24-hour Energy Research Articles

Trends in Reported Calcium and Magnesium Intake from Diet and Supplements by Demographic Factors: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2018

BackgroundCalcium and magnesium are important micronutrients necessary for normal body functioning. ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to approximate usual nutrient intakes and estimate proportion of adults meeting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium and magnesium from diet, and diet plus supplements (total intake). Trends in the proportion of adults meeting the EAR were estimated by sex, age, and race and ethnicity. DesignThe study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of the US civilian and noninstitutionalized population. Participants and settingThe continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey survey data from 2003-2004 through 2017-2018 for dietary intake, and 2007-2008 through 2017-2018 for total intake were analyzed. The study sample included men and women (not lactating/pregnant) ages 19 years and older with 2 reliable 24-hour dietary recalls and energy intake >500 to <6,000 kcal/day (N = 35 037). Main outcome measuresMean daily intake and trends of proportion of adults meeting/exceeding the EAR for calcium and magnesium were estimated. Statistical analyses performedThe National Cancer Institute’s method was used to calculate daily intakes for calcium and magnesium by demographic subgroups. SAS SURVEYMEAN and SURVEYFREQ procedures were used to estimate means ± SE for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and 2-sample t test for P values. Trends were estimated with National Cancer Institute’s Joinpoint trend analysis program. ResultsMean daily dietary calcium intake and proportions of adults meeting the EAR from both diet and supplements was lowest among women (859 mg [61.9%]), adults ages 71 years and older (865 mg [60.3%]) and non-Hispanic Black individuals (782 mg [48.6%]) compared with men, younger age groups, and other races and ethnicities. Magnesium intake reported from diet was lowest in adults ages 71 years and older (276 mg), whereas total magnesium intake and proportion of meeting the EAR from both diet and supplements was lowest in women (302 mg) and men (52%), respectively, adults ages 19 to 30 years (305 mg [48.5%]), and non-Hispanic Black individuals (274 mg [35.5%]). The trends in the proportion of women and non-Hispanic White adults meeting the EAR from total calcium intake decreased significantly (P < .05) by 2.9% and 2.0%, respectively. ConclusionsWomen and adults ages 71 years and older had the lowest reported mean daily dietary calcium intake and proportion meeting the EAR for calcium from diet and supplements. Men and adults ages 19 to 30 years had the lowest proportion meeting the EAR for magnesium from diet and supplements with adults ages 19 to 30 years also having the lowest reported total magnesium intake from diet and supplements. Non-Hispanic Black individuals had the lowest proportion of meeting the EARs for calcium and magnesium from reported total intake. The trends in the proportion of women and non-Hispanic White individuals meeting the EARs for calcium through total intake decreased over time and remained stable in other subpopulations and for magnesium.

Aggregator Index for 24-Hour Energy Flexibility Evaluation in an ADN Including PHEVs

Aggregator Index for 24-Hour Energy Flexibility Evaluation in an ADN Including PHEVs

Two-hour indirect calorimetry measurement as a predictor of 24-hour energy expenditure in critically ill surgical patients: A longitudinal study.

Measuring energy expenditure (EE) by indirect calorimetry (IC) has become the gold standard tool for critically ill patients to define energy targets and tailor nutrition. Debate remains as to the optimal duration of measurements or the optimal time of day in which to perform IC. In this retrospective longitudinal study, we analyzed results of daily continuous IC in 270 mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary medical center and compared measurements performed at different hours of the day. A total of 51,448 IC hours was recorded, with an average 24-h EE of 1523 ± 443 kcal/day. Night shift (00:00-8:00) was found to have significantly lower EE measurements (mean, 1499 ± 439 kcal/day) than afternoon (16:00-00:00; mean, 1526 ± 435 kcal/day) and morning (8:00-16:00; mean, 1539 ± 462 kcal/day) measurements (P < 0.001 for all). The bi-hourly time frame that most closely resembled the daily mean was 18:00-19:59, with a mean of 1521 ± 433 kcal/day. Daily EE measurements of the continuous IC at days 3-7 of admission showed a trend toward a daily increase in 24-h EE, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.081). Periodic measurements of EE can differ slightly when performed at various hours of the day, but the error range is small and may not necessarily have a clinical impact. When continuous IC is not available, a 2-h EE measurement between 18:00 and 19:59 can serve as a reasonable alternative.

Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype

Obesity rates are increasing and affecting mental health. It is important to understand how behavioral traits such as anhedonia are associated with physiologic traits that may predict weight-change in clinical and non-clinical populations. We studied whether 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) changes with fasting and overfeeding are associated with anhedonia in a healthy cohort. We performed behavioral assessments (physical anhedonia scale (PAS) and inventory for depressive symptoms (IDS)) followed by measures of 24hEE and urinary catecholamines in a whole-room indirect calorimeter (respiratory chamber) during energy balance, and then randomly during fasting and 2 different overfeeding diets. Participants (n=98) were medically healthy, between 18 and 55 years of age, with normal glucose regulation and weight-stable 6 months before admission. Women were premenopausal and not pregnant. Higher PAS was significantly associated with lesser decrease in 24hEE with fasting and higher urinary catecholamine excretion rates – consistent with spendthrift metabolism. As IDS increased, the association between anhedonia and the change in 24hEE from energy balance to fasting decreased (B-values were lower for change in EE). Here, higher PAS scores may reflect the ability to respond with appropriate homeostatic reactions which balance energy needs. IDS scores blunting this response may explain how anhedonia and depression can lead to weight gain.

Daily ingestion of protein bars (with or without added fiber) increased energy intake and body fat mass after one week in healthy adults: A crossover trial

BackgroundAlthough the global protein bar market is rapidly escalating, there is a scarcity of controlled trials examining their dietary impact. This cross-over study examined the impact of protein bar ingestion (with or without added fibre) on energy intake. MethodsAdults (n = 21; 21.9 ± 2.6 y) recorded food and beverage consumption using a smartphone application and appetite ratings using 100-mm VAS scales. Body composition was recorded at baseline and following each one-week feeding phase. ResultsAverage 24-hour energy intakes during the weeks bars were consumed were elevated significantly (7–13%) from control weeks with no difference between bars. Postprandial appetite scores were significantly below fasting scores but did not differ between bars. Body fat mass was significantly elevated (+3%) at the end of each feeding period compared to the control week. ConclusionThese results suggest that the daily ingestion of protein bars increased overall energy intakes and may impact body mass over time.

Total 24-Hour Energy Expenditure Measured By Calorimetry Chamber In Patients With Colorectal Cancer: Baseline Findings From The Prime Study

Total 24-Hour Energy Expenditure Measured By Calorimetry Chamber In Patients With Colorectal Cancer: Baseline Findings From The Prime Study

Dietary Patterns under the Influence of Rotational Shift Work Schedules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Workers employed in rotating shift schedules are at a higher metabolic risk compared with those in regular day and fixed shift schedules; however, the contribution of diet is unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate how rotating shift work schedules affect dietary energy intake and dietary patterns compared with regular day and fixed shift schedules. In addition, intraperson energy intake and dietary pattern comparisons within rotating shift schedules were investigated. Database searches were conducted on MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, PSYCinfo, EMBASE, and Scopus, in addition to manual search of bibliographic references, to identify articles. Two separate meta-analyses compared dietary intake between day work and rotating shift work schedules and within the rotational shift work group (morning/day and night shifts). Differences in dietary patterns were synthesized narratively. Thirty-one studies (n = 18,196 participants) were included in the review, and meta-analyses were conducted with 24-hour mean energy intake data from 18 (n = 16,633 participants) and 7 (n = 327 participants) studies, respectively. The average 24-hour energy intake of rotating shift workers was significantly higher than that of workers in regular daytime schedules [weighted mean difference (WMD): 264 kJ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 70, 458 kJ; P < 0.008; I2 = 63%]. However, the mean difference in 24-hour energy intake between morning/day shifts compared with night shifts within rotational shift schedules was not statistically significant (WMD: 101 kJ; 95% CI: -651, 852 kJ; P = 0.79; I2 = 77%). Dietary patterns of rotating shift workers were different from those of day workers, showing irregular and more frequent meals, increased snacking/eating at night, consumption of fewer core foods, and more discretionary foods. This review highlights that dietary intake in rotational shift workers is potentially higher in calories and features different eating patterns as a consequence of rotating shift work schedules. This review was registered at PROSPERO as ID 182507.

Nut-enriched energy restricted diet has potential to decrease hunger in women at cardiometabolic risk: a randomized controlled trial (Brazilian Nuts Study)

Successful weight management represents a challenge to obesity control. Evidence suggests that nut consumption promotes a prolonged satiety response. Therefore, we hypothesize that nuts could be associated with greater weight loss in comparison to a control group, and we evaluate the acute and long-term effects of Brazilian nuts (BN: 15 g of Brazil nuts+30 g of cashew nuts) included in an energy-restricted intervention on food intake, appetite, and peptide hormones. We conducted an 8-week, randomized, open-label, controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial with 28 women at cardiometabolic risk who received an energy-restricted diet containing BN or an energy-restricted nut-free diet (control). At baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention, subjective postprandial appetite ratings were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after consumption (0, 10, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes) of a 437-kcal nut-enriched (BN group) or nut-free (control) breakfast meal. Subsequently, an ad libitum lunch was served, and the participants completed another VAS at 280 minutes. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and leptin were measured at fasting and postprandially at 60, 120, and 240 minutes. Last, subsequent reported 24-hour energy intake was assessed in a free-living setting. BN consumption did not have acute effects on food intake, appetite, or peptide hormones. However, after an 8-week intervention, postprandial ghrelin (difference between post- and preintervention area under the curve) decreased in the BN group in comparison to the control (mean difference, 1978 pg/mL/min, 95% CI, 27-3929 pg/mL/min; P=.047) and therefore, an energy-restricted diet containing demonstrated potential to decrease hunger in cardiometabolic risk women.

Effects of Short-term Fasting on Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: The Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotype.

A greater decrease in 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) during short-term fasting is indicative of a thrifty phenotype. As ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis are implicated in the regulation of energy intake and metabolism, we investigated whether ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations mediate the fasting-induced decrease in 24hEE that characterizes thriftiness. In 47 healthy individuals, 24hEE was measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter both during 24-hour eucaloric and fasting conditions. Plasma total ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after an overnight fast the morning before and after each 24-hour session. During 24-hour fasting, on average 24hEE decreased by 8.0% (P < .001), GH increased by ~5-fold (P < .001), whereas ghrelin (mean +23 pg/mL) and IGF-1 were unchanged (both P ≥ .19) despite a large interindividual variability in ghrelin change (SD 150 pg/mL). Greater fasting-induced increase in ghrelin was associated with a greater decrease in 24hEE during 24-hour fasting (r = -0.42, P = .003), such that individuals who increased ghrelin by 200 pg/mL showed an average decrease in 24hEE by 55 kcal/day. Short-term fasting induced selective changes in the ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 axis, specifically a ghrelin-independent GH hypersecretion that did not translate into increased IGF-1 concentrations. Greater increase in ghrelin after 24-hour fasting was associated with greater decrease in 24hEE, indicating ghrelin as a novel biomarker of increased energy efficiency of the thrifty phenotype.

Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1.

Food insecurity is known to be associated with obesity, but its association with physiological measures is unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, compared with food-secure individuals, those with food insecurity would have higher 24-hour energy expenditure (EE [kilocalories per day]) and 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ [ratio]). Subsequently, hormones involved in appetite regulation, substrate oxidation, and EE were explored. A total of 113 healthy participants without diabetes (75 men; mean [SD], age 40 [12] years; BMI 30 [8] kg/m2 ) were included in this analysis. Participants completed the Food Security Short Form, underwent a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and spent 24 hours in a human respiratory chamber following a weight-maintaining diet. Compared with individuals with food security, participants with food insecurity had no difference in 24-hour EE. However, they had higher carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.03) and lower lipid oxidation rates (p = 0.02), resulting in higher 24-hour RQ (p < 0.01). They also had lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 (p = 0.03) concentrations. Food insecurity is associated with higher 24-hour RQ and lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, metabolic and hormonal differences previously shown to drive greater calorie intake in the setting of unrestricted food availability. These findings therefore provide new insight into the paradoxical link between restricted food access and increased adiposity.

Functional variants in cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) are enriched in Southwest American Indian individuals and associate with obesity.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify genetic variants enriched in Southwest American Indian (SWAI) individuals that associate with BMI.MethodsWhole genome sequencing data (n = 296) were used to identify potentially functional variants that are common in SWAI individuals (minor allele frequency ≥10%) but rare in other ethnic groups (minor allele frequency < 0.1%). Enriched variants were tested for association with BMI in 5,870 SWAI individuals. One variant was studied using a luciferase reporter, and haplotypes that included this variant were analyzed for association with various measures of obesity (n = 917‐5,870), 24‐hour energy expenditure (24‐h EE; n = 419), and skeletal muscle biopsy expression data (n = 207).ResultsA 5′ untranslated region variant in cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A), rs548402150, met the enrichment criteria and associated with increased BMI (β = 2%, p = 0.004). Functionally, rs548402150 decreased luciferase expression by 30% (p = 0.003) and correlated with decreased skeletal muscle CYB5A expression (β = −0.5 SD, p = 0.0008). Combining rs548402150 with two splicing quantitative trait loci in CYB5A identified a haplotype carried almost exclusively in SWAI individuals that associated with increased BMI (β = 3%, p = 0.0003) and decreased CYB5A expression, whereas the most common haplotype in all ethnic groups associated with lower BMI and percentage of body fatness, increased 24‐h EE, and increased CYB5A expression.ConclusionsFurther studies on the effects of CYB5A on 24‐h EE and BMI may provide insights into obesity‐related physiology.

Parametric studies of heat pump water heater using low GWP refrigerants

A storage heat pump water heater (HPWH) comprises a vapor compression system and a hot water tank. It can lead to more than 70% energy saving, compared with electric resistance heating. HPWH usually uses a wrapped-tank coil as the water heater. The wrapped coil has a strong interaction with the water tank and impose a new challenge for the engineering design and simulation study. Based on the US DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM), i.e., a public-domain, component-based thermal system modelling platform, a segment-to-segment wrapped-tank coil model coupled with a one-dimensional stratified water tank model were developed, which facilitates modeling and design HPWHs having various configurations and components. The hardware-based design model was used to evaluate refrigerants having lower global warming potentials to replace R-134a, including R-1234yf, R-1234ze, R-290, R-513A and R-450A, when effects of compressor size, refrigerant charge on 24-hour uniform energy factor (UEF) and first-hour rating (FHR) were investigated. In the drop-in replacements, R-1234ze achieved the best UEF, and R-290 resulted in the lowest UEF. When downsizing the compressor to maximize the UEFs, the UEFs of R-134a, R-290, R1234yf, R-450A and R-513A ascended to the range of 4.4 to 4.53, with R-513A having the highest UEF. The R-1234ze ended up having the lowest UEF of 4.27. Refrigerants having larger volumetric vaporization heat led to higher FHRs if using the fixed-size compressor, that R-290 resulted in the highest FHR.

Parameter analysis of power system for solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle

Solar long-endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has the ability of energy self-circulation, which has attracted attention in many application fields, such as high-speed Internet and smart city. Power balance is a determining factor in the power system of solar-powered UAV as it could lead to 24-hour energy cycle losses. The impacts of non-ideal factors (such as direct beam radiation, solar incidence angle and unpredictable wind field) on power balance and energy cycle are still unclear. Through this research, the mathematical model of power balance based on power system is established, and then the effect of different factors on power balance and critical energy cycle is analyzed combined with experimental data. From the experiment, direct beam radiation and solar incidence angle are two important factors for the power balance. The effect of random wind on energy storage batteries is relatively small. In the critical energy cycle, the decrease of direct beam radiation leaded to SOC loss of 0.12, which makes the energy cycle unbalanced and was harmful to energy sustainability. The loss of SOC could be effectively reduced by optimizing solar incidence angle in a certain period of time, which increases the endurance of the system. The data obtained from the analysis of the experimental results are helpful to the optimal design of energy storage system margin and global energy management.

Metabolic Characterization of Meat, Fish, and Soda Intake in Males: Secondary Results from a Randomized Inpatient Pilot Study.

This study aimed to evaluate whether a 12-week, weight-maintaining, macronutrient-stable dietary intervention that varies only by meat, fish, or soda consumption alters 24-hour energy expenditure (24hrEE) and substrate oxidation. Healthy males were recruited to participate in a 12-week inpatient study and were randomized to a weight-maintaining dietary intervention that contained varying combinations of meat (0% or 19%), fish (0% or 6%), or soda (0% or 14%) in a factorial design. Macronutrient composition across dietary intervention groups was as follows: 50% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% of energy from fat, and 20% of energy from protein. Whole-room indirect calorimetry at baseline and week 12 were used to measure 24hrEE and substrate oxidation. Twenty-six males (mean [SEM], age: 46.6 [10.4] years; BMI: 26.9 [4.1] kg/m2 ) completed all measurements. Fish consumption resulted in higher 24hrEE by 126 (55) kcal/d compared with no fish consumption (P = 0.03), whereas 24hrEE for soda consumption was 132 (56) kcal/d (P = 0.03) lower. Approximately 80% of the decrease in 24hrEE with soda consumption was due to lower awake-inactive energy expenditure (EE; P = 0.001). No specific EE component accounted for the differences observed with fish consumption. The data indicate that dietary sources of protein and carbohydrates appear to influence 24hrEE and inactive EE.

Reduced metabolic efficiency in sedentary eucaloric conditions predicts greater weight regain in adults with obesity following sustained weight loss.

BackgroundSuccessful long-term weight loss maintenance after caloric restriction (CR) is rarely achieved. Besides known metabolic, behavioral, and cognitive factors, 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) relative to body size (i.e., metabolic efficiency) might influence subsequent weight loss maintenance.MethodsEleven participants with obesity (BMI=39.0±8.7 kg/m2, body fat=36.1±6.4%) had 24hEE measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during eucaloric conditions and weight stability prior to starting a 6-week inpatient CR study (50% of daily energy needs). Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was adjusted via regression analysis for fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) by DXA. Body composition was reassessed at the end of CR and after 1-year follow-up. Free-living weight was assessed by monthly weight measurements during 12 months.ResultsAfter 6-week CR, participants lost 8.5±2.7% weight (FFM: −6.3±3.6 kg, FM: −3.4±1.2 kg) but regained 5.1±8.0% one year following CR, which was mostly due to FFM regain (+5.7±5.5 kg) and unchanged FM. A relatively higher 24hEE by 100 kcal/day prior to CR was associated with an average greater rate of weight regain by +0.3 kg/month during follow-up and a greater final weight regain by +5.1 kg after 1 year of follow-up.ConclusionThese results suggest that reduced metabolic efficiency in 24hEE during eucaloric, sedentary conditions may predict greater weight regain after CR-induced weight loss.

Experimentally Manipulated Low Social Status and Food Insecurity Alter Eating Behavior Among Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This randomized trial experimentally manipulated social status to assess effects on acute eating behavior and 24-hour energy balance. Participants (n = 133 Hispanics; age 15-21 years; 60.2% females) were randomized to low social status ("LOW") or high social status ("HIGH") conditions in a rigged game of Monopoly (Hasbro, Inc.). Acute energy intake in a lunchtime meal was measured by food scales. Twenty-four-hour energy balance was assessed via summation of resting metabolic rate (metabolic cart), physical activity energy expenditure (accelerometer), thermic effect of food, and subtraction of twenty-four-hour energy intake (food diary). In the total sample, no significant differences were observed by study condition at lunchtime. LOW females consumed a greater percent of lunchtime daily energy needs (37.5%) relative to HIGH females (34.3%); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.291). In males, however, LOW consumed significantly less (36.5%) of their daily energy needs relative to HIGH males (45.8%; P = 0.001). For 24-hour energy balance, sex differences were nearly significant (P = 0.057; LOW females: surplus +200 kcal; HIGH males: surplus +445 kcal). Food-insecure individuals consumed a nearly significant greater lunchtime percent daily energy than those with food security (40.7% vs. 36.3%; P = 0.0797). The data demonstrate differential acute and 24-hour eating behavior responses between Hispanic male and female adolescents in experimentally manipulated conditions of low social status.

A Prospective Study of the Relationship Between Dietary Patterns during the Second Trimester of Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain

To study dietary patterns during the second trimester of pregnancy and to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and gestational weight gain (GWG). A prospective cohort study was conducted to select healthy singleton pregnant women at 8-14 weeks of gestation in a maternal and child health care institution in Chengdu city. Food items and quantities were collected at 8-14, 24-28, 32-36 weeks of gestation by using the 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and energy intakes were calculated. Dietary patterns during the second trimester were established by factor analysis and factor scores were calculated. The weight of pregnant women was measured at 8-14, 24-28 weeks of gestation and 1 week before delivery, and the total GWG and the GWG rates in the second and third trimesters were calculated. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the association between dietary patterns and GWG. A total of 1 004 samples were included. Three dietary patterns were identified: Milk-egg-whole grain pattern, Beverage-dessert pattern and Traditional pattern. The average total GWG was (13.2±4.5) kg. The average weight gain rate was (0.4±0.2) kg/week in the second trimester. The average weight gain rate was (0.5±0.3) kg/week in the third trimester. After adjusting for confounding factors including maternal age, body mass index before pregnancy, dietary energy intake, physical activity, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the factor score of Beverage-dessert pattern was positively associated with the total GWG and the weight gain rate in the third trimester ( β=0.370, 95% confidence interval ( CI): (0.103, 0.636), P=0.007; β=0.014, 95% CI: (0.000, 0.027), P=0.049, respectively), and the factor score of Traditional pattern was negatively associated with the total GWG ( β=-0.285, 95% CI: (-0.555, -0.015), P=0.039). There was no association between the Milk-egg-whole grain pattern and GWG. Dietary patterns during the second trimester of pregnancy are associated with GWG. The Beverage-dessert pattern may increase the total GWG and weight gain rate in the third trimester. The traditional pattern may help control the total GWG.

Von Willebrand factor, its cleaving protease (ADAMTS13), and inflammation in young adults: The African-PREDICT study

BackgroundThe role of inflammation in the early development of vascular dysfunction remains complex. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) can cause an acute imbalance in the von Willebrand factor (vWF)-ADAMTS13 interaction, indicating a possible link between markers of haemostasis and low-grade inflammation. To better understand these inter-relationships in the early phases of disease development, we investigated whether vWF and ADAMTS13 associate with the pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and CRP in healthy young adults. We considered the role of blood types, sex and race on these relationships. MethodsIn healthy black and white men and women (n = 1113; 24 ± 5 years; no previous diagnosis or medication use for chronic diseases) we analysed von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFag), ADAMTS13, IL-6 and CRP, and grouped blood types as non-O (A, B and AB) and O. Covariates included socioeconomic status, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, 24-hour systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, total cholesterol, platelet count, γ-glutamyl transferase and total energy expenditure. ResultsIn the total group, vWFag was highest in the third tertile of both IL-6 and CRP (p ≤ 0.014), while ADAMTS13 was lowest in the third compared to the first IL-6 tertile (p = 0.006). In multivariate regression, vWFag associated positively with IL-6 (Adj R2 = 0.169; β = 0.123; p = 0.001) and CRP (Adj R2 = 0.163; β=0.094; p = 0.019) in the total group, in the O blood group (all p ≤ 0.051) and white men (all p ≤ 0.035). ADAMTS13 associated negatively with IL-6 (Adj R2 = 0.053; β = −0.154; p = 0.015) and CRP (Adj R2 = 0.055; β = −0.177; p = 0.009), only in the O blood group. ConclusionsMarkers of haemostasis associated independently with low-grade inflammation in the O type blood group and white men. An interplay between the haemostatic and inflammatory systems may already exist in young healthy adults and is dependent on blood groups, sex and race. This extends our understanding on the role of inflammation in the early development of vascular dysfunction prior to cardiovascular compromise.

Avaliação nutricional de policiais militares de uma companhia em Sobral, Ceará, Brasil

Introdução: Os policiais militares são responsáveis por garantir a ordem pública. Entretanto, o seu trabalho possibilita a exposição a ambientes perigosos, com violência e locais insalubres. Assim, há um efeito negativo à saúde destes profissionais. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado e os riscos nutricionais em policiais militares. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, com 75 policiais militares. Foram coletados dados antropométricos (peso, altura, índice de Quételet e circunferência abdominal), dietéticos (recordatório de 24 horas, energia e macronutrientes), pressão arterial, nível de escolaridade, estado civil, remuneração, carga horária de trabalho, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e tabaco, e atividade física. A adequação nutricional foi classificada conforme recomendações da Dieterary Reference Intakes. Resultados: Houve excesso de peso em 75% dos participantes; 62,7% com circunferência abdominal elevada; 66,7% em uso de bebida alcoólica; 65,7% praticavam atividade física regular; e consumo energético médio de 1715,2 Kcal/dia. Cerca de 64% fazia uso salada e 48% consumiam frutas diariamente.FConclusão: Os dados encontrados mostram que há um alto índice de sobrepeso e obesidade nos policiais militares, com risco de desenvolverem doenças metabólicas e respiratórias.

COFFEE VOLUME DOES NOT SUPPRESS APPETITE OR CHANGE PERCEIVED HUNGER IN HABITUAL CAFFEINE CONSUMERS

Caffeine is a heavily consumed substance that has several benefits, including appetite suppression and increased energy metabolism. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of caffeine amount and coffee volume on appetite profile, affective response, cognitive function, blood glucose levels and subsequent energy intake in female habitual caffeine consumers. METHODS: 19 healthy female (age: 24 ± 8, BF%: 24.9 ± 5.1) habitual caffeine consumers (255 ± 122 mg/day) ingested coffee of different volumes and caffeine amounts on four different occasions (C1: 237 ml/4 mg/kg; C2: 237 ml/6mg/kg; C3: 473 ml/4mg/kg; C4: 473 ml/6mg/kg) in a single blind, randomized, crossover design. Participants completed a visual analog scale (VAS) of appetite profile at pre, 0, 30 and 60 minutes. Affective response and cognitive function were assessed using the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist (AD-ACL), Trail Making (TM) and Stroop tasks (ST) before and after the test drink. Blood glucose levels were measured at pre, 30 and 60 minutes. In addition, ad libitum breakfast was consumed at 60 minutes and 24-hour self-reported energy intake was recorded. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for analysis with significance accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS: A significant time (p<0.001), but not condition effect was observed in hunger (p=0.31), satiety (p=0.16), fullness (p=0.11), desire to eat (p=0.31) and prospective food consumption (p=0.19). No significant condition effect was observed in blood glucose levels (p=0.12), energy intake at breakfast (C1: 440 ± 213; C2: 400 ± 158; C3: 440 ± 226; C4: 386 ± 138 calories, p=0.43) or over 24-hours (C1: 16773 ± 532; C2: 1486 ± 434; C3: 1503 ± 321; C4: 1662 ± 505 calories, p=0.28). However, a significant interaction effect was observed in tiredness, calmness, energy and tension (p=0.02). In addition, a significant time (p<0.001) but not condition effect (p>0.05) was observed in TM, ST and state anxiety. Participants’ time to complete cognitive tasks decreased and state anxiety increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee volume may not have an effect on appetite suppression and perceived hunger, however, may modulate affective responses.