3D Imaging Technology Research Articles

The Application of Computer-Aided Film and Television Art Design Elements in Exhibition Space Design

Exhibition spaces are where human civilization is passed along, science and culture are disseminated, and new design concepts and techniques are assimilated to better them over time. Several offline and online exhibitions have been affected, stopped, postponed, or relocated online due to the effect of the outbreak. Presently, the development and enhancement of virtual exhibition halls is underway. Visitors to exposition halls are no longer limited to those from the immediate area; rather, an increasing number of people come from all over the nation and even from other countries. Due to this, pavilions that are equipped with remote tour features become very influential. The cloud exhibition of the film and television art design elements is the focus of this study, and it additionally builds a virtual display platform and presents 3D Imaging and Virtual Reality Technology (3DIVRT). Through the lens of 3D modeling technology and virtual exhibition hall building, this study first investigates the application trend and preliminary practice of digital design in virtual exhibition halls domestically and internationally. A comparison is made between virtual exhibition halls and conventional exhibition halls to summarize the benefits and possibilities of virtual exhibition halls. Second, it elaborates on the features of the 3D experience found in virtual exhibition halls from immersion, interaction, and conceivability perspectives. A fundamental examination and comparison of 3D modeling software is carried out, and Blender and Unity’s impact on the execution of the virtual exhibition hall is detailed. Synchronizing virtual reflection by computational capabilities, which will be identified with certain examples from across the globe, requires multimedia to be successful. Various methods to exhibit activity that uses computer-aided technologies are brought to light in this research study. According to the findings and conclusions, manual presentation and technical distinctions are how artistic and reflective features can be achieved.

Polarized Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Maritime Targets Through Zenith Angle Estimation from Specular and Diffuse Reflections

Polarized 3D imaging technology reconstructs the three-dimensional (3D) surface shape of an object by analyzing the polarization characteristics of light reflected from its surface. A key challenge in polarized 3D imaging is accurately estimating the zenith angle. Specular light poses a notable challenge in estimating the zenith angle because it conveys limited information regarding the target. To enhance the accuracy and robustness of zenith angle estimation for specular light, this study proposes a novel zenith angle estimation method that utilizes both specular and diffuse reflections. Based on the estimated zenith angle, the target surface shape was reconstructed. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated using polarimetric images of marine targets, offering a new solution for the accurate identification and 3D imaging of distant maritime targets.

Research on real-time 3D imaging technology based on CMOS sensors

Abstract. With the continuous progress of science and technology, 3D imaging technology has been widely used in many fields, such as medical imaging, virtual reality and protection of cultural heritage. It can provide more information than traditional 2D images, greatly improving the accuracy and reliability of various applications. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensors, as efficient and low-cost image sensors, have been widely used in image imaging and processing technologies in recent years. However, how to realize real-time and high-precision 3D imaging with CMOS sensors is still a technical challenge to be solved. Based on this background, this paper will focus on real-time 3D imaging techniques based on CMOS sensors through three topics. This paper will first introduce how CMOS sensors work, followed by the introduction of real-time 3D imaging technology, and finally the real-time 3D imaging technology based on CMOS sensors. The research in this paper will be valuable for the research and application of real-time 3D imaging technology based on CMOS sensors.

Analyzing 3D facial morphology: Insights from a comparative European and South African study on population affinity, sex, age, and allometry

Variable growth patterns and multifactorial mechanisms cause variation in facial shape. These differences in facial morphology pose challenges for craniofacial reconstruction. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities are a valuable resource for examining these variations. In this study, we used geometric morphometric methods to evaluate the effects of population affinity, sex, age, and allometry on the variation and covariation of hard and soft tissue facial morphology matrices in a sample of French and white South African individuals. Seventy-six and 108 cone-beam computed tomography scans of white South African and French nationals, respectively, were retrospectively acquired. Three-dimensional anatomical structures (hard and soft tissue matrices) were extracted using MeVisLab© v. 2.7.1 software for dense landmarking of 43 craniometric, 50 capulometric, and 559 sliding landmarks. Geometric morphometric analyses were used to quantify shape differences attributed to population affinity, sex, age, and allometry and assess the covariation between hard tissue structures and soft facial tissues. Hard and soft tissue facial matrices were influenced by population differences, sexual dimorphism, and aging. Compared to sex and age, population affinity had the strongest influence on variation. In French individuals, all hard and soft tissue matrices were sexually dimorphic, except for the eyes and left external auditory meatus (EAM). In white South Africans, sexual dimorphism was observed for the mouth, midface, and left EAM. Significant shape differences were also observed for specific age groups. The underlying skull and overlying soft tissues were strongly associated with the nose and anterior nasal aperture (correlation, r2-PLS = 0.976), followed by the right ear and right EAM (r2-PLS = 0.875) and the left ear and left EAM (r2-PLS = 0.871) in white South Africans. For French individuals, relatively weak to moderate correlations were observed, and the covariation between matrices was nonsignificant, except for the association between the right ear and right EAM (r2-PLS = 0.499). The smallest covariation was observed between the mouth and midfacial matrix in both populations (South African: r2-PLS = 0.464; French: r2-PLS = 0.367), which was also nonsignificant. This study revealed that 3D imaging technology and geometric morphometric methods can accurately quantify and visualize facial morphology differences. These methods can also evaluate the association between skull structure and soft facial features.

Linking structure to function: the connection between mesophyll structure and intrinsic water use efficiency.

Climate change-driven drought events are becoming unescapable in an increasing number of areas worldwide. Understanding how plants are able to adapt to these changing environmental conditions is a non-trivial challenge. Physiologically, improving a plant's intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ) will be essential for plant survival in dry conditions. Physically, plant adaptation and acclimatisation are constrained by a plant's anatomy. In other words, there is a strong link between anatomical structure and physiological function. Former research predominantly focused on using 2D anatomical measurements to approximate 3D structures based on the assumption of ideal shapes, such as spherical spongy mesophyll cells. As a result of increasing progress in 3D imaging technology, the validity of these assumptions is being assessed, and recent research has indicated that these approximations can contain significant errors. We suggest to invert the workflow and use the less common 3D assessments to provide corrections and functions for the more widely available 2D assessments. By combining these 3D and corrected 2D anatomical assessments with physiological measurements of WUEi , our understanding of how a plant's physical adaptation affects its function will increase and greatly improve our ability to assess plant survival.

Accuracy of imaging software usable in clinical settings for 3D rendering of tooth structures.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the segmentation accuracy of the dentition by testing four open-source semi-automatic software programs. Twenty CBCT scans were selected to perform semi-automatic segmentation of the maxillary and mandibular dentition. The software programs tested were InVesalius, ITK-SNAP, 3D Slicer, and Seg3D. In addition, each tooth model was manually segmented using Mimics software; this was set as the gold standard (GS) reference of the investigation. A specific 3D imaging technology was used to perform the superimposition between the tooth models obtained with the semi-automatic software and the GS model as well as to perform the surface-to-surface matching analysis. The accuracy of semi-automatic segmentation was evaluated, calculating the volumetric mean differences (mean bias and limits of agreement) and the percentage of matching of the tooth models compared with the manual segmentation (GS). Qualitative assessments were performed using color-coded maps. All data were statistically analyzed to perform comparisons between the investigated software programs. Statistically significant differences were found in the volumetric and matching percentage data (P 0.05). InVesalius was the most accurate software program for 3D rendering of the dentition, with a volumetric bias (Mimics software) ranging from 4.59 to 85.79 mm3, while ITK-SNAP showed the highest volumetric bias, ranging from 30.22 to 319.83 mm3. The mismatched area was mainly located at the radicular tooth region. The volumetric data showed excellent inter-software reliability, with coefficient values ranging from 0.951 to 0.997. Different semi-automatic software algorithms could generate different patterns of inaccuracy error in the segmentation of teeth.

From Harvest to Healing: The Evolution of Bone Grafts In Oral Implantology

Bone grafts are surgical procedures that involve the transplantation of bone tissue to repair or reconstruct damaged bones. They are commonly used in various medical fields, including dentistry, orthopedics, and particularly within oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, and oral radiology, to promote healing and support the integration of implants. This review embarks on a transformative journey through the evolution of bone grafting techniques in oral implantology, beginning with the rudimentary harvesting methods and their inherent limitations. It transitions to modern innovations, spotlighting synthetic and bioengineered materials that enhance biocompatibility and minimize patient morbidity. Key advancements in minimally invasive techniques and guided bone regeneration are meticulously examined, along with the revolutionary impact of 3D imaging and printing technologies on graft customization. The review underscores the synergy between biological principles and cutting-edge technology, illustrating how these breakthroughs not only lead to superior surgical outcomes but also foster improved patient healing and satisfaction. Ultimately, the evolution of bone grafts marks a significant paradigm shift towards more effective, patient-centered strategies in oral implantology. This exploration highlights the pivotal role of advanced bone grafting methods in bolstering osseointegration and ensuring overall implant success, showcasing a commitment to enhancing both clinical efficacy and patient experience for prosthodontists, periodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons,oral radiologists, and dentists alike.

Reframing the Conservation: A Case Study in using 3D Imaging Technology to Restore Carved Wooden Elements on a Painting Frame

Reframing the Conservation: A Case Study in using 3D Imaging Technology to Restore Carved Wooden Elements on a Painting Frame

Evaluating the Impact of Digital Mapping and 3D Imaging Technologies on the Restoration of Historical Sites in Southeast Asia

The preservation of cultural heritage sites is undergoing a transformation, propelled by advancements in digital and 3D technologies. This paper explores the integration and impact of such technologies, including digital mapping, 3D imaging, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), on the conservation of historical sites. By providing detailed case studies from Southeast Asia, this study examines the accuracy improvements, enhanced visualization capabilities, and increased public engagement facilitated by these technologies. It also addresses the technical, financial, and training challenges associated with their implementation. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potential of emerging technologies to revolutionize heritage conservation and predicts future trends in the field. The findings suggest that while there are significant benefits to the adoption of these technologies, careful consideration is needed to overcome the associated challenges and ensure sustainable integration into conservation practices.

Technology Focus: Offshore Facilities (September 2024)

Offshore wind power involves generating electricity from wind farms located at sea. Because wind speeds are generally higher offshore than on land, these farms produce more electricity for the same amount of installed capacity. Both wind and solar energy are renewable and do not emit carbon, which helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels such as oil and gas. The papers synopsized in this year’s Offshore Facilities feature cover a breadth of related subjects that will be critical to the future of the industry. Automation in the offshore oil and gas industry makes production safer, faster, and more efficient. It reduces human error, improves quality control, and allows real-time monitoring of operations. Machine learning improves offshore industries by enhancing safety, efficiency, and sustainability It tracks and predicts environmental changes, such as oil spills or marine life patterns, aiding in better environmental management and response. Remotely operated vehicles are used in offshore operations to inspect, maintain, and repair underwater infrastructure; the offshore industry uses 3D video imaging technology to provide detailed real-time images of the underwater environment. Corrosion in offshore environments occurs because of factors such as seawater, sea salts, temperature, salinity, and moisture. It is crucial to monitor corrosion because it can lead to major structural failures. Hydrogen can be produced offshore using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, which do not emit greenhouse gases and help combat climate change. Supply-chain logistics boost efficiency by cutting costs, removing unnecessary steps, and speeding up product delivery. An efficient supply chain can lead to higher revenue, lower operational costs, and better overall performance. Decommissioning is the final stage of an oil or gas project and involves significant technical, economic, social, and environmental challenges. It is a lengthy, costly, and complex process that must be carefully planned and managed to avoid serious problems. Several ideas have come to the surface that show innovative ways to repurpose a decommissioned platform or ways to cut the cost of decommissioning. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 217706 Dynamic Simulation of Riser-Gas Handling With a Fixed-Choke Constant Outflow by Zhaoguang Yuan, SLB, et al. OTC 35092 Reducing Carbon Footprint by Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in FPSOs by S. Eves, NOV, et al. OTC 35393 Challenges and Approaches to Solutions for Green Decommissioning and Recycling of Offshore Facilities by Carlos Alberto Machado, American Bureau of Shipping, et al.

A Review of 3D Modalities Used for the Diagnosis of Scoliosis.

Spine radiographs in the standing position are the recommended standard for diagnosing idiopathic scoliosis. Though the deformity exists in 3D, its diagnosis is currently carried out with the help of 2D radiographs due to the unavailability of an efficient, low-cost 3D alternative. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not suitable in this case, as they are obtained in the supine position. Research on 3D modelling of scoliotic spine began with multiplanar radiographs and later moved on to biplanar radiographs and finally a single radiograph. Nonetheless, modern advances in diagnostic imaging have the potential to preserve image quality and decrease radiation exposure. They include the DIERS formetric scanner system, the EOS imaging system, and ultrasonography. This review article briefly explains the technology behind each of these methods. They are compared with the standard imaging techniques. The DIERS system and ultrasonography are radiation free but have limitations with respect to the quality of the 3D model obtained. There is a need for 3D imaging technology with less or zero radiation exposure and that can produce a quality 3D model for diseases like adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Accurate 3D models are crucial in clinical practice for diagnosis, planning surgery, patient follow-up examinations, biomechanical applications, and computer-assisted surgery.

Navigation and 3D-imaging in pelvic ring surgery: a systematic review of prospective comparative studies.

Few literature reviews have been published focusing on navigation, robotic or pre-operative planning using 3D-imaging technology (3D-printing, 3D-planning). To our knowledge, no reviews have been performed to assess and compare all these modalities together versus control groups (conventional fluoroscopy) through high Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) and Prospective Control Studies (PCSs). The aim of this study was to assess and compare 3D-imaging technologies from pre-operative planning to per-operative navigation and robotic in the management of pelvic ring fractures through high level studies. A literature search was performed using PubMed, the Cochrane library and Google scholar using keywords up to December 2023. Only prospective comparative studies (RCT and PCS) were included. A total of 341 articles were identified, 39 articles were selected for full-text analysis leaving 7 articles included in this literature systematic review. A trend towards improved precision in screw placement and reduction of radiation exposure without consequences in term of functional outcomes have been identified. No conclusions can be extrapolated regarding operative time and blood loss except for robotic which improve these parameters because robotic arm assistance help surgeons to correctly follow the planning based on 2D-fluoroscopy. Surgery duration and radiation dose are significantly reduced with robotic-arm assistance for the same reasons. With navigation the results have to be nuanced according to the experience of the surgical team. Interest of navigation is emphasized in sacral dysmorphism in comparison with conventional fluoroscopy. This highlights the benefits of navigation for ilio-sacral screw placement in difficult cases and less experimented teams. High level studies which assess and compare 3D-imaging technologies from pre-operative planning to per-operative navigation and robotic in the management of pelvic ring fractures are low. To date and according to the present high level literature, navigation and 3D-technologies in pelvic ring surgery should be recommended for difficult cases. Systematic review of Level II studies.

Digital Biometry as an Obesity Diagnosis Tool: A Review of Current Applications and Future Directions.

Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease and a major public health concern due to its high prevalence and associated complications. Paradoxically, several studies have found that obesity might positively impact the prognosis of patients with certain existing chronic diseases, while some individuals with normal BMI may develop obesity-related complications. This phenomenon might be explained by differences in body composition, such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), total body fat (TBF), and fat-free mass (FFM). Indirect measures of body composition such as body circumferences, skinfold thicknesses, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices are useful clinically and in epidemiological studies but are often difficult to perform, time-consuming, or inaccurate. Biomedical imaging methods, i.e., computerized tomography scanners (CT scan), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provide accurate assessments but are expensive and not readily available. Recent advancements in 3D optical image technology offer an innovative way to assess body circumferences and body composition, though most machines are costly and not widely available. Two-dimensional optical image technology might offer an interesting alternative, but its accuracy needs validation. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of 2D and 3D automated body scan devices in assessing body circumferences and body composition.

Monocular Metasurface for Structured Light Generation and 3D Imaging with a Large Field-of-View.

Structured light three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology captures the geometric information on 3D objects by recording waves reflected from the objects' surface. The projection angle and point number of the laser dots directly determine the field-of-view (FOV) and the resolution of the reconstructed image. Conventionally, diffractive optical elements with micrometer-scale pixel size have been used to generate laser dot arrays, leading to limited FOV and point number within the projection optical path. Here, we theoretically put forward and experimentally demonstrate a monocular geometric phase metasurface composed of deep subwavelength meta-atoms to generate a 10 798 dot array within an FOV of 163°. Attributed to the vast number and high-density point cloud generated by the metasurface, the 3D reconstructed results showcase a maximum relative error in depth of 5.3 mm and a reconstruction error of 6.07%. Additionally, we propose a spin-multiplexed metasurface design method capable of doubling the number of lattice points. We demonstrate its application in the field of 3D imaging through experiments, where the 3D reconstructed results show a maximum relative depth error of 0.44 cm and a reconstruction error of 2.78%. Our proposed metasurface featuring advanced point cloud generation holds substantial potential for various applications such as facial recognition, autonomous driving, virtual reality, and beyond.

Accuracy and Precision of Three-Dimensionally Printed Orthognathic Surgical Splints

The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies in orthognathic surgery led to the development of virtual surgical planning and printing of patient-specific orthognathic surgical splints (OSSs). The accuracy and precision of 3D printed OSSs are considered important; however, there is limited data in the literature regarding whether the type of resin materials may influence these measures. A virtual OSS was created using a set of typodont models and printed in Biomed Clear, Dental LT V2, and Surgical Guide resins (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA), using a stereolithography printer. The upper intercanine width, intermolar width, and arch length were analysed. Differences between the reference dimensions of the virtual splint and the corresponding mean measurements of the 3D-printed splints were mostly considered clinically acceptable. The greatest variation was observed in the arch length for all 3 materials, which relates to the Z-axis of the printer; only 33.3–66.7% of OSSs were within the tolerance limit of ±0.1 mm quoted by the manufacturer. The Surgical Guide group demonstrated the highest degree of accuracy and precision overall. Further research would help to assess the 3D accuracy and precision, explore the variation found between different resin materials used, and confirm the findings of this research.

Experimental study on mechanical responses of 3D needle‐punched composite preforms at different needling densities: Failure structures, tensile and interlayer peeling strengths

AbstractIn this study, needle‐punched quartz fiber felt / fabrics preforms (NQFFPs) with a wide needling densities (NDs) range from 70 to 280 punches/cm2 were manufactured, then the inner correlation among the NDs, mechanical properties and structural failure modes were studied and revealed. Firstly, the effects of NDs on mechanical strengths, which included tensile and interlayer peeling strengths of NQFFPs, were analyzed through experimental methods. Moreover, MATLAB software was applied to fit the NDs‐mechanical strength curves, then best fitting equations were defined to characterize the change rules between NDs and mechanical strengths. Additionally, with NDs increment, tensile strengths decreased from 0.727 to 0.0925 MPa, whereas interlayer peeling strengths increased from 83.46 to 135.04 N/m. Afterwards, the 3D image technology was utilized to capture failure morphologies of NQFFPs at different NDs from tensile and interlayer peeling experiments, which furtherly revealed the failure mechanisms of NQFFPs at different NDs. This work is significant for the engineering manufacturing and application of needle‐punched preforms and the composites.Highlights Failure structure characteristics of NQFFPs at different NDs were captured. Change rules between NDs and strengths were characterized by math equations. The correlation among NDs, fracture morphologies and strengths was revealed.

P-693 Three-dimensional modeling of follicular microenvironment dynamics in the human adult ovary

Abstract Study question How does the ovarian microenvironment, involving neural fibers, vascular networks, and immune cells, interplay with follicular dynamics in the human adult ovary? Summary answer Neural fibers growing into the ovarian cortex and vascular network expansion were associated with primordial follicle activation and growth. Macrophages associated with antral follicular atresia. What is known already The ovarian follicles, responsible for preserving and supplying oocytes, play a crucial role in fertility, with their fate influenced by the ovarian microenvironment. However, the three-dimensional (3D), irregular, and dynamic structural changes of the ovarian microenvironment are difficult to interpret using two-dimensional analysis. 3D-imaging technologies have been developed to reveal intricate structural and functional relationships particularly in rodents, but these approaches have not been widely adopted for human ovarian research. Study design, size, duration Our study aims to explore the follicular microenvironment dynamics in the human adult ovary. In this work, we optimized whole-mount immunofluorescence using TUBB3, PODXL, PECAM1, ACTA2 and CD68, and conducted 3D imaging on intact adult ovarian tissue, offering a visualization of the 3D structures and dynamic changes within ovarian follicles, neural fibers, vascular networks, and immune cells in human adult ovary at the single-cell level. Participants/materials, setting, methods The human ovarian samples were collected from donors (N = 5) who underwent oophorectomy after testosterone treatment. Part of the intact ovary, including cortex and medulla, was fixed and used for whole-mount immunofluorescence using markers for neural fibers (TUBB3), blood vessels (PODXL, PECAM1, ACTA2), and immune cells (CD68). Subsequently, an enhanced iDiSCO method was employed for tissue clearance. Finally, 3D images were acquired using a lightsheet microscope, followed by image analysis and 3D reconstruction using Imaris software. Main results and the role of chance Our results showed that TUBB3-labeled nerve fibers predominantly distributed in the ovarian cortex, with few presented in the medullary region. Notably, their presence surrounding secondary and antral follicles was limited. We observed a rich distribution of PODXL-labeled capillaries surrounding primordial and primary follicles in the cortical layer of the adult ovary. As follicles progressed to the secondary stage, PECAM1-labeled vasculature contributed to the construction of a vascular network enveloping the secondary follicles and connecting extensively to larger-caliber arteries containing (ACTA2+) smooth muscle cells. In antral follicles, large larger-caliber arteries were also detected, maintaining proximity to the theca cell layer. Interestingly, in cases of follicular atresia, vascular invasion within the follicular cavity was observed. Additionally, clusters of CD68+ macrophages exhibited a scattered distribution around the follicles at various stages, with a significant accumulation in atretic small-antral follicles. Limitations, reasons for caution Our study was conducted on ovaries from a limited number of donors after gender-affirming surgery. Although we aimed to provide insights into the ovarian microenvironment, we were so far unable to obtain ovaries with large antral follicles, ovulatory follicles and the formation of the corpus luteum. Wider implications of the findings The views provided by 3D-image analysis of the human ovary will augment the current knowledge of the complex interactions between the follicles and the ovarian microenvironment. 3D ovarian mapping will also provide a roadmap for generating oocytes in vitro for fertility preservation and ovarian disease modelling. Trial registration number N/A.

Phase-modulated multi-foci microscopy for rapid 3D imaging

3D imaging technology is pivotal in monitoring the functional dynamics and morphological alterations in living cells and tissues. However, conventional volumetric imaging associated with mechanical z-scanning encounters challenges in limited 3D imaging speed with inertial artifact. Here, we present a unique phase-modulated multi-foci microscopy (PM3) technique to achieve snapshot 3D imaging with the advantages of extended imaging depths and adjustable imaging intervals between each focus in a rapid fashion. To accomplish the tasks, we utilize a spatial light modulator (SLM) to encode the phases of the scattered or fluorescence light emanating from a volumetric sample and then project the multiple-depth images of the sample onto a single charge-coupled device camera for rapid 3D imaging. We demonstrate that the PM3 technique provides ∼55-fold improvement in imaging depth in polystyrene beads phantom compared to the depth of field of the objective lens used. PM3 also enables the real-time monitoring of Brownian motion of fluorescent beads in water at a 15 Hz volume rate. By precisely manipulating the phase of scattered light on the SLM, PM3 can pinpoint the specific depth information in living zebrafish and rapidly observe the 3D dynamic processes of blood flow in the zebrafish trunk. This work shows that the PM3 technique developed is robust and versatile for fast 3D dynamic imaging in biological and biomedical systems.

Application of 3D Image Technology in Rural Planning

The well-being of villages and villagers is directly related to the development of urban-rural relations. Rural development is an important part of poverty alleviation, as well as the main goal and means of rural rejuvenation, because rural planning affects rural economic development and rural revitalization. Electronic imaging can improve the speed of rural area planning, and can also model the planned scheme. However, the current rural planning still lacks top-level design, which cannot improve the overall structural design of rural planning, and the data resources of rural planning are not perfect. Therefore, this article studied the direction of rural planning and design by analyzing the focus, problems, and external environment characteristics of rural planning, and then analyzed the application characteristics in rural planning according to the process of 3D image technology. By reducing the complex design links in rural planning, the office efficiency of planning and the 3D visualization of planning model can be promoted, so as to improve the effect of rural planning and the construction service of rural planning. The simulated annealing algorithm showed that the planning efficiency and average planning speed of 3D image application in rural planning were gradually increasing; the average planning efficiency was about 1.80, and the average planning speed was about 1.05. The planning efficiency increased by 1.20 in the whole process, while the average planning speed increased by 0.33 in the whole process. Through comparison, it can be seen that the planning rationality of rural planning under 3D image was 12.16% higher than the original one, while the measurement error rate of some teachers was 47.28% lower. In a word, 3D imaging and electronic imaging can improve the architectural design and layout planning of rural planning.

ESTATE: A Large Dataset of Under-Represented Urban Objects for 3D Point Cloud Classification

Abstract. Cityscapes contain a variety of objects, each with a particular role in urban administration and development. With the rapid growth and implementation of 3D imaging technology, urban areas are increasingly surveyed with high-resolution point clouds. This technical advancement extensively improves our ability to capture and analyse urban environments and their small objects. Deep learning algorithms for point cloud data have shown considerable capacity in 3D object classification but still face problems with generally under-represented objects (such as light poles or chimneys). This paper introduces the ESTATE dataset (https://github.com/3DOM-FBK/ESTATE), which combines available datasets of various sensors, densities, regions, and object types. It includes 13 classes featuring intensity and/or colour attributes. Tests using ESTATE demonstrate that the dataset improves the classification performance of deep learning techniques and could be a game-changer to advance in the 3D classification of urban objects.