3D Engine Research Articles

Joint subarray acoustic tweezers enable controllable cell translation, rotation, and deformation

Contactless microscale tweezers are highly effective tools for manipulating, patterning, and assembling bioparticles. However, current tweezers are limited in their ability to comprehensively manipulate bioparticles, providing only partial control over the six fundamental motions (three translational and three rotational motions). This study presents a joint subarray acoustic tweezers platform that leverages acoustic radiation force and viscous torque to control the six fundamental motions of single bioparticles. This breakthrough is significant as our manipulation mechanism allows for controlling the three translational and three rotational motions of single cells, as well as enabling complex manipulation that combines controlled translational and rotational motions. Moreover, our tweezers can gradually increase the load on an acoustically trapped cell to achieve controllable cell deformation critical for characterizing cell mechanical properties. Furthermore, our platform allows for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of bioparticles without using complex confocal microscopy by rotating bioparticles with acoustic tweezers and taking images of each orientation using a standard microscope. With these capabilities, we anticipate the JSAT platform to play a pivotal role in various applications, including 3D imaging, tissue engineering, disease diagnostics, and drug testing.

Computational study on the impact of gasoline-ethanol blending on autoignition and soot/NOx emissions under low-load gasoline compression ignition conditions

In the present work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a single-cylinder gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine are performed to investigate the impact of gasoline-ethanol blending on autoignition, nitrogen oxide (NOx), and soot emissions under low-load conditions. In order to represent the test gasoline (RD5-87), a four-component toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF)+ethanol (ETPRF) surrogate (with 10% ethanol by volume; E10) is employed. A three-dimensional (3D) engine CFD model employing finite-rate chemistry with a skeletal kinetic mechanism (including NOx sub-mechanism), adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), and hybrid method of moments (HMOM) is adopted to capture the in-cylinder combustion phenomena and soot/NOx emissions. The engine CFD model is validated against experimental data for three gasoline-ethanol blends: E10, E30 and E100, with varying ethanol content by volume. Model validation is carried out for a broad range of start-of-injection (SOI) timings (−21, −27, −36, and −45 crank angle degrees (°CA) after top-dead-center (aTDC)) with respect to in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, combustion phasing, NOx and soot emissions. For relatively later injection timings (−21 and −27 °CA aTDC), E30 yields higher amount of soot than E10; while the trend reverses for early injection cases (−36 and −45 °CA aTDC ). On the other hand, E100 yields the lowest amount of soot among all fuels irrespective of SOI timing. Further, E10 shows a non-monotonic trend in soot emissions with SOI timing: SOI-36>SOI-45>SOI-21>SOI-27, while soot emissions from E30 exhibit monotonic decrease with advancing SOI timing. NOx emissions from various fuels follow a trend of E10>E30>E100. On the other hand, NOx emissions increase as SOI timing is advanced for all fuels, with an anomaly for E10 and E100 where NOx decreases when SOI is advanced beyond −36 °CA aTDC. Detailed analysis of the numerical results is performed to investigate the soot/NOx emission trends and elucidate the impact of chemical composition and physical properties on autoignition and emissions characteristics.

Advancing Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Review of 3D Bioprinting Approaches and Bioink Properties.

Articular cartilage is crucial in human physiology, and its degeneration poses a significant public health challenge. While recent advancements in 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering show promise for cartilage regeneration, there remains a gap between research findings and clinical application. This review critically examines the mechanical and biological properties of hyaline cartilage, along with current 3D manufacturing methods and analysis techniques. Moreover, we provide a quantitative synthesis of bioink properties used in cartilage tissue engineering. After screening 181 initial works, 33 studies using extrusion bioprinting were analyzed and synthesized, presenting results that indicate the main materials, cells, and methods utilized for mechanical and biological evaluation. Altogether, this review motivates the standardization of mechanical analyses and biomaterial assessments of 3D bioprinted constructs to clarify their chondrogenic potential.

Three-dimensional polarimetric ptychography

A three-dimensional polarimetric ptychography (3D-PP) technique is proposed to reconstruct the residual stress distribution in optical elements in three dimensions by combining polarization imaging and a 3D ptychographic iterative engine (3D-PIE). 3D-PP mainly uses two orthogonal linear polarizers placed along the light direction to capture the photoelastic information within an optical element. Based on phase shift theory, a three-step phase shift method is proposed to record three dark field images, allowing for calculating the isometric line of residual stress within the optical element. This method enables the layer-by-layer measurement of residual stress within thick samples and assesses the distribution of residual stress along the detection axis, enhancing the precision of stress measurements.

Multi-parameter tunable synthetic matrix for engineering lymphatic vessels

Controlling the formation of new lymphatic vessels has been postulated as an innovative therapeutic strategy for various disease phenotypes, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and lymphedema. Yet, compared to the blood vascular system, little is known about the molecular regulation that controls lymphatic tube formation in a synthetic matrix. In this study, we utilize hyaluronic acid (HA)-hydrogels to design a novel platform for decoupled investigation into how mechanical and biochemical cues regulate lymphatic vessel formation in a synthetic matrix. Using HA and controlling the degree of modification provides a method to preserve and modulate key lymphatic markers Prox1, LYVE-1, and Pdpn. The chemistry of the system allows for spatial and temporal patterning of specific peptides and substrate stiffnesses, and an MMP-sensitive crosslinker allowed cells to degrade and remodel their matrix. Through systematic optimization of multiple parameters, we have designed a system that allows human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to self-assemble into vessels in vitro within 3 days. These engineered vessels can be cultured for up to 3 weeks and can be used for high-throughput mechanistic studies, or can be implanted into immunodeficient mice where they have demonstrated the ability to integrate and mature. Collectively, these studies report a novel, fully-defined 3D synthetic matrix system capable of generating lymphatic vessels in vitro that provide promise as an in vitro screening platform and as a therapeutic vessel transplant, which to our knowledge, is the first ever 3D lymphatic tissue engineering approach to not require the use of support cells.

Turbopump Parametric Modelling and Reliability Assessment for Reusable Rocket Engine Applications

The development of modern reusable launchers, such as the Themis project with its LOX/LCH4 Prometheus engine, CALLISTO—a reusable VTVL-launcher first-stage demonstrator with a LOX/LH2 RSR2 engine, and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 with its Merlin 1D engine, underscores the need for advanced control algorithms to ensure reliable engine operation. The multi-restart capability of these engines imposes additional requirements for throttling, necessitating an extended controller-validity domain to safely achieve low thrust levels across various operating regimes. This capability also increases the risk of component failure, especially as engine parameters evolve with mission profiles. To address this, our study evaluates the dynamic reliability of reusable rocket engines (RREs) and their subcomponents under different failure modes using multi-physics system-level modelling and simulation, with a particular focus on turbopump components. Transient condition modelling and performance analysis, conducted using EcosimPro-ESPSS software (version 6.4.34), revealed that turbopump components maintain high reliability under nominal conditions, with turbine blades demonstrating significant fatigue life even under varying thermal and mechanical loads. Additionally, the proposed predictive model estimates the remaining useful life of critical components, offering valuable insights for improving the longevity and reliability of turbopumps in reusable rocket engines. This study employs deterministic, thermally dependent structural simulations, with key control objectives including end-state tracking of combustion chamber pressure and mixture ratios and the verification of operational constraints, exemplified by the LUMEN demonstrator engine and the LE-5B-2 engine class.

Advancements in Organ‐on‐a‐Chip Systems: Materials, Characterization, and Applications

AbstractRecent advancements in 3D tissue engineering and organ‐on‐a‐chip systems have revolutionized biomedical research by providing sophisticated platforms that mimic complex physiological environments. This review explores various techniques in 3D printing, including bioprinting materials, laser‐induced forward transfer, ink‐jet systems, and microextrusion methods, highlighting their roles in fabricating intricate tissue constructs. Physical and biochemical characterization methods for assessing these engineered tissues on microchips are discussed in detail, emphasizing their importance in accurately replicating physiological conditions. The review further delves into the development of multiple organ and single organ‐on‐a‐chip systems. It covers two‐organ, three‐organ, and four‐organ platforms, as well as individual systems such as pancreas‐on‐a‐chip, kidney‐on‐a‐chip, liver‐on‐a‐chip, lung‐on‐a‐chip, blood–brain barrier‐on‐a‐chip, heart‐on‐a‐chip, breast cancer‐on‐a‐chip, gut‐on‐a‐chip, and blood vessels‐on‐a‐chip. Each section addresses the unique challenges and advancements associated with these models, providing insights into their potential applications in drug testing, disease modelling, and personalized medicine. In conclusion, the article discusses current challenges and offers perspectives on future directions in 3D tissue engineering and organ‐on‐a‐chip technology, highlighting the transformative impact of these systems on biomedical research and healthcare.

Scaffold-free 3D culture systems for stem cell-based tissue regeneration.

Recent advances in scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) culture methods have significantly enhanced the potential of stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. This cutting-edge technology circumvents the use of exogenous biomaterial and prevents its associated complications. The 3D culture system preserves crucial intercellular interactions and extracellular matrix support, closely mimicking natural biological niches. Therefore, stem cells cultured in 3D formats exhibit distinct characteristics, showcasing their capabilities in promoting angiogenesis and immunomodulation. This review aims to elucidate foundational technologies and recent breakthroughs in 3D scaffold-free stem cell engineering, offering comprehensive guidance for researchers to advance this technology across various clinical applications. We first introduce the various sources of stem cells and provide a comparative analysis of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D culture systems. Given the advantages of 3D culture systems, we delve into the specific fabrication and harvesting techniques for cell sheets and spheroids. Furthermore, we explore their applications in pre-clinical studies, particularly in large animal models and clinical trials. We also discuss multidisciplinary strategies to overcome existing limitations such as insufficient efficacy, hostile microenvironments, and the need for scalability and standardization of stem cell-based products.

Innovations in 3D ovarian and follicle engineering for fertility preservation and restoration

Innovations in 3D ovarian and follicle engineering for fertility preservation and restoration

Advantages and Disadvantages of Reconstructive and Preservation Rhinoplasty: Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Directions.

Reconstructive rhinoplasty, a specialized surgical procedure, aims to restore both the form and function of the nose, particularly after trauma, congenital defects, or prior surgeries. This review evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical techniques used in reconstructive and preservation rhinoplasty. The study focuses on the outcomes of commonly employed methods such as cartilage grafting, flap techniques, and alloplastic materials, assessing both functional and aesthetic results. Recent advancements, including 3D imaging, tissue engineering, and artificial intelligence, are discussed as potential future directions that could enhance surgical precision, safety, and patient care. The review systematically examines clinical studies from the past decade, highlighting the evolving landscape of rhinoplasty and its impact on patient outcomes.

A novel data-driven 3D site characterisation method: Tucker decomposition-Bayesian compressive sensing and benchmarking study

ABSTRACT Site characterisation plays a pivotal role in geotechnical design and analysis. With advancements in machine learning and other digital technologies, data-driven site characterisation (DDSC) has garnered substantial interest in data-centric geotechnics. This paper proposes a novel and competitive 3D DDSC method, called Tucker decomposition-Bayesian compressive sensing (TD-BCS), which employs Tucker decomposition to factorise a 3D high-order tensor into a low-rank core tensor along with three associated factor matrices. The method comprises three key components: (1) 3D sparse representation using Tucker decomposition and discrete cosine transform; (2) Bayesian compressive sensing, and its algorithm implementation; and (3) Determination of three effective factor matrices. The proposed TD-BCS method is evaluated through its application to two benchmark examples, involving virtual ground and actual ground scenario based on real CPT data. And the benchmarking results demonstrate that the method not only yields accurate estimates with quantified uncertainty from sparse measurements but also exhibits high computational efficiency compared to other DDSC methods. Indeed, the TD-BCS method can be effectively applied to other 3D geotechnical engineering cases, and its framework is readily extendable to higher dimensions.

A high-precision automatic extraction method for shedding diseases of painted cultural relics based on three-dimensional fine color model

In recent years, with the development of 3D digitization of cultural relics, most cultural sites contain a large number of fine 3D data of cultural relics, especially complex geometric objects such as painted cultural relics. At present, how to automatically extract surface damage information from the fine 3D color model of painted cultural relics and avoid the loss of accuracy caused by reducing the dimension using conventional methods is an urgentproblem. In view of the above issues, this paper proposes an automatic and high-precision extraction method for cultural relics surface shedding diseases based on 3D fine data. First, this paper designs a 2D and 3D integrated data conversion model based on OpenSceneGraph, a 3D engine, which performs mutual conversion between 3D color model textures and 2D images. Second, this paper proposes a simple linear iterative clustering segmentation algorithm with an adaptive k value, which solves the problem of setting the superpixel k value and improves the accuracy of image segmentation. Finally, through the 2D and 3D integrated models, the disease is statistically analyzed and labeled on the 3D model. Experiments show that for painted plastic objects with complex surfaces, the disease extraction method based on the 3D fine model proposed in this paper has improved geometric accuracy compared with the current popular orthophoto extraction method, and the disease investigation is more comprehensive. Compared with the current 3D manual extraction method in commercial software, this method greatly improves the efficiency of disease extraction while ensuring extraction accuracy. The research method of this paper activates many existing 3D fine data of cultural protection units and converts conventional 2D data mining and analysis into 3D, which is more in line with the scientific utilization of data in terms of accuracy and efficiency and has certain scientific research value, leading value and practical significance.

Microfluidic systems for modeling digestive cancer: a review of recent progress.

Purpose. This review aims to highlight current improvements in microfluidic devices designed for digestive cancer simulation. The review emphasizes the use of multicellular 3D tissue engineering models to understand the complicated biology of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer progression. The purpose is to develop oncology research and improve digestive cancer patients' lives.Methods. This review analyzes recent research on microfluidic devices for mimicking digestive cancer. It uses tissue-engineered microfluidic devices, notably organs on a chip (OOC), to simulate human organ function in the lab. Cell cultivation on modern three-dimensional hydrogel platforms allows precise geometry, biological components, and physiological qualities. The review analyzes novel methodologies, key findings, and technical progress to explain this field's advances.Results. This study discusses current advances in microfluidic devices for mimicking digestive cancer. Micro physiological systems with multicellular 3D tissue engineering models are emphasized. These systems capture complex biochemical gradients, niche variables, and dynamic cell-cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These models reveal stomach cancer biology and progression by duplicating the TME. Recent discoveries and technology advances have improved our understanding of gut cancer biology, as shown in the review.Conclusion. Microfluidic systems play a crucial role in modeling digestive cancer and furthering oncology research. These platforms could transform drug development and treatment by revealing the complex biology of the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression. The review provides a complete summary of recent advances and suggests future research for field professionals. The review's major goal is to further medical research and improve digestive cancer patients' lives.

Comparison of Open-Source Networking Libraries for Unity Engine in Higher Education

This study presents a comparative analysis of Open-Source Software networking libraries for the Unity 3D engine in developing Virtual Reality applications for higher education. The performance of three OSS libraries—Mirror, FishNet, and Netcode—against the commercial Photon Fusion were evaluated. Performance measurement such as user capacity, performance and cross-platform capability were used as comparison. While Photon Fusion excels in performance compared to other OSS libraries, alternatives like FishNet present a cost-effective and customizable option, ideal for educational settings with particular needs or constrained budgets. The result of this study assists in selecting suitable networking solutions for VR educational applications, promoting their broader adoption in learning environments.

Engineering geological and geotechnical evaluation of Sathya Sai Prasanthi Nilayam railway tunnel, Andhra Pradesh, India

Detailed engineering geological investigations were carried out for a railway tunnel which was constructed more than two decades ago. 3D engineering geological mapping was carried out using Brunton Compass and Total Station Surveying instruments in 1:100 scale. Coarse-grained pink and grey granite, hornblende-biotite gneiss and dolerite dyke of Archaean age and Lower Proterozoic age were mapped. Rock mass was intersected by sub-horizontal, inclined, and vertical joint sets, which were continuous and persistent, smooth, and planar with thick filling of decomposed and crushed sheared material or with thin coating of clay material. Based on the Q-system, rock mass was classified into different classes. On the basis of large-scale engineering geological mapping and Norwegian Method of Tunnelling, a support system was recommended which includes rock bolt, fibre reinforced shotcrete, grouting and reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete and the same is implemented by the agency. As per the best knowledge of the authors, reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete are first time used for transportation tunnels in India and it will be more effective if it will be compared with ISMB or Lattice Girder.

The application and algorithm of fabric simulation in game industry

fabric simulation has emerged as a crucial aspect of computer graphics, particularly in applications such as film production, video games, and design. This paper provides a comprehensive review of fabric simulation methodologies, implementation techniques, and its diverse applications within the game industry. The fabric simulation algorithms are broken down into Fabric Modeling, Dynamic Simulation, and Collision Handling. The three common modeling strategies of Elasticity-Based Models, Particle-Based Models, and Mass-Spring Damper Models, are discussed in detail. Additionally, dynamic simulation strategies such as Position-Based Dynamics (PBD) and Extended Position-Based Dynamics (XPBD) are explored for their role in real-time simulations, particularly in the game industry. The paper also delves into collision handling algorithms, exploring the strategies for accurate collision detection and response. The application of fabric simulation in the game industry is highlighted, showcasing how it enhances realism and immersion by simulating fabric movement and interactions with the environment. The paper introduced various fabric simulation tools and systems within popular game engines like Unity 3D and Unreal Engine 5. Furthermore, optimization strategies, such as view-dependent adaptive simulation, are discussed to improve performance providing insight for future work.

The application and algorithm of fabric simulation in game industry

fabric simulation has emerged as a crucial aspect of computer graphics, particularly in applications such as film production, video games, and design. This paper provides a comprehensive review of fabric simulation methodologies, implementation techniques, and its diverse applications within the game industry. The fabric simulation algorithms are broken down into Fabric Modeling, Dynamic Simulation, and Collision Handling. The three common modeling strategies of Elasticity-Based Models, Particle-Based Models, and Mass-Spring Damper Models, are discussed in detail. Additionally, dynamic simulation strategies such as Position-Based Dynamics (PBD) and Extended Position-Based Dynamics (XPBD) are explored for their role in real-time simulations, particularly in the game industry. The paper also delves into collision handling algorithms, exploring the strategies for accurate collision detection and response. The application of fabric simulation in the game industry is highlighted, showcasing how it enhances realism and immersion by simulating fabric movement and interactions with the environment. The paper introduced various fabric simulation tools and systems within popular game engines like Unity 3D and Unreal Engine 5. Furthermore, optimization strategies, such as view-dependent adaptive simulation, are discussed to improve performance providing insight for future work.

3D Printing and Surface Engineering of Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Enhanced Osseointegration in an In Vitro Study.

Ti6Al4V superalloy is recognized as a good candidate for bone implants owing to its biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and high strength-to-weight ratio. While dense metal implants are associated with stress shielding issues due to the difference in densities, stiffness, and modulus of elasticity compared to bone tissues, the surface of the implant/scaffold should mimic the properties of the bone of interest to assure a good integration with a strong interface. In this study, we investigated the additive manufacturing of porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds and coating modification for enhanced osteoconduction using osteoblast cells. The results showed the successful fabrication of porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds with adequate strength. Additionally, the surface treatment with NaOH and Dopamine Hydrochloride (DOPA) promoted the formation of Dopamine Hydrochloride (DOPA) coating with an optimized coating process, providing an environment that supports higher cell viability and growth compared to the uncoated Ti6Al4V scaffolds, as demonstrated by the higher proliferation ratios observed from day 1 to day 29. These findings bring valuable insights into the surface modification of 3D-printed scaffolds for improved osteoconduction through the coating process in solutions.

Solutions of crack constraint parameter in 3D models −− II: Through T-stress

To more accurately analyze the crack front fields, especially under the low constraint conditions which are more common in practical engineering structures, two-parameter approaches (e.g. J-A(A2), J-Q, etc.) are proposed. Currently, no theoretical solutions of the constraint parameters (e.g. A(A2), Q, etc.) in two-parameter approaches are available. Meanwhile, numerical methods for constraint parameter determination are not practical because of significant resource and time consumption, especially for 3D solid models or engineering structures. Therefore, theory and formulae for the estimation of constraint parameter A in 3D solid models are developed in the current work based on T-stress, so as to make it possible to apply two-parameter approaches in practical engineering structures under normal working condition. Two actual structures are used to validate the engineering application of the developed estimate method and formulae.

Using VR to Validate and Visualize MBSE‐Designed Interfaces

AbstractSeveral unique challenges arise in the new field of integration between Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) models and game‐based digital twin visualizations. First, no known standardized interfaces between the MBSE model and game engine visualization are defined, which can lead to custom or stove‐piped solutions. Additionally, visualizing digital twin models in true to life scale is insufficient with typical desktop computers. The Bi‐Directional Interface Requirements Operational System Test (BIFROST) prototype, funded by the US Army Program Executive Office (PEO) Aviation, seeks to address these challenges.Progress of the BIFROST prototype is covered in the paper. The prototype aims to determine the feasibility and challenges of validating interfaces through visualizing changes to an MBSE model in a 3D game engine. Research was performed to visualize part of an uncrewed aircraft system ground control station in 3D using the Unity game engine. A Mission Control Architecture MBSE model, developed by PEO Aviation, is used to drive the digital twin of the ground control station through a set of virtual reality (VR) controls. Users can visualize, analyze, and test the human‐machine interaction of the 3D models in VR prior to real‐world system changes. This paper presents the recommended interfaces between the MBSE model and 3D engine, lessons learned, and future research areas.