3D Sculpture Research Articles

From coin to 3D face sculpture portraits in the round of Roman emperors

Representing historical figures on visual media has always been a crucial aspect of political communication in the ancient world, as it is in modern society. A great example comes from ancient Rome, when the emperor’s portraits were serially replicated on visual media to disseminate his image across the countries ruled by the Romans and to assert the power and authority that he embodied by making him universally recognizable. In particular, one of the most common media through which ancient Romans spread the imperial image was coinage, which showed a bi-dimensional projection of his portrait on the very low relief produced by the impression of the coin-die. In this work, we propose a new method that uses a multi-modal 2D and 3D approach to reconstruct the full portrait in the round of Roman emperors from their images adopted on ancient coins. A well-defined pipeline is introduced from the digitization of coins using 3D scanning techniques to the estimation of the 3D model of the portrait represented by a polygonal mesh. A morphable model trained on real 3D faces is exploited to infer the morphological (i.e., geometric) characteristics of the Roman emperor from the contours extracted from a coin portrait using a model fitting procedure. We present examples of face reconstruction of different emperors from coins produced in Rome as well as in the imperial provinces, which sometimes showed local variations of the official portraits centrally designed.

Preserving Sculptural Heritage in the Era of Digital Transformation: Methods and Challenges of 3D Art Assessment

Sustainable digital cultural heritage is now an essential aspect of our lives. The rapid development of 3D technology in the historic preservation industry provides the means of documenting, recovering, and presenting cultural heritage items. However, the digital transformation of 3D sculpture heritage is often led by technology without effective evaluation indicators as a guide. This study compares effective assessment methods for digital forms with traditional art. Our approach uses semantic differential scales and machine learning regression models to assess the importance of fifteen artistic attributes. The semantic differential scale is improved based on 15 artistic attributes and proves to be effective in evaluating the value of digital artwork. This research finds that digital artwork is significantly more popular among young people compared with elderly people, especially for attributes like colour variation, saturation, and texture. The research also finds that complexity and social attributes are more important in predicting the value of the digital 3D model. Digital transformation is a viable method for preserving the artistic value of sculpture and improving cultural sustainability.

Innovative design of digital sculpture art under 3D modeling technology

Abstract 3D modeling technology is one of the most important research directions in computer vision, which is increasingly linked with digital sculpture art. Combined with the point cloud, a new type of image data, this paper innovatively proposes a multi-view 3D digital sculpture reconstruction model to realize the 3D digital sculpture reconstruction of point cloud data.3D digital sculpture reconstruction is mainly divided into two parts: point cloud data processing and 3D reconstruction. The former uses radius, statistical filtering, and bilateral filtering algorithms for point cloud data denoising and proposes an NDT alignment algorithm to integrate point cloud data. The latter triangulates the unreconstructed observation points introduced by the new image, uses beam method leveling to globally optimize the point cloud structure, and proposes incremental recovery and global recovery reconstruction methods, respectively. In the point cloud data alignment performance test, the reconstruction plotting time of the reconstruction model in this paper possesses a large improvement, and the proposed NDT algorithm outperforms the traditional algorithm in terms of accuracy and execution efficiency. In the reconstruction of architectural digital sculpture, the average error of the parts of the digital sculpture is 0.00775, and the maximum residual difference is at about 4.5 pixels. Hence, the sculpture’s accuracy and precision performance are better.

THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN AUDIO-VISUAL ART (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM “ADVERTISING AND VIDEO ART” AT KSADA)

Over the past few years, photogrammetry has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide in different aspects and branches of science. Ecological issues and environmental changes update research related to the digitisation and preservation of cultural heritage and museum exhibitions. Photogrammetric methods also find their place in video production – creating virtual doubles of people, buildings, or landscapes. This article brings up the question of the use of photogrammetric methods in the educational process at the educational professional program “Advertising and video Art” specialty 021 Audio-visual Art of the first degree of higher education at KSADA. Selected and detailed knowledge and skills obtained as a result of studying mandatory educational components (processing of static images, photography theory, work with video editors, compositing programs, colour theory, colour correction, grading, theory and practice of 3D modelling programs), which contribute to the study of the discipline of choice “Fundamentals of photogrammetry”. Following the analysis, the technology to create a photogrammetric project is considered step by step, the steps of this process are outlined and described, namely: the shooting process, processing of the captured material, creating a cloud of points, polygonization of the three-dimensional model, retopology of the model, texturing and texture baking. The main fields of application of the photogrammetry method in audio-visual art are identified: “practical” photogrammetry (digital conservation of architectural and sculpture monuments, copy of museum exhibitions); construction of models for further use in the production of films and videos; using photogrammetric models as objects of artistic creativity, including advertising; the use of unusual textures, perspectives, physical processes that cannot be implemented in the real world; creating large-scale copies of historic buildings and 3D printing sculptures.

3D sculpture technology innovation based on image segmentation algorithm

3D sculpture technology innovation based on image segmentation algorithm

A theorized new class of polyhedral hydrocarbons of molecular formula CnHn and their bottom-up scaffold expansions into hyperstructures

We address the use of Euler's theorem and topological algorithms to design 18 polyhedral hydrocarbons of general formula CnHn that exist up to 28 vertexes containing four- and six-membered rings only; compounds we call “nuggets”. Subsequently, we evaluated their energies to verify the likelihood of their chemical existence. Among these compounds, 13 are novel systems, of which 3 exhibit chirality. Further, the ability of all nuggets to perform fusion reactions either through their square faces, or through their hexagonal faces was evaluated. Indeed, they are potentially able to form bottom-up derived molecular hyperstructures with great potential for several applications. By considering these fusion abilities, the growth of the nuggets into 1D, 2D, and 3D-scaffolds was studied. The results indicate that nugget24a (C24H24) is predicted to be capable of carrying out fusion reactions. From nugget24a, we then designed 1D, 2D, and 3D-scaffolds that are predicted to be formed by favorable fusion reactions. Finally, a 3D-scaffold generated from nugget24a exhibited potential to be employed as a voxel with a chemical structure remarkably similar to that of MOF ZIF-8. And, such a voxel, could in principle be employed to generate any 3D sculpture with nugget24a as its level of finest granularity.

Teaching Reform Research on 3D Digital Sculpture Technology in Academy of Fine Arts Laboratory

世界科学出版社（World Science Publishing-WSP）立足国际，积极配合中国“走出去”出版战略，大力推进版权输出与引进，并不断拓展国际间的交流与合作，取得显著成绩。WSP国际图书出版项目力倡中国科研人员出版英文图书，出版社具有丰富的国际传播资源与雄厚的编辑、翻译、出版力量，拥有一批著名的中外翻译专家、出版专家，及一支精通国际出版的编辑、翻译和国际营销队伍。探索“科学进步”与“社会进步”是人类永恒主题，WSP推崇以科学信仰引领学术方向，遵循各国法律和地方法规，能够协助您优质、快捷、低

Polyhedral symmetry from ribbons and tubes

ABSTRACT A sepak takraw – a ball used for a game in Thailand – is an icosahedrally symmetric shape woven from six bands of rattan. We model it with a multi-parameter family of surfaces, all having icosahedral symmetry. This leads us to ask and answer the question: In how many other ways can we arrange some number of bands in space to create polyhedral symmetry. Our models resemble objects created by other artists; the difference here is that we use Fourier series and focus on the role of the symmetry group. Our general formulas describe a large space of potentially wonderful designs. The instructions always lead to symmetry, but perhaps bad design, until one experiments by altering the parameters. The shapes produced by this method are suitable for artistic development as digital prints or 3D sculptures. We hope that our recipes will empower readers to create their own artistic renditions.

SCULPTURE3D, du projet de laboratoire à l’exposition numérique

The SCULPTURE3D research project is a collaborative and multidisciplinary laboratory experiment financed by the Centre-Val de Loire region between 2014 and 2018, which aims to explore what 3D brings to the study of sculpture and to interpret the region’s heritage of sculptures from the Renaissance Era. It is an association between researchers from the University of Tours, working with the Centre d’etudes superieures de la Renaissance (CESR) and with the Fundamental and Applied Computer Science of Tours (LIFAT), and various heritage institutions (DRAC Centre, Museum of Fine Arts of Tours, CMN, Château de Blois…) as well as a team of experts on innovative softwares (CETU ILIAD3), and the new small business Kulturae’com, two innovative entities who got their start through that project. The thirty digital objects created with the help of a 3D optical scanner is the first key part of a virtual museum of 3D sculptures from the Renaissance Era in the Val de Loire, intended both for researchers and the general public. Similarly, the Sculpturoscope, la Vierge a l’Enfant du reel au virtuel meta-exposition (at the Museum of Fine Arts of Tours, from May 25th to September 10th 2018) made the results of scientific research available to the general public by using digital medias as both a tool of investigation and mediation.

Radio frequency based material estimation of old age 3D sculptures

The cultural heritage has its importance due to the information communicated by the heritage to the future generations. It is difficult to preserve cultural heritage over the centuries because of their volatile nature. In this paper, the preservation aids are considered for sculptures. The sculpture also includes the type of monument. The challenges are face deterioration during logistic and handling. Hence, it destroys the information carried by sculpture. In addition, the knowledge about materials used for construction of these sculptures help in maintenance of these sculpture. It helps in reconstructing the shape and color, which have been damaged earlier. The common techniques reported in the literature for broken structure and material estimation are optical coherence tomography (OCT), X-ray, THz scanning and Raman spectroscopy. These techniques used for retrieving material information are not portable and are costlier. Thus, the need is established in this paper for the device offering 3D scanning along with the material details of each scanned pixel. This paper aims at material estimation of old age sculptures from 11th century CE and 13th century CE housed at Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, India using radio frequency technique. The device captures the 3D scanning of the sculptures to maintain its heritage for a longer time. Further, the device needs to be portable and affordable so that it can be provided to various stakeholders of culture heritage preserve.

Bio-electronic aggregates on Neon-Paleolitikos strata

Abstract Electronic machinic phenomena yield fascinating links with biological processes. Either in the macro-micro-structure of binary encoded information – bytes on media – to the processual flow programs execute on hardware while operating it. Observing micro-electronic worlds akin to living entities: electronic voltages running throughout electronic architectures pipelining data to memory registers; operating systems executing programs on electronic substrates; data flows taking place in machines and in communications protocols within networks. Static art-sci constructs explore and visualize these observations as 2D drawings (Neon Paleolitikos Drawings, 2017–present) or 3D sculptures (Binary and Biological Sculpture Series, 2018–present), creatively exposing their inherent rhythmic organization of information, while dynamic installations (Phoenix.Wolfanddotcom.info, Wolfanddotcom, Half-Plant, 2017, Ant Ennae Labyrinths, 2019–present) propose immersive interference mechanisms that attempt user entanglement in non-human environments. Seven aesthetic case examples are introduced and explored, observing and seeking resonances between micro-granular electronic, biological and hybrid data as source synthesis. This research proposes a look at bio-electronic aggregates on Neon Paleolitikos strata. After the Anthropocene, Neon Paleolitikos is an imaginary epoch dating since the decline of mankind until the zenith of bio-electronic life forms: operational symbioses combined among ruins of silica, transistors, algorithms, cells, plants, animals and electricity.

3차원 물방울 조각 생성장치의 구현을 위한 물방울 생성기법

사단법인 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회의 논문지로서 그래픽스 분야와 그에 연관된 연구영역의 새로운 발견과 최첨단 연구결과를 발표하는 토론의 장입니다. 학회를 대표하는 학술지인 논문지는 1995년에 논문지 발간을 시작으로 2000년부터 3월, 6월, 9월, 12월 총 4회 발간되었고, 2015년부터는 KCGS 학술대회 특별호를 7월에 발간하면서 총 5회 발간되고 있습니다.

Converting Image into Bas Reliefs Using Image Processing Techniques

In this study, we develop an application to convert an image into bas reliefs, a kind of 3D sculpture on a flat surface, by using image processing techniques. First, the color image is converted into gray image, and then is used as a base surface in xy-coordinate. Two different methods for determining height in z-coordinate provides two different carving styles. In the first method, the height is specified by using gray value of the blurred image, while the second specifies the height by using gray value of the dilation of the edge image. Frame effect is then created by adding a flat plane around the carving. The experiment shows that the application can transfer visual contents of the image into the bas reliefs and also can generate artistic reliefs model easily.

The Beauty and Mystery of the Micro World

The beauty of these pictures is intriguing and fascinating by its asymmetric, exquisite and intricate patterns. What is it? Is it a product of a novel computer program or photographs of fine creations of nature? Neither of the statements is true. In fact, these are not art pictures, but real images of metal samples made with an electron microscope. Only some colours are added to the images to emphasize their resemblance to natural objects of our world: mushrooms, leaves of exotic plants, and seashells. The size of the samples is from tens of microns to 1-2 millimeters. They are produced via self-organization of nano-sized (1/million of a millimeter) wires growing on porous membranes under the action of electric current pulses. We have described comprehensively these volumetric (3D) sculptures as well as the experimental conditions for their fabrication in scientific journals [1- 5]. The most important parameters of the fabrication process (electrolyte composition, porous membrane, pulsed current modes) are specified, indicating when growing nanowires organize themselves in an inexplicable fashion into “sculptures” that show perfect resemblance to natural objects.

Mapping of XRF data onto the surface of a tomographically reconstructed historical sculpture

Historical wooden sculptures were usually decorated using so-called polychromy, which consists of decorating in a variety of colors. It is also common that such artifacts have been renovated several times by applying additional layers of material. Currently, restoration approaches tend to return historical artifacts to their original appearance. Therefore, it is highly desirable to investigate the material composition of the existing polychromy. Obviously, information about possible reparations and hidden defects is required as well. It is relatively easy to explore the internal structure of wooden sculptures by utilizing X-ray computed tomography. Standard X-ray fluorescence analysis is typically only performed on several selected spots of the sculpture. On the other hand, X-ray fluorescence imaging can presently characterize the whole artifact surface, although the interconnection between the 2D fluorescence image and the 3D sculpture is not so straightforward in general. It will be shown in this work, that data fusion based on a combination of X-ray fluorescence imaging and computed tomography can provide complex information about the wooden sculpture investigated.

Multi-view wire art

Wire art is the creation of three-dimensional sculptural art using wire strands. As the 2D projection of a 3D wire sculpture forms line drawing patterns, it is possible to craft multi-view wire sculpture art --- a static sculpture with multiple (potentially very different) interpretations when perceived at different viewpoints. Artists can effectively leverage this characteristic and produce compelling artistic effects. However, the creation of such multi-view wire sculpture is extremely time-consuming even by highly skilled artists. In this paper, we present a computational framework for automatic creation of multi-view 3D wire sculpture. Our system takes two or three user-specified line drawings and the associated viewpoints as inputs. We start with producing a sparse set of voxels via greedy selection approach such that their projections on the virtual cameras cover all the contour pixels of the input line drawings. The sparse set of voxels, however, do not necessary form one single connected component. We introduce a constrained 3D pathfinding algorithm to link isolated groups of voxels into a connected component while maintaining the similarity between the projected voxels and the line drawings. Using the reconstructed visual hull, we extract a curve skeleton and produce a collection of smooth 3D curves by fitting cubic splines and optimizing the curve deformation to best approximate the provided line drawings. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system for creating compelling multi-view wire sculptures in both simulation and 3D physical printouts.

Fabricable eulerian wires for 3D shape abstraction

We present a fully automatic method that finds a small number of machine fabricable wires with minimal overlap to reproduce a wire sculpture design as a 3D shape abstraction. Importantly, we consider non-planar wires, which can be fabricated by a wire bending machine, to enable efficient construction of complex 3D sculptures that cannot be achieved by previous works. We call our wires Eulerian wires , since they are as Eulerian as possible with small overlap to form the target design together. Finding such Eulerian wires is highly challenging, due to an enormous search space. After exploring a variety of optimization strategies, we formulate a population-based hybrid metaheuristic model, and design the join, bridge and split operators to refine the solution wire sets in the population. We start the exploration of each solution wire set in a bottom-up manner, and adopt an adaptive simulated annealing model to regulate the exploration. By further formulating a meta model on top to optimize the cooling schedule, and precomputing fabricable subwires, our method can efficiently find promising solutions with low wire count and overlap in one to two minutes. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method on a rich variety of wire sculptures, and physically fabricate several of them. Our results show clear improvements over other optimization alternatives in terms of solution quality, versatility, and scalability.

Cognitive evaluation for conceptual design: cognitive role of a 3D sculpture tool in the design thinking process

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the decisive role played by the digital design environment in the cognitive design process and design thinking. To analyse the cognitive role of digital design tools, we carried out a protocol analysis of conventional design sketching and a 3D sculpture tool. Cognitive evaluation was a differentiating factor when considering the contextual role of the 3D sculpture tool in subsequent evaluations, non-sequential evaluations for conversion, and passive approaches within the design process. Cognitive evaluation played the following roles: validation, extension, navigation, exploration, and confirmation. The navigation, exploration, and extension roles played by non-sequential evaluation were mainly related to inductive design thinking. Finally, the types of cognitive evaluation and their roles when using the 3D sculpture tool were different, according to the design thinking type. This study explored the multidimensional roles of cognitive evaluation using a 3D sculpture tool and its relationship with design thinking types.

High Relief from Brush Painting.

Relief is an art form part way between 3D sculpture and 2D painting. We present a novel approach for generating a texture-mapped high-relief model from a single brush painting. Our aim is to extract the brushstrokes from a painting and generate the individual corresponding relief proxies rather than recovering the exact depth map from the painting, which is a tricky computer vision problem, requiring assumptions that are rarely satisfied. The relief proxies of brushstrokes are then combined together to form a 2.5D high-relief model. To extract brushstrokes from 2D paintings, we apply layer decomposition and stroke segmentation by imposing boundary constraints. The segmented brushstrokes preserve the style of the input painting. By inflation and a displacement map of each brushstroke, the features of brushstrokes are preserved by the resultant high-relief model of the painting. We demonstrate that our approach is able to produce convincing high-reliefs from a variety of paintings(with humans, animals, flowers, etc.). As a secondary application, we show how our brushstroke extraction algorithm could be used for image editing. As a result, our brushstroke extraction algorithm is specifically geared towards paintings with each brushstroke drawn very purposefully, such as Chinese paintings, Rosemailing paintings, etc.

The effect of mountain-valley folds on the rigid foldability of double corrugated pattern

Origami is able to create a 3D sculpture by folding a piece of paper by following the crease lines, which can be mountain or valley folds. Rigid origami is a subset of origami in which the panels, that are surrounded with the creases, do not stretch or bend during its folding sequence, but only rotate about the creases. Besides geometric design parameters, the mountain-valley fold assignments also affect the rigid-foldability of origami patterns. This paper proposes a general kinematic method to analyze the rigid-foldability of origami patterns by modelling them as assemblies of spherical linkages. The double corrugated pattern is taken as the study case. We first investigate the rigid-foldability of all possible mountain-valley fold assignments that can satisfy the condition of flat-foldability. Subsequently, we explore different rigid-foldable tessellations of the double corrugated patterns. This work will offer an in-depth understanding of the effect of mountain-valley folds on the rigid-foldability of origami patterns.