quantification formula to measure the real differences in task difficulty caused by the direction factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to do so. Using this formula, the ID values in different directions can be unified to the same scale and compared, providing a new perspective for understanding and evaluating human performance in different interaction environments.

Workshop-suited identification of thermo-elastic errors of three-axis machine tools using on-machine measurement

This paper presents a method for workshop-suited identification of thermo-elastic errors of three-axis machine tools (MTs) using on-machine measurement. For this purpose, a new design for a three dimensional artifact is presented. Using the artifact, it is possible to identify all relevant geometric errors of three-axis portal milling machines in table design. The method presented is therefore suitable for the one-time identification of geometric errors caused by manufacturing inaccuracies, assembly-related deviations and wear, and for the identification of thermally induced geometry errors over a long-term period. Since the artifact is scalable in size, it can be easily adapted to different machine sizes. The presented method thus represents a universal and inexpensive possibility to measure geometric and especially thermo-elastic errors.Within the scope of this paper, an error model was established for the investigated machine type and an artifact design was derived on the basis of this model. The suitability of the artifact for identifying thermo-elastic errors has also been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, an artifact made of thermo-invariant material (Invar) was produced. This artifact was measured cyclically on a MT with three linear axes, which was exposed to a controlled thermal load in a temperature chamber. The positions of the geometric features were collected using a 3D touch trigger probe. In addition, the ambient temperatures were recorded. The results of this measurement are discussed in this paper.

Three-Dimensional Touch Device with Two Terminals.

A crossbar array is an essential element that determines the operating position and simplifies the structure of devices. However, in the crossbar array, wiring numerous electrodes to address many positions poses significant challenges. In this study, a method is proposed that utilizes only two electrodes to determine multiple positions. The method significantly simplifies the wiring and device fabrication process. Instead of defining the node location of the crossbar, it is experimentally demonstrated that the x-y-z coordinates can be determined from i) the resistance change as a function of distance, ii) the resistance variation influenced by the electrode composition, and iii) capacitance fluctuation resulting from changes in the dielectric thickness. By employing two-terminal transparent electrodes, a fully functional 3D touch device is successfully fabricated, introducing a groundbreaking approach to simplify input device architectures.

A self-powered, high-precision and minimum-channel touch panel coupling triboelectrification and uniform resistance film

Touch panels utilizing surface-capacitive mechanism are ubiquitous in our daily life. However, the need for an additional probe signal generator and receiver module to detect the resistance distribution and variation caused by finger touching adds complexity and energy consumption to the system. Herein, we propose a self-powered and high-precision tribo-touch-position sensor (TPS) that can operate without an external probe signal generator and receiver module. By detecting the contact electrification signal and extracting the signal ratio between the edges of a uniform resistance film, TPS exhibits precise touch position detection with minimal channels. The mechanism and feasibility of this sensor is systematically analyzed from theory and experiment. Moreover, the resistance range and parameters that affect the sensing performance are discussed in depth. Compared to traditional capacitive touch panels, TPS can function in high moisture conditions and is not limited to grounded objects. Finally, the designed TPS achieves spatial resolutions of 0.001 and 1 mm in touching space and size, and a prototype 2D touch panel is fabricated experimentally. The signals ratio of 2D touch panel changes more obviously in the middle than on the sides while the fingers touch various positions. This work provides an alternative platform for simple and diverse contact localization using triboelectric effect.

3D ‘Digital Touch’ Technology to Augment the Inspection Process

GelSight is pioneering superhuman tactile sensing technology for the manufacturing industry and has won Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence’s Sixth Sense programme. It will now receive support to go global, using Hexagon’s vast resources and connection with manufacturing leaders. CEO Youssef Benmokhtar explains to Machinery more about the company’s 3D touch sensor technology

Highly Sensitive, Stretchable, and Robust Strain Sensor Based on Crack Propagation and Opening.

Soft and stretchable strain sensors have been attracting significant attention. However, the trade-off between the sensitivity (gauge factor) and the sensing range has been a major challenge. In this work, we report a soft stretchable resistive strain sensor with an unusual combination of high sensitivity, large sensing range, and high robustness. The sensor is made of a silver nanowire network embedded below the surface of an elastomeric matrix (e.g., poly(dimethylsiloxane)). Periodic mechanical cuts are applied to the top surface of the sensor, changing the current flow from uniformly across the sensor to along the conducting path defined by the open cracks. Both experiment and finite element analysis are conducted to study the effect of the slit depth, slit length, and pitch between the slits. The stretchable strain sensor can be integrated into wearable systems for monitoring physiological functions and body motions associated with different levels of strain, such as blood pressure and lower back health. Finally, a soft three-dimensional (3D) touch sensor that tracks both normal and shear stresses is developed for human-machine interfaces and tactile sensing for robotics.

Interactive 3D touch and gesture capable holographic light field display with automatic registration between user and content

AbstractThis paper presents an interactive three‐dimensional (3D) touch and gesture user interface that utilizes a light‐field display and a 3D sensor. In contrast to conventional gesture interfaces, in which usually the image space and gesture space are separated, a user can directly interact with the 3D image in this interface system. To achieve this trait, the 3D registration between the sensor and display coordinate systems is necessary. In this study, we propose a method to automatically match the position of the reconstructed 3D image with the position of the hand of the user based on scattered light detection. The proposed calibration process is automatic and enables self‐calibration during practical operation without laborious measurement work. The method allows us to use the gesture detection capabilities of the leap motion controller to develop an interface where content and gesture positions match. We show some examples of 3D touch and gesture interactions in which the gesture position and the generated content match on a light field display.

Eye MG 3D Application - A comprehensive ocular anatomy and pathophysiology 3D atlas with real-time true color confocal images to enhance ophthalmology education and e-Counseling.

Concepts pertaining to ophthalmology have lots of theoretical frameworks. Neophyte residents and novice surgeons may have to mentally visualize these concepts during the initial days of training. Only a powerful cognitive tool such as a three-dimensional (3D) eyeball model, with real-time TrueColor confocal images (and not animated images or models), can fill in these intellective mental gaps. Giving the users (i.e., residents and students) the power to choose and visualize various parts of the eye, with multiple magnitudes of zoom, is mandatory for optimal e-learning. To make ophthalmic concept learning better, we have developed a 3D app Eye MG 3D (patent pending) comprising ocular anatomy and pathophysiological 3D models, built on an advanced interactive 3D touch interface, by using patient’s real-time confocal images to serve as a new-age pedagogical tool and e-counseling. According to our knowledge, there are no applications to date that incorporate real-time high-resolution multimodal confocal fundus images and photoreal visuals for interactive and immersive 3D learning.

A Fitts' law evaluation and comparison for human and manipulator on touch task

In the near future, robots are believed to be assistants and collaborators for mankind, and robots will operate the same user interfaces with humans. Therefore, a question naturally arises whether an interface originally designed for humans is also suitable for an ordinary robot. The question is explored and discussed by considering the kinematic difference between those of humans and ordinary robots in their natural operation ways on user interface. Methodologically, Fitts' law and several motor-related factors, such as touch accuracy, tapping efficiency, etc, are used as the evaluation principles in operations. The operation difference between humans and robot on a classic pointing task on 2D touch screen is symmetrically analysed and compared. It was found that whether the robot could finish the tasks largely related to the ratio of robot's max touch error and target width. It is believed the exploration in this work provides valuable cues for future design of user interface and intelligent algorithm in human–robot collaboration.

Auto-level System on 3D Printer Bed Using Arduino and 3D Touch Probe Sensor

The development of technology today has emerged the latest technology in three-dimensional (3D) printer machines. Problems faced by 3D printers include the position of the printer bed that is not horizontal. The position of the printer bed that is not horizontal will cause the 3D print to be skewed. To overcome the problem of tilting the bed of a 3D printer, the auto-level system is needed, which is a system that can correct the position of the base so that it becomes horizontal. In this study, an auto-leveling system was designed and made for four 3D printing base support positions. The drive for the printing press uses a stepper motor with a worm gear transmission. The controller uses an Arduino board and tested various position sensors to determine the slope of the base. The sensor tested is a 3D touch probe sensor. From the test results, the 3D touch probe sensor has a height value difference of not more than 0.05mm from each measurement position. The print base slope reference point is at the center point of the print base. The position of the other corner of the base will be adjusted in height with a stepper motor drive.

Workshop-suited geometric errors identification of three-axis machine tools using on-machine measurement for long term precision assurance

In this paper we present a novel methodology for fast geometric errors identification of three-axis machine tools (MTs) using on-machine measurement. For this purpose, a new design of a three-dimensional artifact is proposed. The artifact allows to identify the linear positioning error and the two straightness errors of any linear axis of MTs with cartesian kinematics and the perpendicularity error between the axes. The prerequisite for the measurement is that the roll, pitch and yaw errors of all axes have already been measured and are negligibly small. The presented methodology is especially suitable for regular control of the machine accuracy in order to ensure the precision of the machining in the long term.As part of this work, an artifact was made of thermo-invariant material (Invar) and calibrated with an accurate coordinate measuring machine (CMM). This artifact was used to identify the geometric errors of an MT with three linear axes, with the raw data being collected using a 3D touch trigger probe. The measured errors were compared with results from laser interferometer and ballbar measurements. Moreover, the measurement uncertainty of presented methodology was analysed and compared with those of the laser interferometer and ballbar.

Electronic Skin Based on a Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Fiber Network for Large-Area 3D Touch and Real-Time 3D Surface Scanning.

Electronic skin (E-skin) based on tactile sensors has great significance in next-generation electronics such as biomedical application and artificial intelligence that requires interaction with humans. To mimic the properties of human skin, high flexibility, excellent sensing capability, and sufficient spatial resolution through high-level sensor integration are required. Here, we report a highly sensitive pressure sensor matrix based on a piezoresistive cellulose/single-walled carbon nanotube-entangled fiber network, which forms its own porous structure enabling a superior pressure sensor with a high sensitivity (9.097 kPa-1), a fast response speed (<2 ms), and orders of magnitude detection range with a detection limit of 1 Pa. Furthermore, the remarkable device expandability based on the ease of patterning and scalability allows easy implementation of a large-area pressure sensor matrix which has 2304 (48 × 48) pixels. Combined with a real-time pressure distribution monitoring system, a flexible 3D touch sensor that simultaneously displays plane coordinates and pressure information and a scanning device that detects the morphology of the soft body 3D surface are successfully demonstrated.

기술융합 미디어아트를 위한 3D 터치스크린 제작법에 관한 연구

This study began with the author’s interest since the introduction of touchscreens using TOF cameras published in Siggraph 2005. Since the release of the “Khronos Projector” project in 2005, research and use of touchscreens using TOF cameras has continued to increase. However, hardware development such as thinning the screen and using infrared cameras instead of TOF cameras has been the mainstream of camera-based touchscreen research, and no further research has been conducted until recently to show the scalability of the production until recently. In this background, the purpose of this study is to enable new production by using a depth camera enabled touchscreen (hereinafter FTIR screen). Therefore, this paper paid attention to the 3D touch announced by “Apple” company and implemented research that applies this technology to FTIR screens.<BR> The 3D touch conducted in this study was implemented using the characteristics that the depth of touch and it’s surrounding area changes depending on the force exerted on the cloth screen. The contents and results of the study to utilize these features are as follows.<BR> Firstly, the author conducted research on depth cameras, fabrics and beam projectors.<BR> Secondly, he developed a software that tracks the position of touch along with the depth change of it’s surrounding area using a depth camera.<BR> Thirdly, a 3D touch function was tested using the software developed above with screens made by ourselves.<BR> Fourthly, it was used to produce technology-converged artworks using screens developed in this study. It was confirmed that the screen developed in this study worked stably as it was used for various art works in a total of three exhibitions. Based on these research results, the author will be studying on the use of FTIR screens and force exerted; therefore, foreseeing more diverse artworks using such methods in the future.

USE OF SECTRA VIRTUAL DISSECTION TABLE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article features the research of the effectiveness of using the virtual dissection table in medical higher educational institutions. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the use of the virtual dissection table in the training of future medical specialists are determined, practical aspects are described. Laboratory works have been created on the use of the virtual dissection table in teaching theoretical and clinical disciplines in medical higher education institutions. The authors considered the formation of the following components of students’ experimental competence through the use of Sectra Virtual Dissection Table during the lessons: cognitive-intellectual, diagnostic, prognostic, information, analytical and research. The cross-curricular links between the disciplines "Human Anatomy" and "Medical and Biological Physics" in view of the formation of the aforementioned experimental competences are considered. The algorithm for work with the muscular system in the Human Anatomy Atlas program on the Sectra Table F18 Virtual Dissection Table is described in detail. The authors showed the capabilities of the Sectra Virtual Dissection Table: viewing realistic human anatomy; simulation of the human body in combination with 3D touch control when viewing, panning, rotating and zooming in an image; distance measurement in 3D volume and arbitrary clipping plane; cropping a part of 3D volume etc. The authors point out that the use of a virtual anatomical table should take into account students’ and teachers’ information and digital competence to work with modern virtual equipment and the educational environment of the medical educational institution. Extended clinical cases with unique pathologies in the Sectra Table library contribute to the formation of medical students’ professional competencies. The authors conclude that the use of medical computer programs allows the teacher to organize innovative types of educational activities and to form students’ experimental competence components. The prospects for further research might involve conducting a pedagogical experiment on the effectiveness of using the created system of laboratory works and demonstrations on the basis of Sectra Table F18 Virtual Dissection Table.

Augmented Reality in Plastic Surgery Education

Background: Mixed reality devices have made a bigimpact on the medical profession by creating a virtual world.Visual perception methods and 3D Touch can be used inteaching institutions to import knowledge and help performplastic surgery easily.Methods: This study has been done to evaluate the systematicscoping review and merits of Aumented RealityTechnology in Plastic Surgery for 3 years in the Departmentof Burn and Plastic Surgery in All India Institute of MedicalSciences, Rishikesh using PubMed Ovid and Google Scholar.This is a review to compare the advent and utility of mixedreality platforms in plastic surgery in the world by searchingthe PubMed database.Results: The records of 55 articles could be retrieved inplastic surgery from Pubmed and Ovid database. 26 werereview articles, 10 were on haptic devices, 13 on 3D printing,15 case reports, and one randomized controlled trial. Hapticdevices are a part of training skills such as bone drilling,burring, and cutting. Education is enhanced by virtual realityplatforms incorporating learning soft tissue skills with hapticdevices.Conclusion: Technological advancement in imaging modalitiesprovides a convenient way of teaching anatomy,mapping of perforators to design flaps, and perform virtualosteotomies. Virtual consoles can be designed to teach endoscopicplastic surgery with 3D scanning.

Augmented reality in plastic surgery education

BackgroundMixed reality devices have made a big impact on the medical profession by creating a virtual world. Visual perception methods and 3D Touch can be used in teaching institutions to impart knowledge and help perform plastic surgery easilyMethodsThis study has been done to evaluate the systematic review and merits of Augmented Reality technology in plastic surgery for 3 years in the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery in All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh using PubMed Ovid and Google Scholar. This is a scoping review to compare the advent and utility of mixed reality platforms in plastic surgery in the world by searching the PubMed database.ResultsThe records of 55 articles could be retrieved in plastic surgery from Pubmed and Ovid database.26 were review articles,10 were on haptic devices,3 on 3D printing,15 case reports, and one RCT. Haptic devices are a part of training skills such as bone drilling, burring, and cutting. Education is enhanced by virtual reality platforms incorporating learning soft tissue skills with haptic devicesConclusionTechnological advancement in imaging modalities provides a convenient way of teaching anatomy, mapping of perforators to design flaps, and perform virtual osteotomies. Virtual consoles can be designed to teach endoscopic plastic surgery with 3D scanning.

Modeling Two Dimensional Touch Pointing.

Modeling touch pointing is essential to touchscreen interface development and research, as pointing is one of the most basic and common touch actions users perform on touchscreen devices. Finger-Fitts Law [4] revised the conventional Fitts' law into a 1D (one-dimensional) pointing model for finger touch by explicitly accounting for the fat finger ambiguity (absolute error) problem which was unaccounted for in the original Fitts' law. We generalize Finger-Fitts law to 2D touch pointing by solving two critical problems. First, we extend two of the most successful 2D Fitts law forms to accommodate finger ambiguity. Second, we discovered that using nominal target width and height is a conceptually simple yet effective approach for defining amplitude and directional constraints for 2D touch pointing across different movement directions. The evaluation shows our derived 2D Finger-Fitts law models can be both principled and powerful. Specifically, they outperformed the existing 2D Fitts' laws, as measured by the regression coefficient and model selection information criteria (e.g., Akaike Information Criterion) considering the number of parameters. Finally, 2D Finger-Fitts laws also advance our understanding of touch pointing and thereby serve as the basis for touch interface designs.