3D Computer Aided Design Data Research Articles

Single Layer Formation of Plasma Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process is relatively a new approach to 3D metal printing technology. The process is capable of producing complex parts directly from 3D computer-aided design data by utilizing normal welding equipment. Gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and plasma arc welding are three different types of heat sources commonly used in WAAM to melt the welding wire. This approach is primarily different from the normal arc welding which is used to join materials. This is because in WAAM, materials are deposited layer by layer consecutively until a 3D structure is produced. In this study, the WAAM process is based on plasma arc welding. The study explores the effect of the processing parameters using a full factorial approach. Through the combination of these parameters, different types of deposition have been observed. These are little deposition, droplet deposition, discontinuous deposition and continuous deposition. The last one can be obtained at a specific combination of stand-off distance, speed and current. The recommended optimal parameters can produce the first layer, which is characterized by the continuous single-track formation. Continuous deposition is essential in WAAM as it is the foundation for producing a good 3D structure during layer-by-layer deposition.

AUGMENTED FOAM : TOUCHABLE AND GRASPABLE AUGMENTED REALITY FOR PRODUCT DESIGN SIMULATION

Computer Aided Design (CAD) applications have become designers’ inevitable tools for expressing and simulating innovative ideas and concepts. However, replacing traditional materials and mock-ups with 3D CAD systems, designers are faced with the intangibility problem. As a touchable and graspable interface based on 3D CAD data, we proposed Augmented Foam, which combined Augmented Reality technologies and physical blue foam with little additional effort. Using Augmented Foam, blue foam mock-up is overlaid by a 3D virtual object, which is rendered with same CAD model used for mockup production. In order to solve the visibility problem between the reviewer’s hand and the virtual object, we implemented a hand detection and separation. Augmented Foam was tested for a cleaning robot design. Twenty participants were asked to evaluate the perceived visual reality of product appearances for 6 design simulation techniques including Augmented Foam. We found that the participants perceive the shape, size, and color of product appearance more accurately than renderings on CRT, traditional Augmented Reality, and a foam mock-up.

Demonstration of Normal and Abnormal Fetal Brains Using 3D Printing from In Utero MR Imaging Data.

3D printing is a new manufacturing technology that produces high-fidelity models of complex structures from 3D computer-aided design data. Radiology has been particularly quick to embrace the new technology because of the wide access to 3D datasets. Models have been used extensively to assist orthopedic, neurosurgical, and maxillofacial surgical planning. In this report, we describe methods used for 3D printing of the fetal brain by using data from in utero MR imaging.

ISO 15926 기반 플랜트 3D 설계 데이터 가시화를 위한 시스템 개발

ISO 15926 is an international standard for the sharing and integration of plant lifecycle information. Plant design data consist of logical configuration, equipment specifications, 2D piping and instrument diagrams (P&IDs), and 3D plant models (shape data). Although 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data is very important data across the plant lifecycle, few studies on the exchange of 3D CAD data using ISO 15926 have been conducted so far. For this, we analyze information requirements regarding plant 3D design in the process industry. Based on the analysis, ISO 15926 templates are defined for the representation of constructive solid geometry (CSG) – based 3D design data. Since system environments for 3D CAD modeling and Semantic Web technologies are different from each other, we present system architecture for processing and visualizing plant 3D design data in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) format. Through the visualization test of ISO 15926-based 3D design data for equipment with a prototype system, feasibility of the proposed method is verified.

The use of Rapid Prototyping technique in PhotoStress® method

The subject of this paper is Rapid Prototyping method which is a widely expanding technique for quick and modern production of prototypes, models and tools by means of non-conventional technological procedures. The paper further presents the ways in which the technique can be used in PhotoStress® method. In the effort to speed up the whole process of product development it is crucial to select appropriate production technology. With conventional methods applied, the production of models is often expensive and, in a number of cases, ineffective. Therefore, new technologies such as Rapid Prototyping are coming into focus. These high-quality technologies are faster and can be widely used in a variety of fields. Rapid Prototyping (RP) covers a group of technologies used in the production of component models or assembly groups while using 3D CAD (computer aided design) data.

Current Situation and Problems for Representation of Tolerance and Surface Texture in 3D CAD Model

This paper explores current problems in representing of tolerances and surface textures in 3D computeraided design (CAD) models. Today, all available 3D product data, such as dimensioning and tolerance, are not used in digital form throughout the product development processes. Tolerance and surface texture data for product are very important in design data. In downstream processes, such as process planning and manufacturing, such data are referenced to determine machining processes and process parameters. In inspection, such data provide criteria for verifying functionality of the machined product based on measurement results. Previously, such data were communicated using 2D drawing and not included in 3D CAD data.3D models are widely used and demand is increasing for the annotations in 3D model, e.g., standard for the digital product definition data practices was developed by ISO, and the guidelines for 3D drawing were developed by the automobile industry. This paper explores needs and requirements of tolerance and surface texture representations which are associated with 3D CAD data in product development processes, together with current status, problems, and future works in representing tolerances and surface textures associated with 3D CAD data.

Using data mining in the manufacturing systems for CAD model analysis and classification

The applications of data mining in engineering and manufacturing are enormous and useful for helping in the analysis of large data and information repositories for the discovery of trends, patterns and knowledge. In industrial engineering and manufacturing systems, the data may contain valuable information, or example, in downstream CAM applications such as Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP). In this paper, we present a new approach for mining large quantities of machining features, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models and manufacturing data. The approach is based on data mining and uses learning-logic classification techniques for mining 3D CAD data. The proposed approach was evaluated in CAD model analysis, specifically in classification tasks. The experimental results proved that the method is effective in terms of classification accuracy and can be used as an efficient data mining tool for CAD model analysis and classification.

Direct single-layered fabrication of 3D concavo–convex patterns in nano-stereolithography

A nano-surfacing process (NSP) is proposed to directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) concavo–convex-shaped microstructures such as micro-lens arrays using two-photon polymerization (TPP), a promising technique for fabricating arbitrary 3D highly functional micro-devices. In TPP, commonly utilized methods for fabricating complex 3D microstructures to date are based on a layer-by-layer accumulating technique employing two-dimensional sliced data derived from 3D computer-aided design data. As such, this approach requires much time and effort for precise fabrication. In this work, a novel single-layer exposure method is proposed in order to improve the fabricating efficiency for 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures. In the NSP, 3D microstructures are divided into 13 sub-regions horizontally with consideration of the heights. Those sub-regions are then expressed as 13 characteristic colors, after which a multi-voxel matrix (MVM) is composed with the characteristic colors. Voxels with various heights and diameters are generated to construct 3D structures using a MVM scanning method. Some 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures were fabricated to estimate the usefulness of the NSP, and the results show that it readily enables the fabrication of single-layered 3D microstructures.

FEATURE EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR ROTATIONAL PARTS TAKING 3D DATA FILES AS INPUT

ABSTRACT Feature extraction and classification is considered as the bridge between Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP). This paper proposes a method that can extract and classify turning (including symmetric and non-symmetric) and non-turning features that are concave, convex, or complex for rotational parts taking a 3D data file as input. In addition, feature interactions are also taken into consideration in this methodology. The proposed feature extraction and classification method consists of three basic procedures. The first procedure extracts concave, convex and complex features from a 3D CAD data file. The second procedure classifies the extracted features. The third procedure merges and decomposes extracted features. Two sample application descriptions are presented for demonstration purposes. The system has been implemented in C on a PC-based system.