3D CFD Model Research Articles

Evaluation and Structural Optimisation of 0.6 m Impulse Turbine in Dolphin Wave Energy Conversion Device Through Computational Fluid Dynamics and Generative Design

In this paper, the performance of an adapted design of a 0.6 m impulse turbine in a new wave energy conversion device—the Dolphin device—is evaluated. This study is focused on developing an optimised structure in order to maximise the potential of the device and provide a lightweight and robust novel design. For this purpose, initial studies on the system involved 2D CFD simulations combined with parametric optimisation, which validated the use of the turbine system with water as the working fluid. The obtained component geometries were then used for the creation of a 3D CFD model, which was tested in a set-up dynamic simulation environment. Subsequently, the performance of the system was evaluated through the use of referenced experimental analyses. By taking into account the loading conditions present at the blades, as well as the inherent typical loads caused by the rotational speed of the turbine, the system was then optimised using generative design processes. Through the applied methodology, the performance of the turbine was predicted to be 61.79%. Moreover, the generative design optimisation showed a reduction in mass of 60.226% for the blade structure and 69.523% for the rotor structure.

Hydropneumatic Storage Methodology Towards a New Era of Hybrid Energy System's Efficiency and Flexibility

This research explores the link between hydropneumatic energy storage capacity and the efficiency and flexibility of hybrid energy systems in water-energy solutions. A new methodology is introduced, featuring mathematical models, experimental data collection, and hydraulic simulations using 1D and 2D CFD models for hydropneumatics modeling. A promised energy storage efficiency of around 30-50% was obtained on a small lab scale. The optimization of hybrid systems through Solver and Python algorithms with various objective functions enables optimal design choices tailored to specific needs such as drinking water supply, irrigation, or industrial processes. Hydropneumatic vessels emerge as an effective storage solution, combining pumped storage and hydropower in one circuit. When integrated with renewable sources, such as solar (PV) and wind energy, they offer a flexible, long-lasting energy management system, applicable across different water-energy sectors to support Sustainable Development Goals. A case study with 4.8 Mm³/year water allocation, producing 1000 MWh of hydropower and 13500 MWh of solar energy, achieved 100% water reliability and a 25-year cash flow of 2.5 million euros.

A Comparative Study of Structured and Cut-Cell Grids Applied to an Oil-Injected Screw Compressor

Abstract Discretized Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) for numerical modeling of fluid mechanics systems require the use of various iterative linear solvers. In this study, two different CFD solvers, Ansys CFX and Converge, were employed to develop a transient 3D CFD model of an oil-injected screw compressor. Each solver utilized distinct meshing techniques—Ansys with a structured grid and Converge with a cut-cell grid. The numerical models have been validated utilizing experimental measurements. Presence of turbulent boundary layer and shear flow topology in the rotating fluid domains required implementing k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model along with the physics needed to capture multifluid interfaces. In CONVERGE CFD, Semi Implicit Pressure Linked Equation (SIMPLE) algorithm was used for initial model development and pressure-velocity coupling in a collocated grid model, eliminating checkerboard numerical oscillations with the Rhie-Chow interpolation scheme. Ansys CFX handles pressure-velocity interactions through its solver framework, which operates without requiring a separately defined pressure-velocity coupling algorithm. These model parameters and pressure velocity coupling algorithms are kept unchanged while comparing preconditioned Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) and Incomplete Lower and Upper triangular (ILU) decomposition. These two solvers yielded to different numerical instabilities and rate of convergence, affecting the simulation clock time.

CFD analysis of key factors impacting the aerodynamic performance of the S830 wind turbine airfoil

The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) reported that in 2021, global wind capacity increased by 93.6 GW (+12%), reaching a total of 837 GW, most of which was contributed by wind turbines. Improving wind turbine performance primarily hinges on advancements in blade technology and airfoil design. This study examines the effect of profile thickness on the aerodynamic performance of the S830 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 25,148, as part of the NREL airfoil's aerodynamic performance research. However, the impacts of additional variables—such as angle of attack, Reynolds number, speed range, and particularly ice accretion—have not been thoroughly investigated. This study utilized a 2D CFD model provided by the commercial software ANSYS Fluent and FENSAP-ICE. The lift-to-drag ratio of the S830 wind turbine airfoil was examined, considering the effects of angle of attack, wind speed, Reynolds number, airfoil thickness, and ice accretion. Additionally, design-related solutions will be suggested. The research indicates that the optimal angle of attack increases the lift-to-drag ratio by approximately 250% compared to a zero angle of attack. An increase in wind speed causes this coefficient to rise nonlinearly within the studied velocity range. The Reynolds number directly influences the optimal angle of attack. According to CFD results, the lift-to-drag ratio can be increased by 50% if the airfoil's thickness is reduced by 20% compared to the original profile. For the ice accretion simulation model, a case test of the NACA 0012 airfoil was conducted to verify the model's parameters. Subsequently, a survey of this phenomenon on the S830 airfoil revealed that the lift coefficient decreased by 5.25% after 90 minutes of ice accretion.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of flat plate type solar collector under different fin variables to enhance air-based heat transfer

Purpose This study begins by outlining the core principles of how flat plate solar collectors (FPSC) operate and the underlying mechanisms of heat transfer. It underscores the pivotal role of fin patterns in enhancing convective heat transfer. Design/methodology/approach The primary objective is to examine the impact of diverse fin patterns on the thermal performance of FPSCs. The study involves the development of a 3D-CFD model for FPSC using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT. The analysis is conducted for variable mass flow rates (mf) ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 kg/s with an interval of 0.02 kg/s. Each flow rate is assessed for three distinct fin patterns: straight plate fins, V-shaped fins and wavy fins. Recognizing the variation in solar radiation intensity throughout the day, the analysis is executed at six different time points ranging 10:00 a.m. to 03.00 p.m. with a time interval of 1.00 h. Findings It is observed that the wavy fin pattern with a mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/s exhibited the highest outlet temperature, showing a significant temperature difference of 12.4 K at noon. Conversely, the V-shaped fin pattern with a mf of 0.05 kg/s has the lowest temperature difference value, measuring only 3 K. The analysis included the calculation of thermal efficiency for each case, revealing that the V-shaped fin pattern at a mf of 0.05 kg/s and a sun radiation intensity of 885.42 W/m2 achieved the maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency (ηth) of 34.7%. The study records the outlet air temperature for all of these combinations and presents the data graphically in the paper. Originality/value The findings of the simulations indicate that the thermal performance that is ηth and maximum temperature of outlet air of FPSCs can be improved through the utilization of variable fin patterns.

A Review of Comprehensive Guidelines for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation in Solar Chimney Power Plants: Methodology and Manzanares Prototype Case Study

This review provides a comprehensive examination of CFD modeling procedures for SCPP, with an emphasis on the detailed methodologies and a case study of the Manzanares prototype in Spain. The introduction delineates the historical context and physical modeling principles of solar chimneys, while highlighting their potential in industrial applications. The governing equations are meticulously discussed, covering assumptions in both 2D and 3D CFD modeling, the continuity and momentum equations, and the selection and accuracy of turbulence models, particularly the k-ε equations. The review also delves into heat transfer modeling, encompassing the energy equation and radiation modeling. Analytical evaluations of turbine pressure drop ratios and performance metrics for power generation efficiency are critically analyzed. The establishment of boundary conditions in solar chimney applications, including sky temperature assessments and distinctions between 2D and 3D boundary conditions, is extensively explored. Mesh generation techniques for both 2D and 3D CFD models are presented, supported by case studies. Parametric studies and experimental investigations are scrutinized to elucidate their impact on the performance of solar chimneys. The temperature–entropy diagram for an idealized Brayton cycle is introduced as a conceptual framework for efficiency analysis. Validation of the CFD codes, both 2D and 3D, against experimental data is performed to ensure model accuracy. The review further examines energy balance approaches in modeling solar chimneys, presenting state-of-the-art CFD results and discussing their implications in both 2D and 3D contexts. The synthesis of these findings culminates in a comprehensive conclusion, offering insights into the future directions and potential advancements in the CFD modeling of solar chimneys. This work aims to serve as a definitive reference for researchers and practitioners in the field, providing a robust foundation for the development and optimization of SCPP technology.

Definition of Critical Metrics for Performance Evaluation and Multiphase Flow Modeling in an Alkaline Electrolyzer Using CFD

Gas evolution and flow patterns inside an alkaline electrolyzer cell strongly affect efficiency, although such effects have not been explored in detail to date. The present study aims to critically analyze the dependence of cell performance on the multiphase flow phenomena, defining some key metrics for its assessment using CFD. Six performance indicators, involving gas accumulation, bubble coverage, and flow uniformity, are applied to a 3D CFD model of an alkaline cathodic cell, and possible optimizations of the cell geometry are evaluated. The results demonstrate the complexity of defining the optimal indicator, which strictly depends on the case study and on the analysis at hand. For the cell analyzed herein, the parameters linked to the electrode volume fraction were indicated as the most influential on the cell efficiency, allowing us to define the best geometry case during the optimization. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, which showed that higher mass flow rates are generally preferable as they are linked to higher bubble removal. Higher current densities, allowing enhanced gas production, are instead associated with slightly lower efficiencies and stronger nonuniformity of the electrolyte flow inside the cell.

Numerical studies on structure optimization and flow characteristics of a hydrogen recirculation ejector under multiple load conditions

Ejectors are ideal hydrogen recirculation devices for PEMFC systems but typically exhibit poor recirculation performance at low loads. For purpose of extending ejector's operating range in vehicular applications, the entraining performance across multiple loads should be focused. In this study, A 40 kW ejector was designed with a 1D theory and optimized using a 2D CFD model. Simulations were conducted to study the influence of various diameter and axial dimensions on the ejector's performance and flow characteristics. The results reveal that as the load increases from 20% to 100%, the suboptimal diffuser exit diameter decreases from 2.5 to 1.5 times the mixing chamber diameter, the optimal nozzle exit position increases from 0.59 to 0.63 times, and the optimal mixing chamber length increases from 2.2 to 4.3 times. A convergent nozzle with a short throat significantly improves low-load entraining performance and achieves the highest performance growth in the variable-nozzle design. Additionally, an optimization method for axial dimensions based on the proposed parameter flow uniformity was established, allowing for precise determination of the optimal dimensions through a few simulations.

Thermal performance of thermochromic smart windows in different indoor environments

Thermochromic (TC) smart windows can passively respond to the exterior and interior temperature, which further adjust their indoor thermal environments due to the varied photo-thermal parameters. This study investigated the thermal performances of practical TC windows in a room with/without air-conditioning or with stratified temperature distribution through a validated 3D CFD model. The application of TC windows could decrease the window, indoor ambient and floor temperatures, and also improve their temperature uniformity. The upper interior window could be 3.13 °C higher than the bottom in a room without air-conditioning, which could be reduced to 2.48 °C if the TC window was utilized. The uniformity improvement could be more significant for indoor environments with apparent air temperature differences, especially for the air-conditioning case. It is suggested that the indoor air temperature and its uniformity may affect the temperature and uniformity of the TC window surface in turn, specifically its phase transition time.

Comparative Study of Deflector Configurations under Variable Vertical Angle of Incidence and Wind Speed through Transient 3D CFD Modeling of Savonius Turbine

The demand for clean and sustainable energy has led to the exploration of innovative technologies for renewable energy generation. The Savonius turbine has emerged as a promising solution for harnessing wind energy in urban environments due to its unique design, simplicity, structural stability, and ability to capture wind energy from any direction. However, the efficiency of Savonius turbines poses a challenge that affects their overall performance. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to enhancing their efficiency and optimizing their performance in urban settings. For instance, an axisymmetric omnidirectional deflector (AOD) was introduced to improve performance in all wind directions. Despite these advancements, the effect of wind incident angles on Savonius turbine performance has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the performance of standard Savonius configurations (STD) compared to the basic configuration of the deflector (AOD1) and to the optimized one (AOD2) under different wind incident angles and wind speeds. One key finding was the consistent superior performance of this AOD2 configuration across all incident angles and wind speeds. It consistently outperformed the other configurations, demonstrating its potential as an optimized configuration for wind turbine applications. For instance, at an incident angle of 0°, the power coefficient of the configuration of AOD2 was 61% more than the STD configuration. This ratio rose to 88% at an incident angle of 20° and 125% at an incident angle of 40°.

Operation parameters study on the performance of PEMFC based orthogonal test method

By selecting five key operational parameters—inlet temperature, operating temperature, anode humidity, cathode humidity, and operating pressure—and using PEMFC power density, membrane temperature difference, and membrane water content as performance indicators, simulations were conducted using 3D CFD modeling and orthogonal experiments to identify the most significant factors influencing PEMFC performance and determine the optimal operational parameter combination. The results show that working pressure has the most significant impact on PEMFC performance. Pressure variations cause significant changes in diffusion and heat conduction within the PEMFC. When the working pressure increases from 1.0 MPa to 3.0 MPa, the power density increases by approximately 11.2 %, but the temperature difference within the membrane increases by about 30.5 %. The difference between operating temperature and inlet temperature directly leads to changes in the temperature difference within the membrane. Moreover, changes in operating temperature greatly affect the water content within the proton exchange membrane, which in turn impacts the PEMFC's power density. When the operating temperature increases from 60 °C to 100 °C, the water content within the membrane decreases by approximately 50.5 %, and the power density decreases by 60.4 %. By optimizing the combination of operating parameters using a comprehensive scoring method, the temperature difference within the membrane can be controlled at 27.78 °C while ensuring the power density is increased to 0.92 W/cm2.

A cold start strategy in fuel cell vehicles to provide instant hot air for stacks and passengers by vortex tubes

Green vehicles, particularly Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs), offer a promising solution to environmental challenges. One of the major obstacles for FCVs is starting the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks in subfreezing temperatures, where the water produced by chemical reactions can freeze and hinder the cold-start process. Preheating the inlet air to the stack up to 80 °C is an effective approach to overcome this issue. However, conventional heating systems, such as electric heaters, are unable to heat the air quickly enough. This paper introduces a novel heating method to enhance the cold-start capability of FCVs. The proposed solution involves integrating vortex tubes, which are simple and cost-effective, with the vehicle’s existing compressor. This system not only preheats the inlet air to the stacks but also provides warm air for the passengers simultaneously. By developing a 3D-CFD model of the vortex tube, the results demonstrate that the system can preheat the inlet air to the stacks from −30 °C to 80 °C and the air entering the passenger compartment from −30 °C to nearly 37 °C in just about 5 s. In comparison, conventional heating systems require over 600 s (10 min) to achieve the same temperature rise.

Numerical investigation of hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine: Combustion and emissions characteristics under varying hydrogen concentration and exhaust gas recirculation

This study investigates the impact of hydrogen addition and exhaust gas recirculation on combustion characteristics and emissions in a diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine. A 3D CFD model of a heavy-duty diesel engine is utilized under full load and constant speed conditions at 1600 rpm. Hydrogen is introduced into the intake system at varying percentages 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % of total thermal energy, while exhaust gas is utilized at 5 % and 10 % of gas intake volume with 40 % hydrogen. Results show that increasing hydrogen percentage enhances engine efficiency. CO and soot emissions decrease significantly up to 33 % and 88 %, with 50 % H2 and 40 % H2 addition respectively, while NOX emissions increase notably by 57 % at 50 % hydrogen. Additionally, utilizing exhaust gas at 10 % intake volume effectively reduces NOX emissions but caused CO to increase. These findings underscore the substantial influence of hydrogen percentage on combustion characteristics and emissions formation, emphasizing the potential for emissions mitigation and improved combustion efficiency in dual-fuel engines.

The comparative performance study of the EF7 downsized engines; fuel economy besides CO2 reduction

Engine downsizing is considered a strategic idea in fuel economy enhancement as well as reduction. It is defined in the literature as the decrease in engine geometrical dimensions besides its performance being fixed. In this research, the Iranian gasoline-fueled national engine, EF7, has been investigated for 25% downsizing. After introducing the gasoline-fueled and CNG-fueled versions of downsized engines, their performance, besides release rates are studied in detail. A one-dimensional engine simulator coupled with a 3D-CFD model is developed to carry out such an investigation, an experimental test setup is provided to evaluate the accuracy of the provided numerical model, as well. The first version of presented downsized engines, called EF7, is a 3-cylinder engine with the same geometrical characteristics as the base engine, which is equipped with a turbo-charger and dual CVVT technologies. The EF7 is then introduced by fuel shifting to CNG as the second version of downsized engines, and finally, increasing the compression ratio, the EF7 is presented as the third version of studied-downsized engines. The results show almost the same rate of BSFC besides a 3.4% reduction in concentration for EF7, 20.6% fuel economy enhancement, besides 20.8% reduction in the specific release rate for EF7, and 28.8% fuel economy enhancement, besides 25.3% reduction in the specific release rate for EF7 in comparison with the base engine.

Numerical Investigation on Two-Phase Flow-Electrochemical Reaction Coupling in PEM Water Electrolyzers Porous Transport Layer Under High Operating Pressures

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) operated at high pressures have advantages such as lower energy consumption, reduced noise, and absence of component slippage. They have a more robust potential for commercial applications than other electrolyzers. The transport characteristics of two-phase flow within the porous transport layer (PTL) and channels are not well understood, especially under high-pressure conditions. The gas bubbles generated in the catalyst layer (CL) pass through the PTL and reach the flow channel. However, oxygen evolution reaction in the anode CL may be limited if these bubbles block the pathway of liquid water, causing reactant starvation. The interaction between electrochemical reactions and gas bubbles thus directly impacts a PEMWE's efficiency. This study aims to investigate the coupling between the two-phase flow and electrochemical reactions under high-pressure conditions.A two-dimensional (2D) CFD model was developed to simulate the bubbly flow through a reconstructed PTL. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to capture bubble growth, movement, and detachment, as illustrated in Figure 1. The coupling of bubble transport and electrochemical reactions was achieved through the application of a weighted averaging method. A cross-section of a stochastically reconstructed titanium felt model was generated as the computational domain; see Fig. 1(a). The computation domain consists of a liquid water channel, a PTL, and a simplified CL interface at the bottom. The CL's reaction rate is modeled as a function of local bubble coverage on the CL interface. Transient simulations of the two-phase flow of the PEMWE anode side were carried out for pressures ranging from 1 bar to 200 bar. The simulation results elucidate the flow characteristics of liquid water in the PTL under high-pressure conditions and quantitatively reveal the coupling between two-phase flow and electrochemical reactions. The behavior of the two-phase flow in PEMWE is found to be sensitive to operating pressure. As the operating pressure increases, the size of bubbles generated on the CL interface decreases, resulting in a higher permeability of liquid water than that under low pressures. When the flow rate of liquid water in the channel is sufficiently high, bubbles do not fully develop and are rapidly removed from the domain. This phenomenon significantly shifts the two-phase flow regime within the channels,. Furthermore, the activation overpotential is substantially reduced under high-pressure conditions. The present study demonstrates a numerical simulation tool for high-pressure PEMWE. A future study of a full 3D PTL model is currently underway. Figure 1

Determining of the thermo-hydraulic characteristics and exergy analysis of a triple helical tube with inner twisted tube

An innovative technique to enhance heat transfer as a passive method was investigated. The combination of the twisted tube and helical coil to increase the swirl intensity is presented. The current investigation showed experimentally and numerically the exergy and thermal performance analysis of a new design of a triple tube design called a triple helical tube with inner twisted tube, THTITT. The new design is a modified design of a double helical tube with inner twisted tube, DHTITT which is created by twisting the inner tube. Besides the benefits of adding the third fluid to DHTITT that achieve extra contact surface area per unit length between the intermediate tube and the new passage in the outer tube. In which expected to enhance the temperature gradient between the three fluids and consequently, the thermal characteristics augment occurred. The twisted tube increased the intensity of the swirl flow and more intense disturbance of the fluid in the tube occurred. A 3d CFD model was established to get more insight at a level of detail not always available in the experiment. The effects of twisted pitch ratio, ξ hydraulic diameter, ω, helical coil torsion, α, helical coil inclination angle, φ, as well as Dean number, NDn, h were explored. Four groups of test specimens include various ξ of 5.32, 7.97, and ∞, various ω of 3.8, 6.8, and 9.9 mm, various α of 0.068, 0.095, and 0.121, and various φ of 0°, 45°, and 90° were established, manufactured and examined in this investigation. The investigation covered Reynolds number, NRe,h, for a range of 2450:29300 corresponding to Dean number, NDn, h, for a range of 570:4800. The results showed a higher Nusselt number, NNu, h, of THTITT compared to DHTITT by 61.8 %%, while the increase in fh is approximately negligible. Also, by decreasing ξ from ∞ to 5.32 increases NNu, h by 33.4 %, with an increase in friction factor, fh by 57.6 %. Furthermore, with a decreasing ω from 9.9 mm to 3.8 mm, a significant increase in NNu, h occurs by 20.6 %, at the expense of increasing fh by 36.4 %. In addition, with decreasing α from 0.121 to 0.068, a significant increase in NNu, h occurs by 27.6 %, at the expense of increasing fh by 17.1 %. Finally, the THTITT decreases the heat loss (exergy destruction) between the hot and cold fluids. New correlations to predict NNu,h, and fh are presented.

CFD modeling of a modern wood stove - Soot formation

Wood stoves are important domestic heating appliances using renewable bioenergy. However, the emission of Particulate Matter (PM) is the major concern for the application of wood stoves. Thus, improvements in the design of wood stoves are required for the reduction of PM emissions (mainly soot) to fulfill the increasingly stringent pollutant emission limits. To achieve low PM emission of the wood stove, a 3D steady-state CFD model is used to simulate the wood stove with a focus on soot formation in this study. The model is evaluated with the experimental data, the results of which show that the CFD model provides a reasonable prediction of wood stove experiments, indicating that the CFD model can be used as an efficient tool to optimize the design of the wood stove. The model is further used to study the effects of injection direction and mass flow rate of the tertiary air on the soot particle emission. It is found that the horizontal- and down-direction injectors can effectively reduce soot formation and an optimized tertiary air mass flow rate exists in the modern wood stove system. These conclusions are very useful in designing and developing the intelligent control system of the modern wood stove.

2D CFD modeling for pyrolysis of a large biomass particle: Effect of L/D ratio, internal convection and shrinkage

A transient 2D kinetic-heat transfer model for the pyrolysis of a large biomass particle, incorporating, primary and secondary reaction kinetics, internal convection and shrinkage in particles was developed and validated with experimental results. The RMS errors between the predicted and experimental temperature and residual mass fraction were estimated to be small - 0.020, 0.017, 0.011, 0.018 and 0.024, 0.022, 0.016, 0.025 at reactor temperatures of 573, 623, 673, 723 K, respectively. The pyrolysis behaviour was explained by the computed spatial distributions of velocity, pressure, temperature and residual mass fraction within the biomass particle. At a high L/D (∼5), two symmetric hot spots were formed near the two axial flat edges after 400 s, which formed a single dumbbell-shaped in the axial central core after 600 s and existed for a long time of 1500 s. It merged into a single spherical hot spot at the centre after a long reaction time. For a low L/D (∼1), however, an elliptical-shaped hot spot formed after 400 s changes to a spherical hot spot at the particle centre after 500 s. Uniformity in temperature inside the particle was attained much earlier at a smaller L/D ratio.

Numerical Simulations and Experimental Validation of Squeeze Film Dampers for Aircraft Jet Engines

Squeeze film dampers are used to reduce vibration in aircraft jet engines supported by rolling element bearings. The underlying physics of the squeeze film dampers has been studied extensively over the past 50 years. However, the research on the SFDs is still ongoing due to the complexity of modeling of several effects such as fluid inertia and the modeling of the piston rings, which are often used to seal SFDs. In this work, a special experimental setup has been designed to validate the numerical models of SFDs. This experimental setup can be used with various SFD geometries (including piston ring seals) and simulate almost all conditions that may occur in an aircraft jet engine. This work also focuses on the inertia forces of the fluid. The hydrodynamic pressure distribution of a detailed 3D-CFD model is compared with the solution of the Reynolds equation including inertia effects. Finally, the simulation results are compared with experimental data and good agreement is observed.

Influence of different Reynolds numbers and new geometries on water jacket cooling performance in a CI engine

Physical damage and emission increases that may occur in the engine due to uncontrolled temperature increases are prevented by cooling systems. In this study, the water jacket (WJ) of the F-Type F8Q706 engine was examined for different Reynolds numbers and geometries. With a combined examination approach, engine tests, 1D engine model, 3D in-cylinder combustion (ICC) model, and 3D WJ CFD studies are presented together, for the first time. Accordingly, a 3D WJ CFD model was developed using in-cylinder parameters calculated from 1D and 3D ICC which were verified by tests. Engine powers in 1D and 3D models, heat transfer, liner temperature, and heat flux in WJ models were compared. The engine powers at 2500 rpm with wide-open throttle are as follows: 1D (33.610 kW), 3D ICC (32.075 kW), engine catalog test (30.890 kW), and a literature test (29 kW). In the WJ model, instead of the Reynolds number 22,128.97, values of 18,440.81–15,367.34–12,806.11–1067.76–8893.14–7410.95–6175.79 were used. In this case, heat transfer decreased by 11.224%–20.844%–29.940%–38.168%–45.723%–52.874%–59.340%. Liner temperature increased by 3.962%–7.505%–10.879%–13.958%–16.800%–19.470%–21.822%. As the Reynolds number decreased, heat transfer decreased, and liner temperature increased. In the WJ, uncontrolled temperature increases were seen in areas farthest from the water inflow. Unlike studies using nanofluids, a new WJ geometry with 169 fins was developed for cooling performance. Nanoparticles cause damage to elastomeric system elements, clogging, and corrosion in lines. This geometry increased heat transfer by 42.01% and reduced liner surface temperatures by 48.28% for 22,128.966 Re. Repeated analyses showed that the fins increased heat transfer.