3D Film Research Articles

2D‐Layered Manganese Perovskite with High Mobility

Abstract2D perovskite is an organic–inorganic hybrid material with good photoelectric properties, generally prepared by using organic groups as isolation molecules. In this study, using manganese chloride and potassium halide as raw materials, all‐inorganic 2D lead‐free perovskites are prepared by the Bridgeman melting and cooling method. Different from the 2D perovskites synthesized by organic spacer molecules, the prepared all‐inorganic 2D perovskites have smaller layer spacings and good crystallization performance due to the use of potassium halide as spacer molecules. They are direct bandgap semiconductors and their energy bandgaps are tuned by the different types of potassium halides. High degree orientation crystal thin films with (001) lattice plane parallel to silicon wafer substrate are prepared by double‐source evaporation. The physical morphology of the films is characterized by grazing angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. The field effect transistors prepared from these 2D films show excellent electronic characteristics. The mobility of the optimized device is ≈24 cm2 v−1 s−1 and the on/off ratio reaches 105. This study reveals the potential of lead‐free manganese 2D perovskite as a high‐performance perovskite field effect transistor.

Investigation of deposition temperature effect on spatial patterns of MgF2 thin films.

In this work, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was used to characterize 3D MgF2 thin film surfaces through advanced analysis involving morphological, fractal, multifractal, succolarity, lacunarity and surface entropy (SE) parameters, consistent with ISO 25178-2: 2012. Samples were synthesized by electron beam deposition, grown in three different temperatures. Three different temperatures of 25°C (laboratory temperature), 150 and 300°C were chosen. The temperature of 300°C is usually the highest temperature that can be deposited with the electron beam evaporation coating system. The substrates were made of glass (diameter 16 mm, thickness 3 mm), and the samples were prepared at a pressure of 5 × 10-5 Torr. The statistical results from the AFM images indicate that topographic asperities decrease with increasing deposition temperature, showing a decrease in roughness values. Regardless of the deposition temperature, all surfaces have a self-similar behavior, presenting a very linear PSD distribution, and, according to our results, the sample deposited at 300° had the highest spatial complexity. On the other hand, surface percolation is increasing when temperature increases, indicating that its low roughness and high spatial complexity play an important role on the formation of their most percolating surface microtexture. Our results demonstrate that the lower deposition temperature promoted the formation of less discontinuous height distributions in the MgF2 films.

Perancangan Film Animasi 3 Dimensi Berjudul “Jangan Menyerah” dengan Metode Pose to Pose

3D animation film is a development of 2D animation which is developed through computer technology which is growing rapidly. However, in using computer technology to design a 3D animated film that is still very rigid, it can affect the performance of the animation because the animation does not look real like humans and objects. The purpose of this study is to explain the design of animating an animated film using the method that has been made, namely pose to pose for each pose used based on the animation design that has been made for the film entitled "Jangan Menyerah". Method: This study uses the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) method with six stages, namely concept, design, material collection, manufacture, testing, and finally distribution. The concept of the title of the film is not to give up on moral and short film formats. The characters used use the pose to pose method with keypose movements, extreme movements and in between movements. After that, testing and distribution is the final process in making works that are published through social networks. Conclusion Making an animated film designing a 3-dimensional animated film entitled "don't give up" using the pose to pose method, the journey of a child who wants to achieve his goals, can be achieved by following the multimedia development life cycle stage with the last process being distribution on SNS such as YouTube and Instagram

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Active Reinforcements for Light-Actuated 3D-Printed Structures.

Conventional manufacturing techniques allow the production of photoresponsive cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-based composites that can reversibly modify their optical, mechanical, or chemical properties upon light irradiation. However, such materials are often limited to 2D films or simple shapes and do not benefit from spatial tailoring of mechanical properties resulting from CNC alignment. Herein, we propose the direct ink writing (DIW) of 3D complex structures that combine CNC reinforcement effects with photoinduced responses. After grafting azobenzene photochromes onto the CNC surfaces, up to 15 wt % of modified nanoparticles can be introduced into a polyurethane acrylate matrix. The influence of CNC on rheological properties allows DIW of self-standing 3D structures presenting local shear-induced alignment of the active reinforcements. The printed composites, with longitudinal elastic modulus of 30 MPa, react to visible-light irradiation with 30-50% reversible softening and present a shape memory behavior. The phototunable energy absorption of 3D complex structures is demonstrated by harnessing both geometrical and photoresponsive effects, enabling dynamic mechanical responses to environmental stimuli. Functionalized CNC in 3D printable inks have the potential to allow the rapid prototyping of several devices with tailored mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring dynamic responses to environmental changes.

Smart Soft Materials with Multiscale Architecture and Dynamic Surface Topographies

ConspectusSmart soft materials have one or more characteristics that can be significantly altered in convertible fashions by external stimuli, such as light, moisture, mechanical force, temperature, electric/magnetic fields, pH, and so on. These materials can lead to widespread application in multifunctional smart devices. Recently, various smart soft materials have been developed under the inspiration of the intriguing multiscale structures, adaptive mechanisms, and dynamic responses of natural life, with an aim to further design advanced material systems with novel, intriguing, and unprecedented properties.Herein, inspired by the fascinating visual display strategies and adaptive mechanisms in animals and plants, we have fabricated a series of smart soft material-based devices that can respond to external stimuli with instantaneous and reversible fashions in optical, electrical, mechanical, and/or shape deformation signals. These devices can be fabricated for widespread applications, including smart windows, encryption devices, thermal camouflage, wearable strain sensors, anticounterfeit tabs, 3D stretchable electronics, dynamic displays, rewritable media, human–machine interfaces, and so on. The key to successfully achieving those intriguing characteristics in these smart material systems lies in the function-orientated structural design, which integrates bioinspired design and surface engineering with multiscale architecture as the crucial elements. In this Account, we provide a summary, with a main focus on our own work, of the recent advances in the bioinspired smart soft materials fabricated on the basis of 2D or 3D film–substrate multilayered structures. These materials are characterized by convertible topographies like dynamic cracks, folds, stimuli-responsive wrinkles, and other analogous structures. Those topographies are responsible for the dynamic stimuli-responsive optical, electrical, and mechanical properties demonstrated in the system, such as strain-dependent light scattering effect, mechanical tunable light shielding properties, moisture/mechanically/photothermally tunable surface reflectance, moisture/mechanically responsive resistance, etc. Besides, those 2D functional materials can be further evolved into shape adaptive 3D structures via strain relaxation methods. These systems demonstrate high design flexibility, excellent reversibility, and wide applicability, which can pave new routes for designing next generation smart soft materials equipped with versatile, tunable, adaptable, and interactive stimuli-responsive properties.

Testing of an enhanced leaf model for improved dose calculation in a commercial treatment planning system.

With the ever-increasing complexity of dynamic radiotherapy treatments, dose calculation algorithms are challenged to accurately calculate the dose resulting from small, on- and off-axis multileaf collimator (MLC) aperture movements. Although the currently available Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto) dose calculation algorithms still use a simplified, binary MLC model, a more advanced and detailed modeling of the MLC could be beneficial for the dose calculation precision of high-end treatments. To improve the modeling of the MLC in the dose calculation algorithms of the Eclipse treatment planning system, an enhanced MLC attenuation model was constructed through ray tracing through the actual leaf designs for the most commonly used Varian MLC types. The enhanced leaf model (ELM) thus includes the rounded leaf tip shape, the drive screw cutout, and the leaf body thickness. The purpose of this work is to test out this new model and explore possible improvements compared to the previous model. Dose calculations were performed in a research Eclipse environment equipped with the original and enhanced MLC model. Measurements were performed on TrueBeam and on Halcyon dual MLC treatment units. Dedicated static and dynamic MLC test plans were designed to challenge the dose calculation and highlight differences between both models while keeping the experimental setup simple in order to minimize measurement uncertainties. Measurements were performed with single ion chambers, 2D ion chamber arrays and film. The improved MLC model considerably improves the accuracy of the dose calculation for the test fields used in this study. For the TrueBeam MLC, improvements are most prominent for off-axis dose delivery through narrow (static or dynamic) MLC gaps. For 3mm narrow sweeping gap deliveries at 12cm off-axis, the advanced model agrees within 2% with the measurement, in contrast to the 12% deviation observed with the original MLC model. For the Halcyon MLC, improvements are especially prominent when the leaves of both MLC stacks are aligned, regardless of their position in the field. Sweeping gap measurements improve from a 7%-10% deviation with the original model to within 2% with the new model. Although test fields designed in this study emphasize the flaws in the original MLC dose calculation model, the enhanced MLC model resolves all of the observed discrepancies, showing excellent on- and off-axis agreements with all of the performed measurements.

Probe-Integrated Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Binary Nanocarbon Composites for Detection of CA19-9.

Convenient and sensitive detection of tumor biomarkers is crucial for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Herein, we present a probe-integrated and label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on binary nanocarbon composites and surface-immobilized methylene blue (MB) redox probes for detection of carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA19-9), which is closely associated with gastric malignancies. Nanocarbon composites consisting of electrochemically reduced graphene oxides and carbon nanotubes (ErGO-CNT) are electrodeposited onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface to form a 3D nanocomposite film, which could provide high surface area to immobilize abundant MB probes, facilitate the electron transfer of MB, and therefore, improve sensitivity. Polydopamine (PDA) served as a bifunctional linker is able to immobilize anti-CA19-9 antibodies and stabilize the inner probe, conferring the sensing interface with specific recognition capacity. Electrochemical detection of CA19-9 is achieved based on the decrease of the redox signal of MB after specific binding of CA19-9 with a wide linear range of 0.1 mU/mL to 100 U/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.54 nU/mL (S/N = 3). The constructed electrochemical immunosensor has good selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. Furthermore, determination of CA19-9 in human serum samples is also realized.

CytroCell Micronized Cellulose Enhances the Structural and Thermal Properties of IntegroPectin Cross-Linked Films.

Added to grapefruit IntegroPectin in solution, the micronized cellulose CytroCell, coproduct of the IntegroPectin extraction via hydrodynamic cavitation, enhances the structural and thermal properties of the resulting cross-linked composite films. The films become strong but remain highly flexible as no transition glass temperature is observed, whereas the thermal properties are substantially improved. No organic solvent, acid, or base is used from the extraction of the pectin and cellulose biopolymers through filming their nanocomposites, thereby establishing a completely green route to a class of bio-based 2D films (and 3D scaffolds) with numerous potential applications in regenerative medicine, in tissue engineering, and in the treatment of infections.

Development and magnetocaloric properties of Ni(Co)-Mn-Sn printing ink

Magnetocaloric (MC) cooling is a vast research field nowadays which needs continuing development of MC materials. Besides, technological approaches of the fabrication and design of MC materials to be applied as the heat exchangers require a reinforcement. Heusler-type metamagnetic shape memory alloys (MetaMSMAs) exhibiting a large MC effect near room temperature, owing to the magnetic field induced first-order transformation, have been shown to be promising candidates for magnetic refrigeration, and the possibility of their fabrication by 3D printing technologies was experimentally demonstrated in the literature. In the present work we have elaborated a route for the room-temperature fabrication of MC ink incorporating the polymer binder and Ni(Co)-Mn-Sn MetaMSMA powder obtained from the preliminary melt-spun ribbon with tuned MC properties. The ink is used to print 2D films which do not require a subsequent heat treatment. The field-induced adiabatic temperature measurements reveal that the screen-printed samples displayed the same inverse MC effect as the ribbon, evidencing that room-temperature ink printing technology of MC intermetallics, elaborated for the first time in the present work, is promising for 2D printing of cooling microdevices for MEMS, flexible electronics etc. • A magnetocaloric powder based on metamagnetic shape memory alloys for additive manufacturing has been successfully obtained. • A magnetocaloric ink was developed using a sustainable approach, avoiding any hazardous product during its preparation. • Magnetocaloric materials printed by screen-printing technique show performance similar to that observed in the bulk ribbon.

Bottom-Up Templated and Oriented Crystallization for Inverted Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Stabilized Nickel-Oxide Interface.

Inverted-structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are known for their superior device stability. However, based on nickel-oxide (NiOx ) substrate, disordered crystallization and bottom interface instability of perovskite film are still the main factors that compromise the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. Here, 2D perovskite of thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide lead iodide (Td2 PbI4 ) is introduced as a template to prepare 3D perovskite thin film with high crystal orientation and large grain size via a bottom-up growth method. By adding TdCl to the precursor solution, pre-crystallized 2D Td2 PbI4 seeds can accumulate at the bottom interface, lowering the barrier of nucleation, and templating the growth of 3D perovskite films with improved (100) orientation and reduced defects during crystallization. In addition, 2D Td2 PbI4 at the bottom interface also hinders the interfacial redox reaction and reduces the hole extraction barrier on the buried interface. Based on this, the Td-0.5 PSC achieves a PCE of 22.09% and an open-circuit voltage of 1.16V. Moreover, Td-0.5 PSCs show extremely high stability, which retains 84% of its initial PCE after 500h of continuous illumination under maximum power point operating conditions in N2 atmosphere. This work paves theway for performance improvement of inverted PSCs on NiOx substrate.

Dual drug delivery platforms for bone tissue engineering.

The dual delivery platforms used in bone tissue engineering provide supplementary bioactive compounds that include distinct medicines and growth factors thereby aiding enhanced bone regeneration. The delivery of these compounds can be adjusted for a short or prolonged time based on the requirement by altering various parameters of the carrier platform. The platforms thus used are fabricated to mimic the niche of the bone microenvironment, either in the form of porous 3D structures, microspheres, or films. Thus, this review article focuses on the concept of dual drug delivery platform and its importance, classification of various platforms for dual drug delivery specific to bone tissue engineering, and finally highlights the foresight into the future direction of these techniques for better clinical applications.

The road to 3-dim nanomagnetism: Steep curves and architectured crosswalks

Nanoscience and its associated nanotechnology started several decades ago to discover and harness properties and behavior of materials that occur due to lowering their dimensionality. Nanomagnetism, which is the branch of nanoscience to investigate magnetic properties of materials down to fundamental length and time scales led to the discovery of a plethora of novel nanoscale spin phenomena and has further laid the groundwork for spintronics, which has become the primary enabler for the most advanced information technologies, including magnetic storage and sensor devices.So far, low-dimensional magnetic systems have been confined to zero (quantum dots), one (nanowires), and two (thin films) dimensions, however, recently research with artificially designed three-dimensional magnetic systems is emerging as it opens the path to novel scientifically exciting phenomena with enormous technological potential to advance spintronics further towards ultrasmall, ultrafast and most importantly low-power electronics.These three-dimensional structures harness the scientific achievements from traditional nanomagnetism, but expand them in a tailored way into the third dimension. Local curvature, particular when defined in a rather broad sense, including geometrical curvature adds to a traditional 2D film a third dimension and proximity effects drawing upon the 3D environment are among the design principles for those 3D magnetic systems.This critical focus article reviews briefly the current state-of-the-art of the emerging research topic with 3D nanomagnetic materials, and describes some of the challenges that the research community needs to address in terms of synthesis and fabrication, theory and modelling, as well as characterization and validation to ultimately bring to bear potential applications with 3D nanomagnetic devices.

Digital 3D and the Hermeneutics of Modernity

Digital 3D and the Hermeneutics of Modernity Chang-Min Yu (bio) Nick Jones. Spaces Mapped and Monstrous: Digital 3D Cinema and Visual Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. 304 pages. $140 hardback. $35 paperback. About twenty years ago, David Bordwell proposed the "modernity thesis" to characterize an emerging trend of scholarship that drew upon the works of Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer.1 In this "culturalist" school of thought—originating from New York and then prospering at Chicago—cinema originates from and, more importantly, reflects modernity.2 The first claim is widely accepted; the second is, to say the least, fraught and contested. While most scholars can agree that cinema is a modern technologized art, it is difficult to establish a causal relationship between what is onscreen—fast editing, intensified momentum, kaleidoscopic spectacle, you name it—and what circulates in culture. The reason is simple: if whatever case of modernity is that dominating, why are we not seeing its manifestation everywhere rather than in only a few selected tokens of its forestalled realization? Isomorphic reflection aside, it also seems strenuous to clarify modernity's history since the nineteenth century—its rise, fall, upsurge, and submergence in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries—with regard to any particular screen technique or characteristic at stake. Though largely left [End Page 386] as an unstated assumption, this issue of modernity hermeneutics is the daunting task Nick Jones sets for himself in Spaces Mapped and Monstrous: to convincingly articulate the modernity of 3D cinema and the relation to its cultural counterpart, "digital 3D."3 The book begins with a long history of 3D cinema and its attendant research (chapter 1) and subsequently moves into a broader historiographical framework stretching to include the Renaissance perspective (chapter 2). For Jones, 3D cinema and media have not supplanted art historian Erwin Panofsky's perspective as humanity's symbolic form, but they do "encapsulate many of the dominant and emerging logics that structure media, technology, and spatial knowledge at the present digital moment" (60). This is Jones's (weak) modernity thesis. For Jones, 3D cinema (re)surfaces because it "engender[s], document[s], and highlight[s] this situation" that is built upon the contemporary rendition of the "stereoscopic imaginary" (3). And I want to highlight "digital 3D" as a term because it is a modifier nominalized. It is untethered from "filmmaking" (1) and becomes a free-floating, abstract, expansive noun—like the so-called "stereoscopic imaginary"—a paragraph after. That supple abstraction is subsequently deployed to encapsulate all the chapter key words that Jones discusses: simulation, immersion, surveillance (chapters 3–5) and defamiliarization, distortion, and intimacy (chapters 6–8), the first three spatialized governance practices and the rest haptic subversive tactics. One is the smoothly engrossing commercial cinema that thematizes the datafied exploitation of the planet. The other reveals the operating logic of such calculations by either the slight instability inherent in stereoscopy, transitional failures in digital filmmaking, or auteurist interventions within the sphere of art cinema. The dichotomy is totalizing infrastructure versus localized resistance, abstraction and embodiment ontologically imbricated with each other in this calculated and yet tantalizing tactility. Thus understood, the term "digital 3D" has two purposes. The first is to draw a line—"the malleability of digital images detaches them from the connection to the past that seemed to define analog media" (53)—between analog and computerized 3D visuality. The distinction reaffirms the already-aged newness of stereoscopic images, whose history the book meticulously traces through existent scholarship. The second is to rearticulate 3D films, such as Avatar (2009) and Goodbye to Language (2014), in terms of culture at large. "Visual culture" in the book's subtitle is enlisted to spice up and make expansive the subject, which is to say that 3D is significant because it is cultural (and less cinematic). Hence the abstraction, [End Page 387] because the nominalized term enables a shift from "3D cinema" to "3D culture." This expansion produces a curious effect. The films discussed do not have to be 3D films as long as they furnish a holographic presentation in a technologically mediated environment. Similarly, Jones can point to virtual reality and other embodied visual praxis as part...

Image Stitching Technology in 3D Film Production Based on Digital Image Processing

Image stitching in 3D film production synchronizes multiple independent frame images as a single high-resolution output. The stitching process is common for displaying a large coverage or shot in a single frame containing distinct images. For improving the realistic accuracy of 3D film images, this manuscript introduces an Itinerant Pixel-Matching-based Stitching Process (IPMSP). The proposed stitching process relies on cross-sectional pixels identified in merging two or more images. Based on the linear cumulative distribution in augmenting images, the homogeneity feature is identified. If the homogeneity is high then the stitching for linear pixels occurs increasing the frame resolution and size. The cumulative distribution is determined using the recurrent neural network in verifying homogeneity and contrast. For the contrast pixels identified, the cross-sectional matching is performed for substituting similar pixels in the missing sections. The process is repeated until the stitching region is the same based on the homogeneity feature and increased dimensions. Therefore, this process is capable of improving accuracy, precision, substitution, and reducing errors and complexity.

Quantum Spin-Wave Theory for Non-Collinear Spin Structures, a Review

In this review, we trace the evolution of the quantum spin-wave theory treating non-collinear spin configurations. Non-collinear spin configurations are consequences of the frustration created by competing interactions. They include simple chiral magnets due to competing nearest-neighbor (NN) and next-NN interactions and systems with geometry frustration such as the triangular antiferromagnet and the Kagomé lattice. We review here spin-wave results of such systems and also systems with the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Accent is put on these non-collinear ground states which have to be calculated before applying any spin-wave theory to determine the spectrum of the elementary excitations from the ground states. We mostly show results obtained by the use of a Green’s function method. These results include the spin-wave dispersion relation and the magnetizations, layer by layer, as functions of T in 2D, 3D and thin films. Some new unpublished results are also included. Technical details and discussion on the method are shown and discussed.

The Fusion of 3D Animation Film and Macapat Song Increases the Curiosity of Junior High School Students to Learn Traditional Music

Traditional music is often unpopular with the younger generation. This research proposed that middle-school students would become more curious about traditional songs which have been fused with 3D animation films. The research used descriptive quantitative methods. 111 junior high school students in Malang recruited through incidental sampling responded to a questionnaire. The results showed increases in the average cognitive and conative reaction to Tembang Macapat after seeing the Macapat animation, as well as a reduction in affective reaction.
 Keywords: 3D animation film, Tembang Macapat, cognitive, conative, junior high school students

Conjugated Block Copolymers for Functional Nanostructures.

Conjugated polymers have been actively studied as an alternative to inorganic semiconductors for their unique optical and electrical properties and low-cost solution processability. However, typical conjugated polymer films contain numerous defects that negatively affect their transport properties, which remains a major issue despite much effort to develop ways to improve the molecular packing structure. In principle, conjugated block copolymers (BCPs) composed of a rod-type conjugated polymer and a coil-type insulating polymer can assemble into various types of ordered nanostructures based on the microphase segregation of two polymer blocks. However, such assembly typically requires a relatively large volume fraction of the coil block or modification of the rod block, both of which tend to impede charge transport. As an alternative, we and others have fabricated nanoscale assemblies of conjugated BCPs via solution-phase self-assembly, which can be used as building blocks for construction of extended nanoarrays of conjugated polymers. In particular, BCPs containing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a conjugated polymer widely used for its high hole mobility, form highly ordered and technologically relevant one-dimensional (1D) nanowires with controlled lengths. A range of well-defined assembly structures such as square plates, ribbons, vesicles, and helices have been prepared from various conjugated BCPs, resembling those of peptide self-assembly, forming diverse nanostructures through combinations of π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.When the self-assembly of P3HT BCPs takes place at an air-water interface, the initially formed polymer nanowires further assemble into hierarchical two-dimensional (2D) nanoarrays with solvent evaporation. The fluidic nature of the water subphase allows fabrication of highly ordered assembly structures from P3HT BCPs with high P3HT content. The ultrathin free-standing film integrated in a field effect transistor (FET) showed orders of magnitude higher current and hole mobility compared to that fabricated by conventional spin-coating. Furthermore, binary self-assembly of a P3HT BCP and quantum dots (QDs) at the air-water interface generates well-ordered 2D films of alternating P3HT nanowires and 1D QD arrays. Unlike coil-coil BCP systems, QDs reside at the interface between P3HT and coil blocks for a broad range of QD sizes due to the strong P3HT packing interactions and the flexible water subphase, forming tight p-n junctions for enhanced photocurrent. Incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles can further improve the degree of order, enabling fabrication of long-range order and direction-controlled P3HT nanoarrays through magnetic-field induced self-assembly.The conjugated BCP approach is highly modular and can be combined with various types of functional molecules, polymers, and nanoparticles, offering a powerful platform for fabrication of functional polymer nanostructures with desired morphologies and properties. This Account introduces recent advances in the self-assembly of π-conjugated BCPs, describes how they differ from prototypical coil-coil type BCPs, and discusses current issues and future outlooks.

Construction of 3D Ordered Honeycomb Films with Controllable Pores as Efficient Catalytic Supports

AbstractThe facile construction of 3D porous film using the breath figure technique is critically important in diverse practical applications. However, the discovery of easy synthetic methods and preparation of stimuli‐responsive 3D ordered nano‐/micro‐architectures remain challenging. Herein, the promotive breath figure technique is presented to construct 3D honeycomb porous films on curved substrates using an azobenzene‐containing copolymer. The nanopore size of honeycomb structure decreases gradually with the increase of surface curvature, due to the different solvent drying speeds. Upon irradiation with directional linear polarization light, the round‐shaped nanopores are converted into rectangular‐ and rhombic‐shaped nanopores under different polarization directions. Moreover, these porous films are employed as substrates to load various metal nanoparticles, successfully preparing the nanocomposites. The catalytic capacity of both control and these nanocomposites are evaluated using the NaBH4‐mediated reduction reaction from 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol. Compared to the control and nonporous films, the porous films with smaller nanopores exhibit larger catalytic activity. Additionally, UV irradiation upon the nanocomposites promotes the catalytic action, due to the change in surface hydrophilicity caused by the photoisomerization of azobenzene. Recyclable use of nanocomposites demonstrates the high stability. This research provides an innovative strategy to prepare 3D curved porous films for potential on catalysis.

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane as a Polarity Mediator and Reinforced Nanofiller for Fabricating Robust and Hierarchical Porous Film for Cell Bioengineering

A hierarchical porous polymer film that can provide a balance of mechanical properties and specific surface areas and sustain cell functions has become a major target for material scientists and bioengineers in the past decade. However, the limited availability of materials that exhibit high mechanical performance and easily form hierarchical porous structures hinder the progress in practical application. Here, we show the design of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrid polymer by incorporating a bi-functional glycidyl-propyl POSS (G-POSS) into the epoxy polymer backbone, in which POSS functions as both a nanofiller to reinforce the mechanical performance and as the polarity mediator to induce self-assembly of the polymer chains into a three-dimensional (3D) connected porous structure. Nanoindentation shows that the incorporation of POSS leads to a 25 and 36% increase in modulus and hardness, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy results show that POSS helps tune the hydrophobicity of the polymer and assists in the interface assembly, allowing easy formation of a densely packed two-dimensional or 3D hierarchical porous structure. Culture of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells demonstrates that the hybrid polymer scaffold provides prominent advantages ranging from enhanced cell adhesion to proliferation. Particularly, the 3D hierarchical porous film allows good nutrient supply and cell communication, which better mimics the in vivo microenvironment with less cell morphology change during cell proliferation. Hence, the successful integration of high material strength and easy formation of an interconnected porous structure shows that POSS hybrid polymers have strong potential for applications in the fabrication of cell culture platforms and future translation in tissue repair and regeneration.

Large-area transfer of two-dimensional materials free of cracks, contamination and wrinkles via controllable conformal contact

The availability of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials on a wide range of substrates forms the basis for large-area applications, such as graphene integration with silicon-based technologies, which requires graphene on silicon with outperforming carrier mobilities. However, 2D materials were only produced on limited archetypal substrates by chemical vapor deposition approaches. Reliable after-growth transfer techniques, that do not produce cracks, contamination, and wrinkles, are critical for layering 2D materials onto arbitrary substrates. Here we show that, by incorporating oxhydryl groups-containing volatile molecules, the supporting films can be deformed under heat to achieve a controllable conformal contact, enabling the large-area transfer of 2D films without cracks, contamination, and wrinkles. The resulting conformity with enhanced adhesion facilitates the direct delamination of supporting films from graphene, providing ultraclean surfaces and carrier mobilities up to 1,420,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4 K.