3D Virtual Reality Research Articles

Visual Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage Information Based on 3D Scanning and Virtual Reality Technology.

In order to meet the needs of modern people for the acquisition of intangible cultural heritage information, the authors propose a research method that combines 3D scanning and virtual reality technology. Taking the production process of Xiuyu as an example, using Unity3D virtual reality technology combined with a digital platform, 3D modeling of Xiuyu is carried out, so that people can view the intangible cultural heritage information intuitively. The experimental results show that after using this method, more than 60% of more than 1000 people surveyed in the questionnaire want to experience intangible cultural heritage. In a survey of visualization platforms conducted at the same time, 90% of users are willing to combine jade carving technology with 3D scanning virtual reality technology. Conclusion. 3D scanning and virtual reality technology can further promote the process of inheritance and dissemination of intangible cultural heritage, accelerate the cultivation of intangible cultural heritage talents through the visualization platform, and promote the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage, in order to better pass down the life memory and cultural genes of our ancient nation.

Systematic Comparison of Objects Classification Methods Based on ALS and Optical Remote Sensing Images in Urban Areas

Geographical object classification and information extraction is an important topic for the construction of 3D virtual reality and digital twin cities in urban areas. However, the majority of current multi-target classification of urban scenes uses only a single source data (optical remote sensing images or airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds), which is limited by the restricted information of the data source itself. In order to make full use of the information carried by multiple data sources, we often need to set more parameters as well as algorithmic steps. To address the above issues, we compared and analyzed the object classification methods based on data fusion of airborne LiDAR point clouds and optical remote sensing images, systematically. Firstly, the features were extracted and determined from airborne LiDAR point clouds and high-resolution optical images. Then, some key feature sets were selected and were composed of median absolute deviation of elevation, normalized elevation values, texture features, normal vectors, etc. The feature sets were fed into various classifiers, such as random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and support vector machines (SVM). Thirdly, the suitable feature sets with appropriate dimensionality were composed, and the point clouds were classified into four categories, such as trees (Tr), houses and buildings (Ho), low-growing vegetation (Gr), and impervious surfaces (Is). Finally, the single data source and multiple data sources, the crucial feature sets and their roles, and the resultant accuracy of different classifier models were compared and analyzed. Under the conditions of different experimental regions, sampling proportion parameters and machine learning models, the results showed that: (1) the overall classification accuracy obtained by the feature-level data fusion method was 76.2% compared with the results of only a single data source, which could improve the overall classification accuracy by more than 2%; (2) the accuracy of the four classes in the urban scenes can reach 88.5% (Is), 76.7% (Gr), 87.2% (Tr), and 88.3% (Ho), respectively, while the overall classification accuracy can reach 87.6% with optimal sampling parameters and random forest classifiers; (3) the RF classifier outperforms DT and SVM for the same sample conditions. In this paper, the method based on ALS point clouds and image data fusion can accurately classify multiple targets in urban scenes, which can provide technical support for 3D scene reconstruction and digital twin cities in complex geospatial environments.

Enhancing Learning of System Modelling through 360 Degree Virtual Reality Video and 3D Printing

New technologies like 360 degree virtual reality videos and 3D printing are creating philosophical shifts in approaches to teaching and learning in the classroom. However, most studies isolate new technology rather than study the benefits of using them in combination. Multiple representations support a variety of learning activities especially when students are learning new concepts or complex ideas. This study explores the blending of a 360 degree video-case study with 3D-printed haptic manipulations to enhance learning of ICT systems analysis and design. We hypothesize that the blending of both the virtual and physical can lead to improved learning motivation, engagement and enhance learning outcomes. The study follows a design-based research (DBR) methodology with this paper representing the second loop of the DBR approach focusing on both the usability and learning outcomes from a sample of 24 participants from an Australian University. The results of the study show positive impact on the measure of navigability and communication when compared to a traditional lesson leading to improved engagement and motivation among the learners.

Application of Virtual Reality Technology and 3D Technology in Game Animation Production

With the increasing pressure of modern young people, they begin to look for various ways to relax. Among them, game animation makes them immersive and has a low experience cost, which is one of the best ways to relax. Therefore, animation games have been welcomed by more and more young people. However, virtual reality technology and 3D technology have played a huge role in the production of game animation. Therefore, this paper aimed to study how virtual reality technology and 3D technology were applied in game animation production and put forward their advantages. This paper also proposed a method based on virtual reality technology and 3D technology and analyzed the production of game animation. The experimental results of this paper showed that in the survey results of the popularity of the A game, only 56 experiencers thought its effect was good, accounting for 18%. There were 145 experiencers who disliked the A game because they thought the A game was very boring and the game scene was very simple. In the survey results of the popularity of the B game, 222 experiencers liked this game, accounting for 71.6%, and 43 experiencers did not like the B game because they thought the 3D effect of the B game would make them dizzy and uncomfortable. It can be seen that the integration of virtual reality technology and 3D technology into game animation production is more popular, so the research in this paper is meaningful.

The effects of a combination of 3D virtual reality and hands-on horticultural activities on mastery, achievement motives, self-esteem, isolation and depression: a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundAging societies are a public health concern worldwide. It is critical to develop strategies that harness technology to enhance older adults’ mastery, achievement motives, self-esteem, isolation and depression effectively.MethodsThis study aimed to explore the effects of a combination of three-dimensional virtual reality (VR) and hands-on horticultural activities on the psychological well-being of community-dwelling older adults. We used a quasi-experimental design. A total of 62 community-dwelling older adults were recruited and assigned to the experimental (n = 32) and comparison groups (n = 30). The members of the experimental group participated in an 8-week intervention program. Participants of both groups completed before-and-after intervention measurements for outcome variables that included perceived self-esteem, depression, isolation, and mastery and achievement motives, which were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation (GEE). A baseline score of depression was used as an adjustment for the GEE analyses to eliminate the effects of depression on outcomes.ResultsAfter controlling age and gender as confounders, GEE analyses indicated that the experimental group showed significant post-intervention improvements in scores for self-esteem (β = 2.18, P = .005) and mastery (β = 1.23, P = .039), compared to the control group.ConclusionsThis study supported a combination of three-dimensional VR and hands-on horticultural activities on community-dwelling older adults to improve self-esteem and mastery. The findings suggest that the future implementation of a similar program would be feasible and beneficial to community-dwelling older adults.Trial registrationThe study was posted on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05087654) on 21/10/2021. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of En Chu Kong Hospital and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Simulation of Fiber Dissection of the Cerebellum and Brainstem.

Surgeons must understand the complex anatomy of the cerebellum and brainstem and their 3-dimensional (3D) relationships with each other for surgery to be successful. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no fiber dissection studies combined with 3D models, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) of the structure of the cerebellum and brainstem. In this study, we created freely accessible AR and VR simulations and 3D models of the cerebellum and brainstem. To create 3D models and AR and VR simulations of cadaveric dissections of the human cerebellum and brainstem and to examine the 3D relationships of these structures. Ten cadaveric cerebellum and brainstem specimens were prepared in accordance with the Klingler's method. The cerebellum and brainstem were dissected under the operating microscope, and 2-dimensional and 3D images were captured at every stage. With a photogrammetry tool (Qlone, EyeCue Vision Technologies, Ltd.), AR and VR simulations and 3D models were created by combining several 2-dimensional pictures. For the first time reported in the literature, high-resolution, easily accessible, free 3D models and AR and VR simulations of cerebellum and brainstem dissections were created. Fiber dissection of the cerebellum-brainstem complex and 3D models with AR and VR simulations are a useful addition to the goal of training neurosurgeons worldwide.

Essential Surgical Plan Modifications After Virtual Reality Planning in 50 Consecutive Segmentectomies

BackgroundLately, increased interest in pulmonary segmentectomy has been observed. Segmental border identification is extremely difficult on 2-dimensional computed tomography (CT). Preoperative application of virtual reality (VR) can provide better insight into patient-specific anatomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the added clinical value of 3-dimensional (3D) VR using PulmoVR for preoperative planning. MethodsPatients with an indication for pulmonary segmentectomy were included between June 2020 and September 2021 at the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. CT scans were (semi)automatically segmented to visualize lung segments, segmental arteries, veins, and bronchi. Three surgeons made a surgical plan on the basis of the conventional CT scan and subsequently analyzed the VR visualization. The primary outcome was the incidence of critical (ensuring radical resection) preoperative plan modifications. Secondarily, data on observed anatomic variation and perioperative (oncologic) outcomes were collected. ResultsA total of 50 patients (median age at surgery, 65 years [interquartile range, 17.25 years]) with an indication for pulmonary segmentectomy were included. After supplemental VR visualization, the surgical plan was adjusted in 52%; the tumor was localized in a different segment in 14%, more lung-sparing resection was planned in 10%, and extended segmentectomy, including 1 lobectomy, was planned in 28%. Pathologic examination confirmed radical resection in 49 patients (98%). ConclusionsThis 3D VR technology showed added clinical value in the first 50 VR-guided segmentectomies because a 52% change of plan with 98% radical resection was observed. Furthermore, 3D VR visualization of the bronchovasculature, including various anatomic variations, provided better insight into patient-specific anatomy and offered lung-sparing possibilities with more certainty.

Reaction time asymmetries provide insight into mechanisms underlying dominant and non-dominant hand selection.

Handedness is often thought of as a hand "preference" for specific tasks or components of bimanual tasks. Nevertheless, hand selection decisions depend on many factors beyond hand dominance. While these decisions are likely influenced by which hand might show performance advantages for the particular task and conditions, there also appears to be a bias toward the dominant hand, regardless of performance advantage. This study examined the impact of hand selection decisions and workspace location on reaction time and movement quality. Twenty-six neurologically intact participants performed targeted reaching across the horizontal workspace in a 2D virtual reality environment, and we compared reaction time across two groups: those selecting which hand to use on a trial-by-trial basis (termed the choice group) and those performing the task with a preassigned hand (the no-choice group). Along with reaction time, we also compared reach performance for each group across two ipsilateral workspaces: medial and lateral. We observed a significant difference in reaction time between the hands in the choice group, regardless of workspace. In contrast, both hands showed shorter but similar reaction times and differences between the lateral and medial workspaces in the no-choice group. We conclude that the shorter reaction times of the dominant hand under choice conditions may be due to dominant hand bias in the selection process that is not dependent upon interlimb performance differences.

A systematic literature review of store atmosphere in alternative retail commerce channels

The importance of store atmospherics on consumers’ shopping behavior has been widely studied since the 1970s. Over the years, and with the development of technology, store atmosphere has changed form and shape in alternative retail commerce channels, such as brick-and-mortar, 2D and 3D online, mobile, and virtual and augmented reality. However, despite its importance, there is not a holistic analysis of the components and dimensions of store atmosphere in retailing. This research fills this gap by denoting integrated knowledge and outcomes in alternative commerce channels and developing a unifying integrative framework that includes the components, the antecedents, and the consequences of store atmosphere. We follow a systematic literature review approach to (1) review past research and directions, (2) develop a map of the components of store atmosphere in the last 45 years, (3) explicate 208 variables that are directly linked with store atmosphere, and (4) draw an integrative framework and present future research directions and managerial implications.

Hypnosis associated with 3D immersive virtual reality technology during bronchoscopy under local anesthesia.

BackgroundPatients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy under local anesthesia usually experience anxiety before and during the procedure. Different non-pharmacological techniques, including music and hypnosis, are used to distract patients’ attention, and to reduce anxiety. The new technique “virtual reality hypnosis (VRH)”, defined as a hypnotic induction suggestion delivered by personalized virtual reality software, can generate a simulation of a lifelike environment. No study has described the use of VRH during bronchoscopy. The objective is to investigate the anxiety reducing effect and the satisfaction of patients, physicians, and nurses using VRH during bronchoscopy.MethodsVRH was proposed to all patients who experienced anxiety before undergoing flexible bronchoscopy under local anesthesia. Local anesthesia was performed using 5% lidocaine spray only. No sedation was used. After the procedure, patients, physicians and nurses filled a standardized satisfaction form.ResultsTwenty consecutive patients who reported pre-procedure anxiety were included. The sex ratio was 16 women/4 men, the median age was 65 years. Eight patients (40%) had undergone a previous bronchoscopy under local anesthesia. The median duration of the procedure was 10 minutes, and all procedures were completed. The median level of anxiety of patients decreased from 9/10 before the procedure to 4/10 during the procedure. The median satisfaction rate regarding the use of VRH was 10/10. All patients agreed to use VRH again in case of a new bronchoscopy procedure.ConclusionsThis preliminary report has shown that VRH was useful to reduce patients’ anxiety during bronchoscopy under local anesthesia. VRH was easily implemented in the routine practice.

Interior Design of Smart Home Based on Intelligent 3D Virtual Technology

With the development of society and the continuous advancement of technology, people's research on smart home products is gradually deepening. Compared with the past, smart homes are no longer out of reach, but actually penetrate into our lives. However, while continuously exploring the technology of smart home products, designers have not conducted in-depth research on the interactive mode of the control interface of smart home products. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to study the smart home interior design based on intelligent three-dimensional virtual technology. This article first analyzes the development and current situation of smart homes, and on this basis, combines three-dimensional virtual reality technology to research and analyze smart home systems (S H S). This article systematically elaborates the design of functional modules of the S H S based on intelligent 3D virtual reality technology and the method of converting 2D plane to 3D space coordinate. And use comparative analysis method, interview method and other research methods to carry out experimental research on the theme of this article. The research shows that compared with the traditional S H S, the S H S based on 3D virtual technology studied in this paper has higher feasibility.

Covid 19 Pandemisinde Uzaktan Eğitimle Anatomi Derslerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Anket Çalışması

Aim: The coronavirus disease, which emerged in the last quarter of 2019 in Wuhan, China, spread rapidly and adversely affected our daily lives and the world economy. In order cope with this adverse affect in education, the decision of distance education has been taken in our country and all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the views of medical students on effectiveness of the anatomy practical and theoretical courses given remotely due to the COVID 19 pandemic, and also to determine alternative social media and web-based programs to be used in distance anatomy education.Methods: One hundred and fifty-six students from the 1st and 2nd year of the Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Faculty of Medicine participated in the study. The survey questions were uploaded to the Corporate Education Management and Planning System (KEYPS) and presented to the students to evaluate the effectiveness of practical and theoretical courses in anatomy.Results: While 20 (12.82%) of the participants stated that they did not agree with the proposition "Anatomy lessons are suitable for distance education" for theoretical lessons, and 48 (31.58%) stated that they did not agree with this proposal for practical lessons. On the other hand, the number of students who strongly agreed with this proposal for theoretical and practical sessions were 25 (16.03%) and 14 (9.21%) respectively. A total of 88 students who gave the answer "I strongly disagree or disagree" with the statement "Only using an anatomical model (model) is sufficient in asynchronous anatomy practical lessons", When these students were asked for alternative propositions, 79 (89.77%) of them preferred Digital cadaver applications and 80 (90.90%) preferred 3D Virtual Reality applications.Conclusions: As a result, when we look at the study data, it is seen that giving anatomy practical lessons from a distance is not effective for students, and it may be appropriate to teach theoretical lessons through distance education. However, students prefer social media and web-based programs as alternatives for anatomy theoretical and practical lessons in situations where education should be implemented remotely. In addition, we believe that this deficiency can be eliminated with Digital Cadaver Applications for cadaver education, which has an important place in practical anatomy courses, both in cases like pandemic where education is conducted remotely or in faculties that suffer from shortage of cadavers.

Conscious awareness of a visuo-proprioceptive mismatch: Effect on cross-sensory recalibration.

The brain estimates hand position using vision and position sense (proprioception). The relationship between visual and proprioceptive estimates is somewhat flexible: visual information about the index finger can be spatially displaced from proprioceptive information, resulting in cross-sensory recalibration of the visual and proprioceptive unimodal position estimates. According to the causal inference framework, recalibration occurs when the unimodal estimates are attributed to a common cause and integrated. If separate causes are perceived, then recalibration should be reduced. Here we assessed visuo-proprioceptive recalibration in response to a gradual visuo-proprioceptive mismatch at the left index fingertip. Experiment 1 asked how frequently a 70 mm mismatch is consciously perceived compared to when no mismatch is present, and whether awareness is linked to reduced visuo-proprioceptive recalibration, consistent with causal inference predictions. However, conscious offset awareness occurred rarely. Experiment 2 tested a larger displacement, 140 mm, and asked participants about their perception more frequently, including at 70 mm. Experiment 3 confirmed that participants were unbiased at estimating distances in the 2D virtual reality display. Results suggest that conscious awareness of the mismatch was indeed linked to reduced cross-sensory recalibration as predicted by the causal inference framework, but this was clear only at higher mismatch magnitudes (70–140 mm). At smaller offsets (up to 70 mm), conscious perception of an offset may not override unconscious belief in a common cause, perhaps because the perceived offset magnitude is in range of participants’ natural sensory biases. These findings highlight the interaction of conscious awareness with multisensory processes in hand perception.

Virtual Reality Technology of New Media Visual Simulation.

In order to improve the exhibition effect of museums and expand the display ways of digital museums, a Chinese museum scene roaming application system based on the Unity 3D virtual reality engine was proposed. 3Dmax model production software was used to complete the museum scenes and the model production, material, and lighting of collections in the museum. Through the Unity 3D virtual reality engine, the design and production of the interactive system were completed. The display and application of the scene roaming system of the Chinese museum were well realized. For the system, the fast construction of virtual scenes and fixed-point triggering (FPT) optimization were carried out. The experimental results showed that the improved method was 90.5% faster than the manual coding method in the optimization of fast virtual scene construction. After using the fixed-point triggering method, the average accuracy of the original 35 scenes was 63.9%. It was concluded that the application design could simulate the museum scene well, which had a certain reference value for the application of virtual reality simulation technology in the field of cultural heritage inheritance.

Comparison of the effect of 360° versus two-dimensional virtual reality video on history taking and physical examination skills learning among undergraduate medical students: a randomized controlled trial

Before caring for patients, video instruction is commonly used for undergraduate medical students, and 360° virtual reality (VR) videos have gained increasing interest in clinical medical education. Therefore, the effect of immersive 360° VR video learning compared with two-dimensional (2D) VR video learning in clinical skills acquisition should be evaluated. This randomized, intervention-controlled clinical trial was aimed to assess whether immersive 360° VR video improves undergraduate medical students' learning effectiveness and reduces the cognitive load in history taking and physical examination (H&P) training. From May 1 2018 to October 30 2018, 64 senior undergraduate medical students in a tertiary academic hospital were randomized to receive a 10-min immersive 360° (360° VR video group; n = 32) or 2D VR instructional video (2D VR video group; n = 32), including essential knowledge and competency of H&P. The demographic characteristics of the two groups were comparable for age, sex, and cognitive style. The total procedure skill score, physical examination score, learner’s satisfaction score, and total cognitive load in the 360° VR video group were significantly higher than those in the 2D VR video group (effect sizes [95% confidence interval]: 0.72 [0.21–1.22], 0.63 [0.12–1.13], 0.56 [0.06–1.06], and 0.53 [0.03–1.03], respectively). This study suggested that a10-minute 360° VR video instruction helped undergraduate medical students perform fundamental H&P skills as effectively as 2D VR video. Furthermore, the 360° VR video might result in significantly better procedural metrics of physical examinations with higher learner satisfaction despite the higher cognitive load.

Analysis of the Application and Limitation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Technology in Yunnan Cultural Heritage Inheritance and Preservation--Take the Stilted Building as an Example

Nowadays, the digitization of cultural heritage is drawing more and more attention. A large number of studies are trying to combine cultural heritage protection with modern technologies such as video, virtual reality technology and 3D models, so that cultural heritage can be protected and inherited. Based on the background of the digital inheritance of cultural heritage, this study takes stilted buildings of ethnic group Zhuang, a traditional dwelling of ethnic minorities in Wenshan, Yunnan, as an example. Via literature review method, field inspection method, questionnaire survey method, interview recording method and Revit software, a modeling analysis of stilted buildings is carried out, in order to figure out the contribution and limitation of BIM technology in cultural heritage protection. The study found that the visualization, simulation, information sharing and the establishment of “group” play a significant role in the protection and development of Heritage Building Information Modeling. However, the application of BIM technology is still in the preliminary research stage and has not been popularized in the field of cultural heritage protection and inheritance.

Digitalization of ancient fabric using virtual reality technology at the Wieng Yong House Museum: The FabricVR project

The FabricVR project (https://angkaew.com/virtual_museum/) is aimed at digitizing the ancient fabric of the Wieng Yong House Museum for visitors to visit the site and obtain the cultural heritage knowledge in the COVID-19 pandemic during which the museum was forced to close as a result of the global pandemic restrictions. The project's goal is to develop technology to visualize cultural resources on a digital platform. To provide a visitor experience of a virtual museum, the project consists of three systems: first,3D FabricVR is a 3D virtual reality application which was designed based on the gamification concept to allow for an immersive experience for visitors to obtain knowledge of digital preservation. Second, 360° FabricVR: a web-based application of 360 virtual reality that enables visitors to have a flexible and easy exploration of the virtual museum via web-based browser. Finally, the web-based digital collection provides the organised information access to the repository of ancient fabric in the museum by the standard meta of VRA core. We evaluated the project by quantitative feedback of museum visitors of the Wieng Yong House Museum. Finally we embedded the project (http://lis.human.cmu.ac.th/virtual_museum/) as an extension of the university website providing a virtual museum services website for collaborations and with the benefits of sharing museum collections online.

Altered effective connectivity in the emotional network induced by immersive virtual reality rehabilitation for post-stroke depression.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a serious complication of stroke that significantly restricts rehabilitation. The use of immersive virtual reality for stroke survivors is promising. Herein, we investigated the effects of a novel immersive virtual reality training system on PSD and explored induced effective connectivity alterations in emotional networks using multivariate Granger causality analysis (GCA). Forty-four patients with PSD were equally allocated into an immersive-virtual reality group and a control group. In addition to their usual rehabilitation treatments, the participants in the immersive-virtual reality group participated in an immersive-virtual reality rehabilitation program, while the patients in the control group received 2D virtual reality rehabilitation training. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, modified Barthel Index (MBI), and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data were collected before and after a 4-week intervention. rsfMRI data were analyzed using multivariate GCA. We found that the immersive virtual reality training was more effective in improving depression in patients with PSD but had no statistically significant improvement in MBI scores compared to the control group. The GCA showed that the following causal connectivities were strengthened after immersive virtual reality training: from the amygdala, insula, middle temporal gyrus, and caudate nucleus to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; from the insula to the medial prefrontal cortex; and from the thalamus to the posterior superior temporal sulcus. These causal connectivities were weakened after treatment in the control group. Our results indicated the neurotherapeutic use of immersive virtual reality rehabilitation as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for PSD; the alteration of causal connectivity in emotional networks might constitute the neural mechanisms underlying immersive-virtual reality rehabilitation in PSD.

360° 3D virtual reality operative video for the training of residents in neurosurgery.

Training of residents is an essential but time-consuming and costly task in the surgical disciplines. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, surgical education became even more challenging because of the reduced caseload due to the increased shift to corona care. In this context, augmented 360° 3D virtual reality (VR) videos of surgical procedures enable effective off-site training through virtual participation in the surgery. The goal of this study was to establish and evaluate 360° 3D VR operative videos for neurosurgical training. Using a 360° camera, the authors recorded three standard neurosurgical procedures: a lumbar discectomy, brain metastasis resection, and clipping of an aneurysm. Combined with the stereoscopic view of the surgical microscope, 7- to 10-minute 360° 3D VR videos augmented with annotations, overlays, and commentary were created. These videos were then presented to the neurosurgical residents at the authors' institution using a head-mounted display. Before viewing the videos, the residents were asked to fill out a questionnaire indicating their VR experience and self-assessment of surgical skills regarding the specific procedure. After watching the videos, the residents completed another questionnaire to evaluate their quality and usefulness. The parameters were scaled with a 5-point Likert scale. Twenty-two residents participated in this study. The mean years of experience of the participants in neurosurgery was 3.2 years, ranging from the 1st through the 7th year of training. Most participants (86.4%) had no or less than 15 minutes of VR experience. The overall quality of the videos was rated good to very good. Immersion, the feeling of being in the operating room, was high, and almost all participants (91%) stated that 360° VR videos provide a useful addition to the neurosurgical training. VR sickness was negligible in the cohort. In this study, the authors demonstrated the feasibility and high acceptance of augmented 360° 3D VR videos in neurosurgical training. Augmentation of 360° videos with complementary and interactive content has the potential to effectively support trainees in acquiring conceptual knowledge. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of their use in improving surgical skills.

A Study on the Future Potential of Retail Virtual Stores

In the most recent few years, the retail online store has emerged as the most prominent trend in the field of social services. People have a tendency to shop online at retail websites an increasing amount. This pattern is expected to continue to gain momentum as a direct result of the development of 3D virtual reality. As a result of this, the potential for the establishment of online retail outlets has garnered a lot of interest. This study investigates the effect that the proliferation of head-mounted displays (HMDs) has had on foot traffic in retail establishments and investigates how virtual reality (VR) could improve the overall shopping experience for customers at every stage of the journey. We used a qualitative research design, which included interactions with both industry specialists and average customers as part of our investigation. In addition, the purpose of this study is to create new ground by making an attempt to use the existing literature as a guide to assist in predicting future directions and trends for purchasing online.