Interactive 3D Models Research Articles

Do gravity data justify a rifted “Liguro-Provençal Basin”?

The geodynamic evolution of the Liguro-Provençal Basin and its crust and upper mantle structure remain debated, especially regarding the role of rifting in continental break-up and seafloor spreading. Our study incorporates updated datasets, including new gravity maps from the AlpArray Gravity Working Group (complete Bouguer, free air, and isostatic anomalies) for 3D modeling and gravity field analysis, seismic data from Lobster offshore campaigns for direct comparison, and geodynamic models, supplemented by seismic profiles from previous French and Italian campaigns to constrain the interpretation. We used GFZ’s IGMAS + software for interactive 3D modeling, creating a density model extending to 300 km depth that includes crustal and upper mantle inhomogeneities based on prior geodynamic models. This hybrid approach, with polygonal structures for the crust and voxels for the upper mantle, clarifies individual contributions to the gravity field. Extending initial gravity modeling from the SPP MB4D project INTEGRATE, our work provides a consistent 3D density model for the Alps and Ligurian Basin. The constrained 3D modeling and numerical analyses (terracing, clustering, filtering, curvature), along with vertical stress and gravitational potential energy calculations, suggest that rifting has significantly influenced the basin’s geological evolution.

415 - Interactive 3D Models and Animations for Cardiac Imaging Education

415 - Interactive 3D Models and Animations for Cardiac Imaging Education

Anatomoradiological comparison between the minipterional and supraorbital eyebrow approaches to the interpeduncular region.

Advances in surgical technology and microneurosurgery have led to increased utilization of so-called minimally invasive approaches, including the supraorbital eyebrow (SE) and minipterional (MPT) approaches for lesions involving the interpeduncular region. This study aimed to describe and compare anatomical landmarks, along with highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the SE and MPT approaches to the interpeduncular region. Ten formalin-fixed, latex-injected cadaveric specimens were used to perform bilateral SE and MPT approaches to the interpeduncular region. The operative depth of each approach to key anatomical landmarks was measured. Forty-five axial thin-slice computed tomography studies were reviewed to calculate the operative angles, with consideration of the midline as a reference. A 3D interactive anatomical model generated through the photogrammetry scanning technique was described. The depths of the operative corridors of the SE and MPT approaches to the interpeduncular fossa were 83.4 ± 1.8 mm and 67.7 ± 3.2 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean angle of the MPT approach to the interpeduncular fossa was significantly wider than the one provided by the SE approach (39.9° ± 5.1° vs 28.4° ± 3.6°, p < 0.001). The interpeduncular region can consistently be accessed through the carotid-oculomotor triangle with the SE approach, as well as with the MPT approach. Furthermore, the SE route offered adequate access to the interpeduncular fossa through the opticocarotid triangle. The MPT route provided direct access to the upper prepontine cistern and anterior mesencephalic zone (AMZ). The MPT approach provides a wider and shorter operative corridor and can be employed for lesions in the interpeduncular region with extension to the prepontine cistern and ventrolateral midbrain lesions requiring access through the AMZ. The SE approach is better suited for ventromedial midbrain lesions requiring access via the interpeduncular fossa safe entry zone. Additional studies analyzing these approaches in a clinical setting will help to delineate their reliability and efficacy.

Learning 3D human–object interaction graphs from transferable context knowledge for construction monitoring

We propose a novel framework for detecting 3D human–object interactions (HOI) in construction sites and a toolkit for generating construction-related human–object interaction graphs. Computer vision methods have been adopted for construction site safety surveillance in recent years. The current computer vision methods rely on videos and images, with which safety verification is performed on common-sense knowledge, without considering 3D spatial relationships among the detected instances. We propose a new method to incorporate spatial understanding by directly inferring the interactions from 3D point cloud data. The proposed model is trained on a 3D construction site dataset generated from our crafted simulation toolkit. The model achieves 54.11% mean interaction over union (mIOU) and 72.98% average mean precision(mAP) for the worker–object interaction relationship recognition. The model is also validated on PiGraphs, a benchmarking dataset with 3D human–object interaction types, and compared against other existing 3D interaction detection frameworks. It was observed that it achieves superior performance from the state-of-the-art model, increasing the interaction detection mAP by 17.01%. Besides the 3D interaction model, we also simulate interactions from industrial surveillance footage using MoCap and physical constraints, which will be released to foster future studies in the domain.

Theme park greening VR design based on entertainment robots and genetic algorithm optimization: Digital entertainment design experience

Theme parks should provide attractive green design and digital interactive experiences to attract tourists and improve their satisfaction. Therefore, this study aims to achieve a digital interactive experience in theme park greening design through the use of entertainment robots and genetic algorithm optimization. The study analyzed the characteristics of experiential theme parks and introduced landscape 3D modeling techniques for creating interactive 3D models of green spaces in theme parks. By using technologies such as sensors and cameras, entertainment robots can perceive the presence and behavior of tourists. Entertainment robots can interact with tourists in real-time, customize them according to their interests and needs, and provide unique and enjoyable experiences for tourists. By collecting and analyzing feedback and behavioral data from tourists, the advantages and improvement points of digital interactive experiences can be identified. Through comparative experimental analysis with traditional experience methods, it was found that digital interactive experience can significantly improve tourist participation and satisfaction. Through user data analysis of interactive experience, this design can effectively improve the greening design of theme parks, enhance tourist participation and entertainment experience.

Augmented Reality in Elementary Education: System Architecture for Implementing an Interactive and Immersive E-Learning Application

Early childhood language acquisition is crucial, but complex scripts such as Bengali present challenges. BIPLOB, an Android-based augmented reality (AR) application, seeks to revolutionize language learning by introducing interactive 3D models and meticulously recorded audio pronunciations. Targeting both engagement and accuracy, BIPLOB addresses issues encountered by traditional methods. Its optimized workflow offers a replicable framework for future AR-based language learning applications, especially for complex scripts. BIPLOB paves the way for immersive and effective early language acquisition through the transformative power of AR technology.

Model-based individual life-spanning documentation in visceral surgery: a proof of concept.

Surgical documentation has many implications. However, its primary function is to transfer information about surgical procedures to other medical professionals. Thereby, written reports describing procedures in detail are the current standard, impeding comprehensive understanding of patient-individual life-spanning surgical course, especially if surgeries are performed at a timely distance and in diverse facilities. Therefore, we developed a novel model-based approach for documentation of visceral surgeries, denoted as 'Surgical Documentation Markup-Modeling' (SDM-M). For scientific evaluation, we developed a web-based prototype software allowing for creating hierarchical anatomical models that can be modified by individual surgery-related markup information. Thus, a patient's cumulated 'surgical load' can be displayed on a timeline deploying interactive anatomical 3D models. To evaluate the possible impact on daily clinical routine, we performed an evaluation study with 24 surgeons and advanced medical students, elaborating on simulated complex surgical cases, once with classic written reports and once with our prototypical SDM-M software. Leveraging SDM-M in an experimental environment reduced the time needed for elaborating simulated complex surgical cases from 354 ± 85s with the classic approach to 277 ± 128s. (p = 0.00109) The perceived task load measured by the Raw NASA-TLX was reduced significantly (p = 0.00003) with decreased mental (p = 0.00004) and physical (p = 0.01403) demand. Also, time demand (p = 0.00041), performance (p = 0.00161), effort (p = 0.00024), and frustration (p = 0.00031) were improved significantly. Model-based approaches for life-spanning surgical documentation could improve the daily clinical elaboration and understanding of complex cases in visceral surgery. Besides reduced workload and time sparing, even a more structured assessment of individual surgical cases could foster improved planning of further surgeries, information transfer, and even scientific evaluation, considering the cumulative 'surgical load.' Life-spanning model-based documentation of visceral surgical cases could significantly improve surgery and workload.

Interactive Human 3D Model with Conventional AI

Abstract: The convergence of interactive human 3D models with conventional artificial intelligence (AI) represents a groundbreaking fusion of computer graphics and intelligent systems. This interdisciplinary field combines advanced 3D modeling techniques with classical AI methodologies to create interactive virtual representations of humans. Rigorous studies in 3D modeling and animation form the basis for lifelike avatars, while conventional AI empowers these models with the ability to understand user inputs, make contextually relevant decisions, and engage in dynamic and responsive interactions. At the heart of this innovation is the emphasis on human-computer interaction (HCI), leveraging principles such as gesture recognition, voice commands, and user-friendly interfaces to enhance user experiences.

Three-Dimensional Ultrastructure of Arabidopsis Cotyledons Infected with Colletotrichum higginsianum.

We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to study the host-pathogen interface between Arabidopsis cotyledons and the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. By combining high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution with SBF-SEM, followed by segmentation and reconstruction of the imaging volume using the freely accessible software IMOD, we created 3D models of the series of cytological events that occur during the Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis susceptible interaction. We found that the host cell membranes underwent massive expansion to accommodate the rapidly growing intracellular hypha. As the fungal infection proceeded from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic stage, the host cell membranes went through increasing levels of disintegration culminating in host cell death. Intriguingly, we documented autophagosomes in proximity to biotrophic hyphae using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a concurrent increase in autophagic flux between early to mid/late biotrophic phase of the infection process. Occasionally, we observed osmiophilic bodies in the vicinity of biotrophic hyphae using TEM only and near necrotrophic hyphae under both TEM and SBF-SEM. Overall, we established a method for obtaining serial SBF-SEM images, each with a lateral (x-y) pixel resolution of 10 nm and an axial (z) resolution of 40 nm, that can be reconstructed into interactive 3D models using the IMOD. Application of this method to the Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis pathosystem allowed us to more fully understand the spatial arrangement and morphological architecture of the fungal hyphae after they penetrate epidermal cells of Arabidopsis cotyledons and the cytological changes the host cell undergoes as the infection progresses toward necrotrophy. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

An Augmented and Virtual Reality based Application for Enhanced Campus Exploration

Introducing a ground breaking Augmented Reality(AR)-Virtual Reality (VR) campus tourexperience developed on the Unity3D platform and optimized for deployment on Oculus Meta Quest headsets. This immersive application revolutionizes the traditional campus visit, allowing users to explore campus buildings and amenities from their smartphones. Through high- quality 360-degree films, interactive 3D models, and engaging components, prospective students, parents, and visitors gain an in- depth understanding of the campus environment. By learning to develop and utilize this technology, individuals open doors to diverse career opportunitiesin fields such as virtual reality development, augmented reality design, and immersive experience creation. Moreover, the application enhances decision- making for prospective students and strengthens their connection to the institution, setting a new standard for campus exploration experiences while also fostering innovation and creativity in educational technology.

Interactive Human 3D Model with Conventional AI

Abstract: The convergence of interactive human 3D models with conventional artificial intelligence (AI) represents a groundbreaking fusion of computer graphics and intelligent systems. This interdisciplinary field combines advanced 3D modeling techniques with classical AI methodologies to create interactive virtual representations of humans. Rigorous studies in 3D modeling and animation form the basis for lifelike avatars, while conventional AI empowers these models with the ability to understand user inputs, make contextually relevant decisions, and engage in dynamic and responsive interactions. At the heart of this innovation is the emphasis on human-computer interaction (HCI), leveraging principles such as gesture recognition, voice commands, and user-friendly interfaces to enhance user experiences. The integration extends into virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), providing users with immersive and engaging environments where interactive 3D human models come to life. Applications of this technology span a wide array of fields, including virtual companionship, education, healthcare simulations, entertainment, and training scenarios. The impact is transformative, offering new possibilities for human-machine interactions and redefining traditional approaches to AI applications. However, the burgeoning field is not without challenges. Privacy concerns, ethical considerations related to realistic human representation, and the societal impact of interactive 3D models necessitate careful examination. This abstract provides a glimpse into the technical intricacies of creating lifelike models, the intelligence driving their interactive capabilities, and the broader implications for diverse applications and industries. As research and development progress, the collaboration of computer graphics and AI not only opens new avenues but also prompts a thoughtful reevaluation of the evolving relationship between humans and intelligent, interactive 3D representations.

Intraoperative Videogrammetry and Photogrammetry for Photorealistic Neurosurgical 3-Dimensional Models Generated Using Operative Microscope: Technical Note.

Intraoperative orientation during microsurgery has a prolonged learning curve among neurosurgical residents. Three-dimensional (3D) understanding of anatomy can be facilitated with realistic 3D anatomic models created from photogrammetry, where a series of 2-dimensional images is converted into a 3D model. This study implements an algorithm that can create photorealistic intraoperative 3D models to exemplify important steps of the operation, operative corridors, and surgical perspectives. We implemented photograph-based and video-based scanning algorithms for uptakes using the operating room (OR) microscope, targeted for superficial structures, after surgical exposure, and deep operative corridors, in cranial microsurgery. The algorithm required between 30-45 photographs (superficial scanning), 45-65 photographs (deep scanning), or approximately 1 minute of video recording of the entire operative field to create a 3D model. A multicenter approach in 3 neurosurgical departments was applied to test reproducibility and refine the method. Twenty-five 3D models were created of some of the most common neurosurgical approaches-frontolateral, pterional, retrosigmoid, frontal, and temporal craniotomy. The 3D models present important steps of the surgical approaches and allow rotation, zooming, and panning of the model, enabling visualization from different surgical perspectives. The superficial and medium depth structures were consistently presented through the 3D models, whereas scanning of the deepest structures presented some technical challenges, which were gradually overcome with refinement of the image capturing process. Intraoperative photogrammetry is an accessible method to create 3D educational material to show complex anatomy and demonstrate concepts of intraoperative orientation. Detailed interactive 3D models, displaying stepwise surgical case-based anatomy, can be used to help understand details of the operative corridor. Further development includes refining or automatization of image acquisition intraoperatively and evaluation of other applications of the resulting 3D models in training and surgical planning.

An interactive augmented reality framework to enhance the user experience and operational skills in electronics laboratories

Augmented reality (AR) stands as a widely embraced technology that significantly enhances learning experiences for students. AR offers an instructional approach supported by technological design, thereby fostering enriched learning interactions. This research proposes an interactive AR framework, intended to create an augmented reality learning environment (ARLE) for the specific needs of electronics engineering laboratory hardware operations. The ARLE functions as an active learning system designed using a user-centered methodology. It offers interactive 3D models of laboratory equipment, providing learners with preliminary training in equipment operation. The real-time connection between the laboratory apparatus and the AR environment is established using the Arduino board. This interface empowers users to control the AR simulation through the laboratory equipment seamlessly. An experimental study involving 80 engineering students was conducted to evaluate the impact of AR intervention on user experience, usability, and operational skills. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group (N = 40) and the control group (N = 40). The experimental group underwent electronics equipment training using ARLE, while the control group followed instructions from a standard instrument handbook. To assess the usability and user experience of ARLE, the system usability scale (SUS) and the user experience questionnaire (UEQ) were employed (N = 40). The findings revealed an SUS score of 80.9 for ARLE, categorizing it as “good” according to SUS ratings. Additionally, the UEQ results demonstrated significantly favorable scores across the six scales when compared to the benchmark dataset. The study's outcomes demonstrate that AR intervention offers learners significant pedagogical value, resulting in a substantial positive impact on operational skills in electronics laboratories.

EXPLORING FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO SARS-COV-2 VACCINES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: INTERACTIVE VISUALIZATION METHODS FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA

Abstract BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response may be reduced in seniors (age 65+) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and those on anti-TNF therapy. A challenge of the COVID-19 era has been conveying rapid-evolving health information, especially for groups with higher risk of poor outcomes of COVID-19 such as seniors and immunocompromised individuals. AIM To develop sharable, interactive 3D models of the relationship of age and days from vaccine dose on serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with IBD who are either on or not on anti-TNF therapy. METHODS A prospective cohort study of individuals with IBD (n=528) who received 1–4 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine were assessed for serological responses 1–8 weeks and 8–16 weeks following each dose using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. The cohort was stratified into those on and not on anti-TNF therapy at vaccination. We created 3D models with the plotly R package. Data were plotted as days from vaccine dose on the x-axis, age at the time of serology on the y-axis, and spike-protein antibody levels on the z-axis. Linear regressions were run with Anti-Spike IgG levels (AU/mL) as the outcome, and days from vaccine and age at serology as continuous exposures. Results were visualized as regression planes in 3D models. To share our visualizations, we built an open-access, online, interactive dashboard (https://covid19-sero.shinyapps.io/dashboard/). RESULTS The dashboard allows knowledge users to make selections based on desired data stratifications, and then zoom, pan, and rotate the plot to inspect the data or download an image of the plot they generate. Post-2nd dose samples comprised the largest dose subset in our study (n=658). Our model for post-2nd dose data shows that antibody levels significantly decrease by 20.9 (AU/mL) per day from a dose (p&amp;lt;0.001) and by 116.6 (AU/mL) per year increase in age (p=0.002) (Figure 1). As age increases, antibody levels significantly decrease by 107.5 (AU/mL) for those on anti-TNFs (p=0.026) and by 124.8 (AU/mL) for those not on anti-TNFs (p=0.002) (Figure 2). Those not on anti-TNFs experienced a decrease of 31.1 (AU/mL) (p&amp;lt;0.001) per day after 2nd vaccine dose; we did not find a significant decrease over time for those on anti-TNFs (p=0.927) (Figure 2). DISCUSSION In people with IBD, advancing age is associated with lower antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines; however, antibody response does not significantly decrease over time for those on anti-TNF therapy. Integrating visualizations of quantitative data with participant demographics and medical therapy in open-access, interactive web applications promotes rapid release of research findings in a format that is accessible by a maximum number of knowledge users, which is of continued importance for those with a high risk of complications resulting from COVID-19. Figure 1 A scatterplot with post-2nd dose data for all possible data stratifications, downloaded from our online dashboard. The plot depicts decreasing trends in Anti-Spike IgG levels (AU/mL) as days from dose and participant age increase. Figure 2 Scatterplots with post-2nd dose data comparing Anti-Spike IgG levels (AU/mL) for participants either on or not on anti-TNF therapy. Plots depict lower antibody levels for individuals with IBD on anti-TNF therapy. Panel A shows no change in antibody levels for those on anti-TNF therapy as days from vaccine dose increase and Panel B shows that antibody levels in those not on anti-TNF therapy decrease as both days from vaccine dose and age increase.

3D Snapshot: Invertible Embedding of 3D Neural Representations in a Single Image.

3D neural rendering enables photo-realistic reconstruction of a specific scene by encoding discontinuous inputs into a neural representation. Despite the remarkable rendering results, the storage of network parameters is not transmission-friendly and not extendable to metaverse applications. In this paper, we propose an invertible neural rendering approach that enables generating an interactive 3D model from a single image (i.e., 3D Snapshot). Our idea is to distill a pre-trained neural rendering model (e.g., NeRF) into a visualizable image form that can then be easily inverted back to a neural network. To this end, we first present a neural image distillation method to optimize three neural planes for representing the original neural rendering model. However, this representation is noisy and visually meaningless. We thus propose a dynamic invertible neural network to embed this noisy representation into a plausible image representation of the scene. We demonstrate promising reconstruction quality quantitatively and qualitatively, by comparing to the original neural rendering model, as well as video-based invertible methods. On the other hand, our method can store dozens of NeRFs with a compact restoration network (5MB), and embedding each 3D scene takes up only 160KB of storage. More importantly, our approach is the first solution that allows embedding a neural rendering model into image representations, which enables applications like creating an interactive 3D model from a printed image in the metaverse.

Seismic performance of base-isolated structures for swimming pool reactors under different foundation conditions.

The swimming pool reactor (SPR) is an innovative and environmentally friendly heating source. An SPR building was selected as the research subject, and a 3D dynamic interaction model incorporating the liquid sloshing effect was created using ANSYS software and the secondary development characteristics of user-programmable features (UPFs). Energy dissipation from scattered waves was accounted for using viscous-spring boundary elements, while the dynamic hydraulic effect was modeled via the Housner equivalent mechanical model. Considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects, this study examines the impact of isolation measures on the structure's seismic mitigation performance. It investigates how varying foundation conditions affect the seismic resistance of the isolated structure. Results indicate that seismic isolation ratios for acceleration, floor response spectra, displacement, and base shear diminish as site stiffness decreases. However, regarding sloshing wave height, seismic isolation amplified the height under all conditions but remained within safe limits. These findings offer valuable insights for seismic design across different SPRs.

Beyond the walls: the design and development of the Petralona Cave virtual museum utilising 3D technologies

The Petralona Cave, which local inhabitants discovered by chance in 1959, is a remarkable natural and cultural landmark close to the village of Petralona, in the Chalkidiki peninsula of Greece. The site has gained global recognition for the discovery of a remarkably well-preserved Palaeolithic human skull, unearthed in 1960; it also holds archaeological and palaeontological significance. In this paper, the researchers introduce the Petralona Cave Virtual Museum: an innovative project whose mission is to increase public awareness and comprehension of the site. Our approach goes beyond mere replication of the physical museum located close to the cave; instead, the objective is to create an independent and comprehensive experience that is accessible to all visitors, irrespective of their ability to visit the site in person. Our methodology involved the documentation of the site and its history, analysis of user requirements, development of use cases to steer the design process, as well as architectural designs creation, itineraries and findings digitisation, and architectural structure finalisation. The Virtual Museum provides a well-organised frame structure that serves as an efficient gateway to the content, making navigation easy for visitors. Thanks to various presentation methods, including videos, high-quality images, interactive maps, animated content, interactive 3D models, plus searchable item libraries, among others, users are empowered to create a highly personalised navigation plan; thus the Virtual Museum experience is comparable to visiting the physical museum or cultural site. Cutting-edge digitisation techniques were employed to create highly detailed 3D models of the site. The Petralona Cave Virtual Museum is expected to offer an immersive experience, engaging diverse audiences; the interactive and educational exploration provides highly innovative access to archaeological knowledge. The visibility of the Petralona site is amplified and there is a significant contribution to knowledge dissemination about this important cultural heritage site.

An interactive 3D model of thermohaline circulation to support learning in undergraduate introductory oceanography courses

Thermohaline circulation is a foundational concept in introductory and advanced undergraduate oceanography courses which describes the density-driven flow of water throughout the world’s oceans. This concept is commonly taught using two-dimensional (2D) diagrams and graphics. However, students often struggle with the three-dimensional (3D) patterns and connections associated with thermohaline circulation. To remedy this, we sought to present thermohaline circulation in three dimensions to enable students to apply their knowledge and work with physical models. We constructed an interactive physical model of thermohaline circulation which included 3D printed continents and Arduino-controlled LED strips colored to represent global temperature and salinity patterns. We implemented the model as a teaching tool in a large undergraduate introductory oceanography course during the module covering thermohaline circulation. In discussion sections, students utilized the model to observe patterns, match depth profiles of real data to different geographic locations, and apply their knowledge to draw their own depth profiles using the model. After completing the in-class assignment, we assessed whether the model helped students understand and apply key concepts from lecture using both student worksheet responses and self-assessment surveys. Student scores increased significantly after using the model, and self-assessment data suggested students enjoyed using the model as well. The model is broadly applicable to a variety of settings, including other undergraduate courses, K-12 outreach, and public engagement to support oceanographic learning across a range of levels.

Pedagogy Designing With Augmented Reality: a Paradigm Shift in Educational Approaches

With Augmented Reality (AR) emerging as a revolutionary tool that reshapes conventional learning paradigms, the fusion of technology and education has given rise to creative educational approaches. This essay offers a thorough examination of augmented reality's place in education, highlighting its potential to improve pedagogy, engage students, and fundamentally alter the educational landscape. The essay starts by defining augmented reality as a link between the real and virtual worlds that provides an immersive and interactive learning experience. It explores the many uses of augmented reality, including anatomy classes with 3D interactive models and historical reenactments that take pupils back in time. These case studies show how augmented reality encourages participation, improves comprehension, and contextualizes learning materials. The fundamental ideas that underpin successful AR-enhanced schooling are presented in this study. It places a strong emphasis on scaffolding learning experiences, interaction, contextual relevance, and alignment with learning objectives. The difficulties of deploying AR are also discussed, giving educators ideas for a successful integration. These difficulties include technology infrastructure, educator training, content quality, and economic considerations. The research focuses on the potential of augmented reality to foster active learning. The relationship between augmented reality (AR) and active learning is examined, emphasizing the ways in which AR supports collaborative activities, problem-solving, and individualized learning paths. By imagining the role that augmented reality (AR) will play in future education, including personalized learning, virtual field excursions, mixed reality collaboration, and AI-driven adaptive learning, the essay demonstrates the revolutionary power of AR. The ethical challenges surrounding AR in the classroom are also covered, with a focus on the importance of addressing data protection, digital literacy, and responsible technology use. In order to prepare students for the challenges of a connected world while nurturing a lifetime love of learning, the study finishes by presenting augmented reality as a cornerstone of educational design. In essence, this article offers a thorough analysis of Augmented Reality's effects on education, highlighting its potential to transform pedagogy, improve learning opportunities, and influence the direction of education in the future. Educators are given a comprehensive grasp of how to use augmented reality to build immersive, successful learning environments by looking at case studies, design principles, difficulties, and future prospects

Time-Dependent Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulations of a Simplified Human Soft Palate.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep-related disorder. It is characterized by recurrent partial or total collapse of pharyngeal upper airway accompanied by induced vibrations of the soft tissues (e.g., soft palate). The knowledge of the tissue behavior subject to a particular airflow is relevant for realistic clinic applications. However, in-vivo measurements are usually impractical. The goal of the present study is to develop a 3D fluid-structure interaction model for the human uvulopalatal system relevant to OSA based on simplified geometries under physiological conditions. Numerical simulations are performed to assess the influence of the different breathing conditions on the vibrational dynamics of the flexible structure. Meanwhile, the fluid patterns are investigated for the coupled fluid-structure system as well. Increasing the respiratory flow rate is shown to induce larger structural deformation. Vortex shedding induced resonance is not observed due to the large discrepancy between the flow oscillatory frequency and the natural frequency of the structure. The large deformation for symmetric breathing case under intensive respiration is mainly because of the positive feedback from the pressure differences on the top and the bottom surfaces of the structure.