August 24th Research Articles

A critical review and update of modelling of treated water discharging from Fukushima Daiichi NPP

Since the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) in March 2011 seawater is still needed to cool the reactor cores. This water, contaminated with radionuclides, has been collected in tanks and treated on the site of the FDNPP. In 2021, the Japanese government decided to gradually discharge treated water into the ocean, which started on the 24th of August 2023 and will continue for the next 30 years. This paper provides a critical analysis of the models that were used in the different radiological impact studies. Based on the analysis, a hydrodynamic and a compartment models with a harmonized setup were used to estimate the impact of the discharge on humans and biota. Doses obtained with these two models were within one order of magnitude for humans (<0.1 μSv/year) and for biota (<10−6 mGy/d) indicating that harmonization of the model parameters improved the reliability of the simulation results.

The Effect of Fluid Preloading on the Incidence of Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia

Background: Small doses of local anaesthetic are injected into the CSF fluid in the subarachnoid region to produce spinal anaesthesia (SA). Aim: This paper was contributed to study the effect of fluid preloading on the incidence of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 45 patients in different hospitals in Iraq for a study that ranged from the 15th of June in the year 2021 to the 24th of August in the year 2022. This paper dealt with the study of the effect of fluid preload on the incidence of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, as it included in the clinical characteristics’ tests related to mothers or women who underwent caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. This study divided the collected data into two groups, one of which was the patient group, which included patients who underwent spinal anaesthesia, which this group is considered as the co-loading group, which included 23 patients out of the total number of patients' data collected, while it was represented by the preload group, which included women who underwent spinal anaesthesia, which included 22 patients out of the total number of patients. This paper was conducting and analysing the collected data by SPSS. Discussion: The difference was that when their systolic blood pressure fell to 90 mm Hg, they began using a vasopressor heavily. The current finding found the Apgar score of the co-load who patients group (8.91) was found higher that preload who control group (8.95%) within 5 min in compare 1 min. In the present analysis, there was also a statistically significant variation between the co-load (81.4%) and pre-load (45.3%) groups in terms of the incidence of hypotension. The incidence of hypotension was statistically significantly different between the preload (80%) as well as co-load (51%) groups, according to research through (Oh AY et al., 2014). Both trials revealed that the co-load group's blood pressure dramatically decreased. Conclusion: This study found that (45.3%) were within the preload group as a control group and (81.4%) in the co-load group as patients group had hypotension. Preloading was, therefore, more effective than co-loading in preventing spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension of cesarean section moms. It may not be essential to postpone surgery to provide a preload of liquids.

P-597 Sexual function in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Study question To present a comprehensive review of the evidence on sexual function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to women without PCOS. Summary answer Women with PCOS report lower sexual function and sexual satisfaction compared to women without PCOS. What is known already Research focusing on the psychosocial aspects of PCOS or sexual function is fairly recent and data are limited. Data are often contradicting with studies reporting no differences in sexual function in women with PCOS and studies reporting more sexual problems in women with PCOS. A meta-analysis from our group in 2018 reported lower sexual function and lower sexual satisfaction in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS. Study design, size, duration A systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature was conducted. Participants/materials, setting, methods Eight databases were searched from inception to August 24th 2022. Two authors independently screened articles based on pre-defined inclusion (e.g. adequate PCOS diagnosis) and exclusion criteria (e.g. hyperandrogenism caused by other diseases),assessed their quality and graded the certainty of the evidence. Review Manager was used to perform all analyses. Main results and the role of chance Twenty-seven articles were included, of which 23 used questionnaires and four used visual analogue scales (VAS). Pooling FSFI scores showed worse sexual function across most domains in women with PCOS, including arousal (weighted mean difference [WMD]== -0.37, P= 0.002), lubrication (WMD= -0.53, P &amp;lt;0.001), and orgasm (WMD= -0.32, P &amp;lt;0.001). Total sexual function (WMD= -2.47, P &amp;lt;0.001) and sexual satisfaction (WMD= -0.42, P &amp;lt;0.001) were also significantly lower. Selection on fertility status did not change the direction of results. VAS results were not pooled in meta-analysis due to using the same control group across the included studies. However, effects within individual VAS studies demonstrated the negative impact of excess body hair on sexuality, lower sexual attractiveness and lower sexual satisfaction in women with PCOS compared with controls, with no differences in the perceived importance of a satisfying sex life. Certainty of evidence was graded low for all included studies. Conclusion: Women with PCOS place similar importance on sexual satisfaction as women without PCOS, yet have lower sexual function and sexual satisfaction. Distress was not assessed. Sexual function assessment, and, psychosexual counseling should be considered as part of standard care in women with PCOS. Limitations, reasons for caution Sexual distress was not assessed. Hence, prevalence of sexual dysfunction which requires both lower sexual function and sexual distress, remains unkown. Certainty of evidence was graded low for all included studies. Wider implications of the findings Sexual function assessment, and, psychosexual counseling should be considered as part of standard care in women with PCOS. Findings from this review have directly informed the international PCOS guideline on sexual function assessment and management. Trial registration number NA

Combined effects of planting patterns and mowing time on different organs and soil stoichiometry of Cyperus esculentus in desert oasis transition zone

There are many different planting methods for crops, however it is very important to improve the distribution ratio of elements in different organs of crops. Therefore, to understand the effect of different planting patterns on crop element balance, we selected Cyperus esculentus continuous cropping (CC) and C. esculentus - wheat rotation cropping (RC). The leaves, tubers, roots, and soil samples were taken at the mowing time (August 1st, on the 81st day after seed sowing; August 24th, on the 105th day after seed sowing; September 16th, on the 128th day after seed sowing). Results showed that CC and RC had significant effects on soil SO42− and Cl-. With the mowing time, the relative abundance of TN (total nitrogen) in tubers showed an increasing trend, the relative richness of TN in roots decreased, and the relative content of TN in leaves showed no change in the trend under the two planting modes. CC significantly increased the TN/TP (total phosphorus) of leaves, roots, and tubers. However, RC significantly increased the AN (available nitrogen)/AP (available phosphorus) of soil. The random forest analysis (RF) showed that abiotic factors contributed the most to TN/TK (total potassium) of roots, followed by TN/TK of tubers and TP/TK of roots. We found that abiotic factors had no significant impact on TP/TK of leaves and TN/TP of tubers. As expected, different planting patterns alter the plant's N (nitrogen)/P (phosphorus)/K (potassium), which in turn may modify N and P conservation strategies.

DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL PALATE MATERIALS FOR SPEECH TREATMENT: A REVIEW

With the advancement of technology, various denture base materials have been developed with enhanced mechanical and physical properties. Because the mechanical properties of the denture base play a significant role in its clinical lifespan, this systematic review aims to examine the effects of various additives added to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base materials on the physical (surface properties, water sorption) and mechanical (flexural strength, impact strength, thermal conductivity) properties of the denture base and can then be used to produce artificial palates. An electronic database search of peer-reviewed published papers in English was conducted using relevant keywords between the 23rd of August 2016 and the 24th of August 2022. The database yielded 1048 relevant published articles. However, 21 articles were qualified for this study after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A substantial body of literature demonstrates that zirconium ZrO2 is widely used as an additive in the modification of PMMA. Meanwhile, flexural strength is the most conducted test based on the literature.

The Unlocking Process Leading to the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence

AbstractApproximately 23,000 well‐located earthquakes from 2009 to 2016 are used as templates to recover seismic activity preceding the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence. The resulting spatiotemporal pattern is analyzed by additional ∼91,000 newly detected events. In the 8 years before the sequence onset, seismicity (ML ≤ 3.7) develops at the hangingwall of the 2016 normal faults and along a sub‐horizontal shear zone, bounding the active extensional system at depth. This activity, mainly organized in foreshock‐mainshock and swarm‐like clusters, migrates toward the nucleation area of the first Mw 6.0 mainshock of the sequence (24th of August in Amatrice). We propose an unlocking process based on variable temporal clustering of the seismicity, including repeaters, identifying fault portions with different degrees of coupling. Such a progressive localization of the seismic activity at the fault edges induces a weakening of the locked patch of the Amatrice mainshock.

A lifetime track of a griffon vulture: The moving story of Rehovot (Y64).

A lifetime track of a griffon vulture: The moving story of Rehovot (Y64).

Tell Me What You Waste and I’ll Tell You Who You Are: An Eight-Country Comparison of Consumers’ Food Waste Habits

Using an original survey conducted in eight countries in 2021 (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, the UK, and the USA), this study explored the relationship between household food waste and dietary habits through a cross-country comparative perspective. In total, 8000 questionnaires were recorded from samples representative of the adult population of each country through an online survey conducted between the 13th and the 24th of August. The questionnaires were developed from the Waste Watcher International Observatory on Food and Sustainability, an international study of the social, behavioral, and lifestyle dynamics behind household food waste. The relationships between the per capita self-reported amount of food waste (expressed in kilocalories) and self-declared dietary habits (traditional, healthy and sustainable, vegetarian, smart, and confused) were estimated using multiple linear regression models. The results showed that smart diets are associated with higher values of food waste in Canada, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Vegetarian diets are associated with lower food waste values in China, Germany, the UK, and the USA, but not in Italy, Russia, and Spain. The share of the population adopting a smart diet was, on average, 2.7% of the sample; therefore, interventions for food waste reduction should focus on these specific types of consumers, who are often associated with larger amounts of food waste.

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El impacto de la Resolución 1325 de Naciones Unidas y la perspectiva de las mujeres en el proceso de paz de Colombia

Without a doubt, the Final Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace of Colombia, signed on the 24th of November 2016 at Colón Theater in Bogotá, represents an achievement for Colombian women’s organizations and for feminist and anti-militarists acti-vists worldwide. This article aims to shed light on how this result was achieved and with this goal it will analyze the impact of the Resolution 1325 and of women’s perspective on the Colombian peace process. Supported by international legislation, the organizations of Colombian women lobbied the Negotiating Table to make sure that women’s perspective would be included in the peace process. Through the analysis of the changes occurred during the years of negotiation of La Habana and of the peace agreement signed on the 24th of August 2016 and on the 24th of November of the same year, this study aims to investigate what allowed to obtain such change during the years of negotiation and how women’s perspective changed the Final Peace Agreement.

O Diabo anda à solta: o culto a São Bartolomeu na Foz do Douro

On the 24th of August, the day when Saint Bartholomew takes possession of the waters and the Devil is on the loose, the believers of the 19th century headed to the beaches of Foz do Douro for the holy bath, in search of protection against skin diseases, stuttering or demonic effects. Through the saint, the sins of the former skin were expelled to make way for a renewed soul and body. This act of apotropaic and prophylactic nature was transferred to the cultural practice that we know today: the Cortejo dos Trajes de Papel de São Bartolomeu. This playful and spontaneous manifestation originated in the ancient religious festival, keeping the memory of the stripping of costumes in the waters.Based on the image of Saint Bartholomew from the parish church of São João da Foz do Douro, we intend in this study to reveal the evolution of the cult, the practices and rituals to which it was associated and how it can be understood as a support for cultural permeabilities, reinforcing the need of the study of the image in its context.

Surveillance of COVID-19 in Cameroon: Implications for policymakers and the healthcare system.

At first less impacted than the rest of the world, African countries, including Cameroon, are also facing the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the spread of the COVID-19 in Cameroon, one of the most affected countries in sub- Saharan Africa. We used the data from the Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, reporting the number of confirmed cases and deaths, and analyzed the regularity of tests and confirmed cases and compared those numbers with neighboring countries. We tested different phenomenological models to model the early phase of the outbreak. Since the first reported cases on the 7th of March, 18,662 people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 as of the 24th of August, 186,243 tests have been performed, and 408 deaths have been recorded. New cases have been recorded only in 50% of the days since the first reported cases. There are considerable disparities in the reporting of daily cases, making it difficult to interpret these numbers and to model the evolution of the pandemic with the phenomenological models. Currently, following the finding from this study, it is challenging to predict the evolution of the pandemic and to make comparisons between countries as screening measures are so sparse. Monitoring should be performed regularly to provide a more accurate estimate of the situation and allocate healthcare resources more efficiently.

A lightweight shelter for the survivors after 2016 earthquake in Accumoli

Abstract On August 24th, 2016, the town of Accumoli has suffered from a strong earthquake of 6.2 magnitudes, which caused a life loss, destroyed buildings, and huge numbers of homeless people. Now, four years after the earthquake, the village has not yet been reconstructed, no long-term housing has been provided for the inhabitants, and even the rubble of the destroyed houses has not been removed from the site. The significance of this paper is to provide some design scenarios for shelters using wood and membrane as construction materials, in order to provide housing in Accumoli for the existing population in a new site next to the destroyed one. These proposed design projects are part of the consortium of the “Scuola di Ricostruzione di Accumoli”.

Evaluation of site effects at Amatrice (central Italy) after the August 24th, 2016, Mw 6.0 earthquake

This work presents results obtained from numerical site response analyses in the area of Amatrice (central Italy) with a main focus on the town's historical centre, where a more significant differential damage was observed after the August 24th, 2016, Mw 6.0 earthquake and the following aftershocks. Geological field investigations were performed and used to define a series of detailed geological cross-sections across the hill, which is the distinctive morphological feature of the town. Following insights from geological cartography, four continuous coring boreholes were drilled to obtain a new refined subsoil model of the area at depth; three of these boreholes were used to perform down-hole tests to constrain the shear-wave velocity (Vs) of the geological units. The subsoil model also included the results of the available seismic arrays and 80 single station ambient vibration stations, which allowed the calibration of the dynamic model, enhancing its robustness. The analyses allowed for a comparison of available empirical amplification functions and the simulated transfer functions of this study. Empirical transfer functions are represented in this case through the available Standard Spectral Ratio curves computed from recorded earthquakes of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence. They show a broad peak centred between 2 and 3 Hz, corresponding to the predominant frequencies of the hill, and a flat response outside the hill, in good agreement with the modelled transfer functions determined following two-dimensional (2D) approach. Conversely, one-dimensional (1D) transfer functions could not describe the amplification in the same range, confirming the evidence of overlapping topographic and stratigraphic effects. In the historical part of the town, only ambient vibration data were available. Notwithstanding that only a comparison of numerical resonance frequencies with the experimental frequencies highlighted using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method on ambient vibration data is possible in this case, reasonable agreements were found in the considered frequency range 1–10 Hz. In-depth characterisation of the subsoil of the historical centre of Amatrice provided a useful tool for challenging the problem of the realistic ground motion estimates, by evaluating possible local effects which could enhance or modify the input motion.

Obesity, walking pace and risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality: analysis of UK Biobank

Obesity is an emerging risk factor for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Simple measures of physical fitness, such as self-reported walking pace, may also be important risk markers. This analysis includes 412,596 UK Biobank participants with linked COVID-19 data (median age at linkage = 68 years, obese = 24%, median number of comorbidities = 1). As of August 24th 2020, there were 1001 cases of severe (in-hospital) disease and 336 COVID-19 deaths. Compared to normal weight individuals, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of severe COVID-19 in overweight and obese individuals was 1.26 (1.07, 1.48) and 1.49 (1.25, 1.79), respectively. For COVID-19 mortality, the ORs were 1.19 (0.88, 161) and 1.82 (1.33, 2.49), respectively. Compared to those with a brisk walking pace, the OR of severe COVID-19 for steady/average and slow walkers was 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) and 1.88 (1.53, 2.31), respectively. For COVID-19 mortality, the ORs were 1.44 (1.10, 1.90) and 1.83 (1.26, 2.65), respectively. Slow walkers had the highest risk regardless of obesity status. For example, compared to normal weight brisk walkers, the OR of severe disease and COVID-19 mortality in normal weight slow walkers was 2.42 (1.53, 3.84) and 3.75 (1.61, 8.70), respectively. Self-reported slow walkers appear to be a high-risk group for severe COVID-19 outcomes independent of obesity.

Evaluation of Host Stinging Behavior of the Larval Ectoparasitoid Diglyphus isaea on Some Selected Host Plants

Background: In parasitoid insects, beside parasitism, there are two other behaviors that may increase leaf miner mortality: Feeding on the host (host feeding) and, host penalization without oviposition or feeding (host stinging).&#x0D; Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate (host stinging) behavior of the larval ectoparasitoid D. isaea in field on some selected host plants.&#x0D; Methods: The present study was carried out in Alejelat region. Four selected host plants were studied, chick pea (Cicer arietinum) and broad bean (Vecia faba) as a Winter host plants and, Cow pea (Vigna unguiculate) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were selected as summer host plants during the growing seasons 2018 and 2019. Samples were kept in plastic bags and transferred to be examined in the laboratory. Number of living L. trifolii larvae, and number of killed larvae according to feeding (no oviposition) by D. isaea were counted and recorded.&#x0D; Results: On cow pea host stung larvae recorded (156 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) occurred in 10th of August, with (r = +0.69**) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii recorded). On kidney bean host stung larvae recorded (101 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) occurred in 24th of August, with (r = + 0.85**) value between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii recorded. On the other hand, the percentage of host stung larvae ranged between (5.67% and 28.22%) and (15.88% and 42.30%) for cow pea and kidney bean respectively. On broad bean host stung larvae recorded (159 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets), with (r = +0.59*) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii .On chick pea host stung larvae recorded (82 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) with (r = +0.20ns) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii. On the other hand, percentages of host stung larvae ranged between (8.45% and 36.60%) and (21.80% and 87.65%) for broad bean and chick pea respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The highest percentage of host stung larvae recorded on chick pea 44.65% followed by kidney bean 24.21%, broad bean 18.45% and cow pea 12.97% respectively. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient value (r) between numbers of L. trifolii larvae and, host stung larvae recorded the highest on kidney bean +0.85** followed by cow pea +0.69**, Broad bean +0.59* and Chick pea +0.20ns respectively.

Earthquake-Related Signals in Central Italy Detected by Hydrogeochemical and Satellite Techniques

Central Apennines are one of the regions of highest seismic risk of Italy. A number of energetic events (M_W > 5) hit the region during the period 2004-2017, killing several hundreds of people (e.g., 294 casualties associated with the August 24th, 2016, M_W 6.0 event of Amatrice). These earthquakes impacted piezometric levels, springs discharge, and groundwater chemistry on a large area, even at distances of several tens of kilometers from the epicenters. Here we present a multidisciplinary dataset based on hydrogeochemical and satellite observations associated with the seismic events occurred in Central Italy during the period 2004-2017, that combines information derived from the application of groundwater monitoring and satellite techniques. Groundwater monitoring techniques allowed to detect hydrogeochemical anomalies in spring and well waters (20 sampling points over the observation period), whereas satellite techniques were applied to detect time-space variations in ground thermal emissions. We detected two significant, almost synchronous, anomalies in 2009 and 2016-2017 with both techniques, and we tentatively correlated them to crustal deformation processes. Part of the observed signals was detected before mainshocks, and they appear to be related to aseismic slip or to seismic slip eventually induced by minor fluctuations in seismicity. We argued that the combination of two factors, i.e., the shallow depth of local earthquakes and the concurrent deepening of groundwater circulation paths to several km depth, allowed for the recording of variations in the stress field by geofluids released at the surface.

Evaluation of complex site effects through experimental methods and numerical modelling: The case history of Arquata del Tronto, central Italy

This work deals with the experimental and numerical evaluation of the local seismic response of Arquata del Tronto area (Marche Region, central Italy), severely struck by the Mw 6.0 August 24th, 2016 earthquake. Arquata main village rises on elongated WNW-ESE-trending ridge of the central Apennines thrust-belt (central Italy), at elevations about 170 m higher than the underlying alluvial valleys where Borgo and San Francesco hamlets are built on. Despite their proximity (less than 500 m), Arquata del Tronto, Borgo and San Francesco reported a different damage distribution after the August 2016 mainshock, suggesting that the seismic response of the area may be controlled by site effects. In order to explore this hypothesis, we evaluated the 2D numerical local seismic response along four representative geological cross-sections passing through Arquata del Tronto, San Francesco and Borgo. Additional 1D analyses were carried out at strategic points along the cross-sections in order to explore the 2D physical phenomena governing the local response. The satisfactory agreement between numerical amplification functions in linear range and experimental amplification functions obtained by the Generalized Inversion Technique (GIT) applied to a large number of aftershocks confirms the substantial reliability of the subsoil models. Numerical analyses representative of the 2016 mainshock were carried out and processed in terms of peak and key ground motion parameters. A comparison with the damage induced by the 2016 mainshock was finally undertaken substantially justifying the observed pattern. This study provides general implications about site response and seismic microzonation in sites characterized by similar complex geological and morphological settings.

Lithological control on multiple surface ruptures during the 2016–2017 Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence

On August 24th 2016, a Mw 6.0 earthquake started the Amatrice - Norcia (Central Italy) seismic sequence, generated by the extensional tectonics along the Apennines, that had its apex with the Mw 6.5 October 30th mainshock. As a unique documented case reported in Italy, complex surface faulting occurred during both earthquakes along the Mt. Vettore fault. Multiple surface faulting was accompanied at depth by the development of a km-scale normal fault-propagation fold. This fold was characterized by breakthrough and by surface rupture within thick carbonatic layers only in the central and north-western area (Mt. Vettore). On the contrary, the fault remained blind where flexural slip was active in sandy-silty turbiditic deposits in the south-eastern area (Mt. Gorzano). We explain the different faulting behaviour with the occurrence of more rigid and competent lithologies in areas characterized by breakthrough and with the occurrence of weak lithologies in areas characterized by blind faulting. Overall, the entire seismic sequence appears as a gradual gravitational adjustment of the hangingwall block, slipping along a NW-trending and 80 km long fault system. In particular, the following crustal blocks, partially overlapping and with different length (30, 40 and 22 km, respectively), progressively collapsed during the sequence: the Amatrice sector during the August 24th 2016, Mw 6.0 event, the Norcia-Visso sector during the October 26th 2016, Mw 5.9 and the 2016 October 30th Mw 6.5 event, and the Campotosto Lake sector during the four January 18th 2017, M > 5 events. The progressive involvement of these three rock volumes, during the seismic sequence is here explained by the occurrence of a low angle detachment that limited the maximum potential depth of the mainshocks and consequently the dimensions of involved rock volumes, therefore limiting the magnitudes of the mainshocks.

The seismic sequence of 2016–2017 in Central Italy: a numerical insight on the survival of the Civic Tower in Amatrice

This work is aimed at the numerical interpretation of the evolution of damage and collapses observed on the Civic Tower of Amatrice, caused by the main events of the seismic sequence of 2016 in the Apennine area of Central Italy. In particular, the study considers the response of the tower with reference to the two main events, occurred on August 24th and October 30th, 2016 respectively. Non-linear dynamic analyses were carried out by developing a finite element model and the behaviour of the tower was investigated with reference to the damage and partial collapses produced by the main events. In dynamic numerical analyses, the accelerograms corresponding to the main seismic events obtained with the study of the site effects were used as seismic input. Moreover, studies have been carried out to understand if and which of the interventions of reinforcement/seismic improvement, realized at the beginning of the years ‘80, have been determinant to limit the damage, avoiding the complete collapse of the tower. The results of the study, on the one hand, allow to highlight a good correspondence between the evolution of the actual damage observed on the tower and the damage assessed by numerical analyses thus demonstrating the validity of the numerical models set up for the analyses. On the other hand, however, they have made it possible to underline how the presence of the improved material and structural reinforcement interventions carried out at the beginning of the years ‘80 have contributed to avoid the complete collapse of the tower.