Ambulatory 24-h Esophageal pH Monitoring Research Articles

Exploring objective factors to predict successful outcomes after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

Currently, the reported parameters that predict the resolution of symptoms after surgery are largely subjective and unreliable. Considering that fundoplication rebuilds the structural integrity of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the authors focused on searching for objective and quantitative predictors for the resolution of symptoms based on the anatomical issues and whether an antireflux barrier can be well established or not. The authors reviewed the prospectively collected data of 266 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who had undergone laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF). All patients were diagnosed with GERD using preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24-h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, and high-resolution esophageal manometry. The patients received GERD symptom surveys using the validated Korean Antireflux Surgery Group questionnaire twice: preoperatively and 3 months after the surgery. After excluding patients with insufficient follow-up data, 152 patients were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that a longer length of the LES and lower BMI determined better resolution of typical symptoms after LNF (all P <0.05). Regarding atypical symptoms, higher resting pressure of LES and DeMeester score greater than or equal to 14.7 were associated with better resolution after the surgery (all P <0.05). After LNF, typical symptoms improved in 34 out of 37 patients (91.9%) with a length of LES >greater than .05cm, BMI less than 23.67kg/m 2 , and atypical symptoms were resolved in 16 out of 19 patients (84.2%) with resting pressure of LES greater than or equal to 19.65mmHg, DeMeester score greater than or equal to 14.7. These results show that the preoperative length and resting pressure of LES is important in the objective prediction of symptom improvement after LNF.

The Impact of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Morbid Obesity.

The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has not been widely quantified, and the data in the literature remain controversial. Candidates for LSG underwent barium swallow, esophageal manometry, ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring (APM), and gastric emptying scintigraphy before and after surgery (1 and 18months). Symptoms were evaluated using a gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERDq). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed preoperatively in all patients and at 18months postoperatively in patients who had suffered from preoperative esophagitis. Fifty-two patients were included in the study (64.4% women and 34.6% men) with a median age of 46years (25-63years) and BMI of 45.0 ± 5.6kg/m2. The follow-up rates at 1 and 18months were 82.7% and 80.8%. At 18months, the percentage of weight loss (%TWL) was 33.6 ± 10.4% and the percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) was 77.6 ± 25%. Postoperatively, a significant increase in accelerated gastric emptying and impaired esophageal body motility occurred at 1 and 18months. A significant worsening of all the values obtained at both 1 and 18months postoperatively becomes evident when comparing the results of the APM. After surgery, 76.4% of patients had developed "de novo" GERD at 1month and 41% at 18months. No improvement was found in patients with symptomatic GERD. Based on the results of this study, LSG led to a considerable rate of postoperative "de novo" GERD. In addition, no improvement was found in patients with symptomatic GERD.

Do Preoperative Esophageal pH Monitoring and High-Resolution Manometry Predict Symptoms of GERD After Sleeve Gastrectomy?

Predictive factors of evolution or appearance of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have not been identified to date. We aimed to assess the evolution of GERD symptoms 1 year after SG and to determine preoperative predictive factors using high-resolution manometry (HRM) and ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring (APM). We included 160 patients who underwent SG between 2013 and 2017 and performed preoperative APM and HRM. Positive APM was defined according to the Lyon consensus. Symptoms of GERD, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) use, weight loss (WL), and diet were recorded in all patients before and 1 year after surgery. One year after surgery, 58 patients (36.3%) complained of GERD symptoms compared to 52 patients (32.5%) preoperatively (p=0.48). Among patients with preoperative GERD symptoms, only 26/52 patients (50%) still had symptoms, whereas 32/108 (29.6%) asymptomatic patients developed de novo GERD symptoms after surgery. PPI use increased after surgery reaching 36.9% of patients against 15.0% before (p<0.0001). Only preoperative symptoms of GERD were predictive of postoperative symptoms (OR= 2.47 [1.14-5.45]; p=0.023) in multivariate analysis. Preoperative manometric parameters, postoperative diet, and WL were not related to postoperative symptoms. In asymptomatic patients before surgery, silent GERD (positive APM without symptom) was predictive of postoperative GERD symptoms (OR=2.69 [1.00-7.25]; p=0.049). Evolution of GERD symptoms after SG reveals improvement for half of the patients and de novo GERD symptoms in one-third of patients. Predictive factors of postoperative symptoms are preoperative symptoms and positive preoperative APM in asymptomatic patients.

The concatenation of association between gastroesophageal reflux and obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy

ObjectivesGastroesophageal reflux (GER) is frequently seen in patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, the sequential association between GER and adenotonsillar hypertrophy is unknown. This leads to unpredictable outcomes while treating patients of adenotonsillar hypertrophy with GER. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of GER and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in paediatric patients with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy (OATH), and to assess the effect of adenotonsillectomy (AT) on GER as well as GERD. MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, consecutive pediatric patients with grade III/IV hypertrophy of adenoid or/and tonsillar tissue who were planned for AT were recruited after excluding comorbidities predisposing to GER. Symptoms of GERD using Gastro Esophageal Reflux Questionnaire for Young Children (GERQ-YC) and Reflux Indices (RI) obtained from 24-h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring were evaluated in all patients pre-operatively and 12 weeks following AT. ResultsA total of 49 patients with OATH with average age of 6 years were included in this study. With a RI of >4.3% as the threshold for making the diagnosis of GER on esophageal pH monitoring, the prevalence of GER was 20.4%. The average RI preoperatively was 15.7% which reduced to 1.7% following AT (p = 0.004). Among the 10 patients with preoperative GER, 80% of the patients had no evidence of GER after surgery. New incidences of GER was not observed post operatively in this cohort. As per the GER symptom scoring system, 31% of the parents reported GERD pre-operatively which resolved completely in all patients following surgery. Conclusions– In this study, the prevalence of GER proven by 24 h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring is 20% in pediatric patients with OATH. Following AT, GER resolved in 80% of cases and was reduced substantially in the remaining cases in the subset of patients with pre-operative GER. The symptoms of GERD based on parents' recall of child's previous symptoms may not accurately represent presence of GER. Our results suggest that OATH can result in GER due to increased negative intra-thoracic pressure as a result of breathing against an obstructed upper airway and hence, GER subsides following surgical removal of the obstructive pathology. To establish this concatenational association of OATH and GER, larger studies are mandated.

The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients with Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band.

The effect of the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) on esophageal acid exposure and reflux is poorly understood. Optimal technique and normative values for acid exposure have not been established in this group. High-resolution manometry (HRM) and 24-h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring were performed in three groups: asymptomatic LAGB, symptomatic LAGB, and pre-operative reflux patients. This technique utilized intraluminal pressure signatures during HRM to guide accurate pH sensor placement. The LAGB groups were well matched: age 48 vs 51years (p=0.249), weight loss 27.3 vs 26.7kg (p=0.911). The symptomatic group had a larger gastric pouch (5.2 vs 3.3cm, p=0.012), with higher esophageal acid exposure (10.8 vs 0.9%, p<0.001). Two acidification patterns were observed: irritant and volume acidification, associated with substantial supine acidification. Symptomatic LAGB had altered esophageal motility, with poorer lower esophageal sphincter basal tone (8.0 vs 17.7mmHg, p=0.022) and impaired contractility of the lower esophageal segment (90 vs 40%, p=0.009). Compared to pre-operative reflux patients, symptomatic LAGB patients demonstrated higher total and supine esophageal acid exposure (10.8 vs 7.0%, p=0.010; 14.9 vs 5.1%, p<0.001), less symptoms (2 vs 6, p=0.001) and lower symptom index (0.7 vs 0.9, p=0.010). Ambulatory pH monitoring is an effective technique if the pH sensor is positioned appropriately using HRM. The correctly positioned LAGB appears associated with low esophageal acidification. In contrast, patients with symptoms or pouch dilatation can have markedly elevated esophageal acidification, particularly when supine. This is a different pattern compared to pre-operative patients and importantly can be disproportionate to symptoms.

Clinical features and diagnostic reliability in paediatric laryngopharyngeal reflux

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the validity of current diagnostic approaches in pediatric laryngopharyngeal reflux (PLPR). Clinical status findings and 24h double probe oesophageal pH monitoring results in children with suspected PLPR and/or GERD were analyzed and a clinically useful probability score was developed. MethodsThis is a retrospective longitudinal cohort study including 89 pediatric patients who underwent preliminary oropharyngoscopy, and then nasal fibre optic laryngoscopy and ambulatory 24h oesophageal pH monitoring in a tertiary pediatric and otorhinolaryngology hospital center. The patients’ parents gave written informed consent for diagnostic testing. Statistical analysis was performed using standard descriptive statistics. Associations between variables were assessed using Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test and Kruskal–Wallis test for non-parametric paired samples. ResultsPatients’ age spanned 1–18 years with a median of 11.2. Out of the 89 patients, 56 were girls, and 33 were boys. All of the patients underwent nasal fibre optic laryngoscopy and 24h double probe pH monitoring. Out of 89 examined children, 50 had PLPR. Out of the 50 positive for PLPR, 46 had a positive clinical finding, with a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 80.75–97.73%) and specificity of 10.26% (95% CI: 2.93–24.24%). Boys have GERD significantly more often than girls (p<0.0001), and have a worse result of pH monitoring (p<0.0001). The most common finding was an injected and granulated oropharynx accompanied by posterior laryngitis (54/89). Patients with leading symptoms of asthma had significantly worse GERD scores (p=0.0493). The patients were then reassigned to newly developed risk categories and a significant correlation with a positive PLPR diagnosis was found (p=0.0262). ConclusionsThe significance of a thorough otorhinolaryngologic and paediatric examination and patient history taking is still paramount, with additional benefit in diagnosing the disease arising from 24h oesophageal pH monitoring in select patients. This study brings to light new relationships between clinical symptoms and objective findings and presents a novel attempt to classify the likelihood of diagnosis. Patient stratification could help clinicians in defining groups at high risk and support a timely, cost-effective and precise diagnostic evaluation and proper therapy.

Is the Proton Pump Inhibitor Test Helpful in Patients with Laryngeal Symptoms?

The association of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngeal symptoms is not clear. We aimed to examine the symptomatic and endoscopic relations between GERD and laryngeal symptoms and also to evaluate the response to a 2-week proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trial. Seventy-two patients experiencing persistent laryngeal symptoms ≥ 2/week were enrolled. The laryngeal symptoms using the 1-week laryngeal symptom score (LSS) and the typical reflux symptoms including heartburn and acid regurgitation were assessed. Transnasal-esophagogastroduodenoscopy (TN-EGD) and ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring were performed. The patients were classified into a GERD group and a non-GERD group. The GERD group was defined as the cases of the presence of typical reflux symptoms and/or reflux esophagitis and/or pathologic acid exposure. Patients were treated with 30 mg of lansoprazole bid for 14 days. Thirty-nine patients (54 %) were diagnosed with GERD on the basis of typical reflux symptoms, EGD, and/or pH testing. There was no significant association between the LSS and the presence of typical reflux symptoms. Also, the presence of laryngitis was not significantly related to reflux esophagitis. The 2-week PPI trial showed no significant difference in the improvement in laryngeal symptoms between the GERD and non-GERD groups. There was no significant symptomatic and endoscopic association between GERD and laryngeal symptoms. Therefore, GERD does not appear to be the sole cause of these symptoms. Additionally, a 2-week PPI trial is not long enough to be a diagnostic tool in patients with laryngeal symptoms.

Curry Induces Acid Reflux and Symptoms in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

There are limited data on the effect of curry on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Our objective was to study the effects of curry on GERD. Symptomatic non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) patients and healthy volunteers underwent ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring before consumption of either 400 or 800 ml of curry; they were monitored for 3 h thereafter for changes in esophageal pH and upper abdominal symptoms. Selected volunteers were monitored similarly after water ingestion. In total, 25 NERD patients (23 males; mean age, 45 years) and 19 volunteers (13 males; mean age, 22 years) participated. In both patients and volunteers, curry ingestion induced more esophageal acid exposure than did ingestion of a similar volume of water. Curry induced significantly more esophageal acid exposure in NERD patients than in volunteers. Upper abdominal symptoms and esophageal acid exposure were more severe and persisted longer in patients than in volunteers. Curry induced more acid reflux and caused worse symptoms in patients with NERD than in healthy individuals. Patients with NERD should be advised to avoid curry ingestion.

Gastroesophageal reflux in cirrhotic patients without esophageal varices

To evaluate the esophageal motility and abnormal acid and bile reflux incidence in cirrhotic patients without esophageal varices (EV). Seventy-eight patients with liver cirrhosis without EV confirmed by upper gastroesophageal endoscopy and 30 healthy control volunteers were prospectively enrolled in this study. All the patients were evaluated using a modified protocol including Child-Pugh score, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophageal manometry, simultaneous ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH and bilirubin monitoring. All the patients and volunteers accepted the manometric study. In the liver cirrhosis group, lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP, 15.32 ± 2.91 mmHg), peristaltic amplitude (PA, 61.41 ± 10.52 mmHg), peristaltic duration (PD, 5.32 ± 1.22 s), and peristaltic velocity (PV, 5.22 ± 1.11 cm/s) were all significantly abnormal in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.05), and LESP was negatively correlated with Child-Pugh score. The incidence of reflux esophagitis (RE) and pathologic reflux was 37.18% and 55.13%, respectively (vs. control, P < 0.05). And the incidence of isolated abnormal acid reflux, bile reflux and mixed reflux was 12.82%, 14.10% and 28.21% in patients with liver cirrhosis without EV. Cirrhotic patients without EV presented esophageal motor disorders and mixed acid and bile reflux was the main pattern; the cirrhosis itself was an important causative factor.

High Prevalence of Heartburn and Low Acid Sensitivity in Patients with Idiopathic Achalasia

Heartburn is frequently reported by patients with achalasia before treatment. However, the esophageal sensitivity to acid as a possible mediator of this symptom has not been previously evaluated. To evaluate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and the esophageal sensitivity to acid perfusion in patients with untreated achalasia. Forty patients with achalasia were prospectively evaluated. Forty-three patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease comprised the control group (ten of them with Barrett's esophagus). Symptoms were evaluated by a structured clinical questionnaire. Objective assessment was performed by ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring and endoscopy. Esophageal sensitivity to acid was evaluated by esophageal perfusion of ClH 0.1 N. Fifteen (37%) of the 40 patients with achalasia presented heartburn, but only four of them had esophagitis and/or abnormal esophageal pH recording. Eight patients had abnormal pH recording. Three patients had esophagitis. The esophagus was sensitive to acid in seven (17%) patients with achalasia, three of them with heartburn and one with abnormal pH recording. In the control group, 40 of 43 (93%) presented heartburn. Acid perfusion was positive in 32 (74%). Sensitivity to acid was lower in patients with achalasia than in those with gastroesophageal reflux disease with or without Barrett's esophagus. The prevalence of heartburn in patients with achalasia is high, although its association with objective indicators of gastroesophageal reflux disease is weak. Patients with achalasia have lower esophageal sensitivity to acid than patients with GERD, suggesting that heartburn is does not arise from this condition.

New Developments in Reflux-Associated Cough

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is generally considered one of the three main causes of chronic cough, along with asthma and nasal disease. The diagnosis of GORD is often based upon a successful trial of anti-acid treatment however GORD is a complex condition taking many forms. Only recently have studies started to address the different types of GORD in patients with chronic cough and how these may infer the mechanisms linking these common conditions. GORD can be assessed in a number of ways; whilst endoscopy provides evidence of oesophagitis (i.e. erosive disease), 24-h ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring may demonstrate abnormal oesophageal acid exposure in the absence of oesophageal damage (i.e. non-erosive disease). The development of oesophageal impedance monitoring now allows the assessment of all reflux events (regardless of degree of acidity) and further classification of reflux by the proximal extension e.g. to upper oesophagus or even pharynx. Chronic cough patients may still be considered to have GORD if there is a significant temporal association between reflux events and coughing. Recent studies have examined the relationships between cough and reflux events, the roles of distal and proximal/pharyngeal reflux and also micro-aspiration in chronic cough patients. Increasing evidence suggests a significant proportion of patients display statistical associations between reflux and cough events, in the absence of an excessive numbers of reflux events either within or outside of the oesophagus.

Reassessment of the Principal Characteristics of Gastroesophageal Reflux During the Recumbent Period Using Integrated Actigraphy-Acquired Information

Characterization of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) events during the sleep period has been hampered by lack of any patient-friendly technique that allows accurate assessment of sleep duration and awakening time, without confining patients to a sleep laboratory. Our aim was to compare principal reflux characteristics during the upright, recumbent-awake, and recumbent-asleep periods as well as to determine the effect of sleep awakenings on the principal reflux characteristics of the recumbent-asleep period using novel technology that allows integration of recorded actigraphy data into collected pH information. Patients with heartburn at least three times a week for the previous 3 months were invited to participate in this study. All participants were evaluated by the demographics and the GERD Symptom Checklist questionnaires. Thereafter, patients underwent ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring concomitantly with actigraphy. A novel technique was used to superimpose simultaneously recorded raw actigraphy data over pH data, resulting in more accurate information about reflux events during upright, recumbent-awake, recumbent-asleep, and conscious awakening periods as well as the relationship between symptoms and acid reflux events in the aforementioned periods. Thirty-nine subjects (M/F: 26/13, mean age 56.6+/-14 years) with an abnormal pH test were enrolled into the study. The recumbent period appeared heterogeneous and was clearly divided into recumbent-awake (123.0+/-20.2 min) and recumbent-asleep (485.6+/-23.6 min) periods. The percent total time pH<4, the mean number of acid reflux events, and the number of symptoms associated with reflux events were significantly greater in the recumbent-awake as compared with the recumbent-asleep period. The mean duration of an acid reflux event was not different among upright, recumbent-awake, and recumbent-asleep periods. However, short-duration reflux events during the sleep period were associated with conscious awakenings as compared with those during sleep (0.74+/-0.11 min vs. 1.64+/-0.3 min, P=0.01). The recumbent period is divided into recumbent-awake and recumbent-asleep periods. The recumbent-awake period has significantly different principal reflux characteristics than the recumbent-asleep period. Duration of an acid reflux event during the recumbent-asleep period is not uniformly prolonged. Short-duration acid reflux events during the sleep period are likely due to conscious awakenings.

Recurrent acute otitis media and gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. Is there an association?

Objective To investigate whether there is a relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) in infants and children. Possible risk factors are also explored. Material and methods 221 consecutive children who had symptoms and signs associated with GERD and had undergone a prolonged ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH-monitoring. Thirty-four children were excluded from the study due to age, neurological deficits, congenital abnormalities, immunodeficiency syndromes or other chronic systemic disorders. The remaining 187 children (96 boys and 91 girls), aged between 40 days and 33 months (mean age of 18.3 months) were assigned into three groups according to their Reflux Index (RI%). Group A: 49 children (26.2%) without GERD (control group); Group B: 78 children (41.7%) with low to moderate RI; and Group C: 60 children (32.1%) with severe GERD. Parental interviews and personal medical files of the National Health System were used for data collection. However, episodes of acute otitis media were taken into account only if they were diagnosed by a physician. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 8 years in order to cover the peaks of otitis media incidence in childhood. Results The results revealed that 6 children from Group A (12.24%), 11 from Group B (14.1%) and 19 from Group C (31.67%) presented episodes of RAOM. The difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.01). Furthermore, in children who received anti-reflux treatment, the incidence of RAOM substantially decreased and eventually became approximate to that of the control Group A (12.32%). Logistic regression revealed that the strongest risk factor for recurrent otitis media was severe GERD (odds ratio, 4), then attendance at day-care centres (odds ratio, 3), followed by allergies (odds ratio, 2.7). Conclusions Severe GERD could be implicated in the multifactorial etiology of RAOM in infants and children.

Comparison of wireless 48-h (Bravo) versus traditional ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring

Objective. To compare wireless with catheter-based esophageal pH recordings. Material and methods. Forty-five patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease and 47 healthy volunteers were investigated in a university-affiliated hospital; 48-h wireless esophageal pH recording was performed. During the first 24 h, simultaneous traditional pH recording by catheter was undertaken. Nine of the volunteers underwent repeated measurements with both techniques. Outcome measures were feasibility, agreement, concordance of diagnostic yield, reproducibility, and subjective symptoms. Results. Subjective parameters were less affected when using the wireless technique alone (p<0.05). On using the wireless technique, esophageal acid exposure was underestimated approximately by half compared with traditional recording (p<0.05). Although pH data obtained with the two techniques were correlated (r2=0.66, p<0.001), the range between limits of agreement was wide (−3.7 to 10.0 percentage units of total time pH <4). Coefficients of variation for repeated measurements were 60.1±26.3% for catheter recordings, and 66.0±47.3 for wireless recordings on day 1 (NS). Concordance of diagnostic yield was 81.5% with all subjects included. Conclusions. Forty-eight-hour wireless Bravo pH monitoring is feasible but consistently underestimates esophageal acid exposure compared to the conventional technique. Although there is a significant correlation between the two techniques for pH recordings, the wide range in limits of agreement and the large coefficient of variation with both techniques suggest that the two methods are not immediately interchangeable for use in clinical practice.

A more than 10-year prospective, follow-up study of esophageal and pharyngeal acid exposure, symptoms and laryngeal findings in healthy, asymptomatic volunteers

Objective. To evaluate the development of pharyngeal and esophageal acid exposure, symptoms, and laryngeal findings in previously healthy subjects. Material and methods. Thirty-three subjects, previously included in a normative pH monitoring study, completed symptom questionnaires, a video laryngoscopic examination, and ambulatory 24-h pharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring after a mean follow-up of 14 years. Results. Twenty-four subjects (15 F, 9 M, mean age 57 years) completed the study. The number of subjects with pathological esophageal reflux increased from 5 (21%) at baseline to 8 (33%) at follow-up (p=0.23), whereas the proportion with pharyngeal acid exposure of at least 0.1% decreased from 42% to 13% (p=0.04). Heartburn and/or regurgitation developed in 11 of the 24 (46%) subjects and airway symptoms in 10 (42%) subjects. Laryngeal pathology was found in 9 of 23 subjects (39%). Airway symptoms were equally common among subjects with and those without laryngeal findings or with and without pharyngeal reflux. Conclusions. Esophageal acid exposure increases over time in previously symptom-free, healthy subjects. The increase in airway symptoms or laryngeal abnormalities is not directly related to increased acid exposure.

Postprandial gastric antral contractions in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: a scintigraphic study

Disturbed gastric contractility has been found in manometric studies in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), but the pathophysiological role of this abnormality is unclear. We aimed at assessing postprandial gastric antral contractions and its relationships with gastric emptying and gastro-oesophageal reflux in GORD patients. Fasted GORD patients (n = 13) and healthy volunteers (n = 13) ingested a liquid meal labelled with 72 MBq of 99mTechnetium-phytate. Gastric images were acquired every 10 min for 2 h, for measuring gastric emptying half time. Dynamic antral scintigraphy (one frame per second), performed for 4 min at 30-min intervals, allowed estimation of both mean dominant frequency and amplitude of antral contractions. In GORD patients (n = 10), acidic reflux episodes occurring 2 h after the ingestion of the same test meal were determined by ambulatory 24-h oesophageal pH monitoring. Gastric emptying was similar in GORD patients and controls (median; range: 82 min; 58-126 vs 80 min; 44-122 min; P = 0.38). Frequency of antral contractions was also similar in both groups (3.1 cpm; 2.8-3.6 vs 3.2 cpm; 2.4-3.8 cpm; P = 0.15). In GORD patients, amplitude of antral contractions was significantly higher than in controls (32.7%; 17-44%vs 23.3%; 16-43%; P = 0.01), and correlated positively with gastric emptying time (R(s) = 0.58; P = 0.03) and inversely with the number of reflux episodes (R(s) = -0.68; P = 0.02). Increased amplitude of postprandial gastric antral contractions in GORD may comprise a compensatory mechanism against delayed gastric emptying and a defensive factor against acidic gastro-oesophageal reflux.

Stratification and symptom characteristics of non‐erosive reflux disease based on acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux

The subgroups and symptom characteristics of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) based on acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux may be different in Chinese patients to Western patients. This study aimed to explore the stratification and symptom characteristics of patients with NERD. Patients with typical heartburn and/or acid regurgitation symptoms were enrolled. Each patient filled out a questionnaire. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed for each patient followed by simultaneous ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH and Bilitec (bilirubin) monitoring. A symptom index (SI) of > or =50% was considered to be positive. Eighty-two consecutive NERD patients were evaluated. Abnormal (NERD pH+) and normal (NERD pH-) 24-h pH tests were found in 24 (29.3%) and 58 (70.7%) patients, respectively. Among 42 NERD pH- patients who reported heartburn symptoms during monitoring, SI was positive in 19 (45.2%) patients (NE-SI+) and negative in 23 (54.8%) patients (NE-SI-). Pathological duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) was found in 43 (52.4%) patients. No significant differences were noted regarding the prevalence of other upper gastrointestinal symptoms, except for acid regurgitation in NERD pH+ and NERD pH- groups. Additionally, no significant differences were seen in the prevalence of other symptoms, except for chest pain, in groups with pathological and normal DGER. The proportion of NERD patients with pathological acid reflux was somewhat lower than that reported in Western countries. The role of DGER in NERD may be important. It is difficult to differentiate whether NERD patients have pathological acid or bile reflux according to symptoms.

Clinical outcome of rumination syndrome in adults without psychiatric illness: A prospective study

This prospective study was conducted to characterize the clinical features of adult rumination syndrome, in the absence of psychiatric illness, by applying newly modified clinical criteria, and to elucidate factors influencing outcomes after treatment. Twenty-one adult patients diagnosed with rumination syndrome at a tertiary referral center over a 2-year period were enrolled in the study. All patients received supportive psychotherapy and medical treatment. Changes in symptom parameters were analyzed using a pretreatment and a post-treatment questionnaire. Patients were classified into three groups according to symptomatic outcome: improved group, sustained group and aggravated group. The duration of treatment was longer in the improved group than in the sustained or aggravated groups (P = 0.018). Esophageal manometry testing demonstrated non-transmitted contractions of the esophageal body in 10 patients (47.6%) and low amplitude contractions in eight patients (38.1%). Mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was 9.8 +/- 2.6 mmHg. Baseline LES pressure in the improved group was higher than in the other groups (P = 0.001). Ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring showed pathological acid reflux in six patients (28.6%). All pathological acid reflux occurred in post-rumination periods. Scintigraphic testing of gastric emptying revealed that the mean retention rate at 120 min was 34.2 +/- 2.5% of initial contents, and delayed emptying was noted in three patients (14.3%). Rumination syndrome is often accompanied by heterogeneous conditions such as postprandial gastroesophageal reflux, various abnormalities in esophageal manometric tests and delayed gastric emptying. Medical treatment and supportive psychotherapy can be effective in otherwise normal adult patients, especially in patients who comply with long durations of treatment and who demonstrate higher baseline LES pressures.

Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease

Knowledge of the relationship between respiratory disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing. However, the association between GERD and pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has not been studied in detail. We investigated the prevalence of GERD in patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease. Fifty-eight patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease underwent ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring. Of the 58 patients, 27 patients were identified as having Mycobacterium avium complex infection (15 with Mycobacterium intracellulare and 12 with M avium), and 31 patients had Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection. The prevalence of GERD in patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease was 26% (15 of 58 patients). Only 27% (4 of 15 patients) had typical GERD symptoms. No statistically significant differences were found between patients with GERD and those without GERD with regard to age, sex, body mass index, or pulmonary function test results. However, patients with GERD were more likely to have a sputum smear that was positive for acid-fast bacilli (12 of 15 patients, 80%), compared with patients without GERD (19 of 43 patients, 44%) [p = 0.033]. In addition, bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis were observed in more lobes in patients with GERD than in patients without GERD (p = 0.008 and p = 0.005, respectively). Patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease have a high prevalence of increased esophageal acid exposure, usually without typical GERD symptoms.

Validity of endoscopic classification of nonerosive reflux disease

Minimal changes, such as erythema without sharp demarcation or whitish turbidity of the lower esophageal mucosa, have recently been used for endoscopic classification of nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) in Japan. This study examined the usefulness of such changes in characterizing the pathophysiology of NERD. Physicians specializing in esophageal endoscopy performed endoscopy on 115 patients with NERD. Based on the presence or absence of minimal changes, patients were categorized as displaying NERD with minimal changes (grade M, n = 49) or with no minimal changes or mucosal breaks (grade N, n = 66). Clinical features, quality of life (QOL) scores, and ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH values were compared between groups. Ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH values were monitored in 31 patients (14 grade M and 17 grade N patients) who gave consent out of 115 patients. In ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, 57.1% (8/14) of grade M patients had pH < 4 more than 4% of the time (abnormal acid reflux) compared with 11.8% (2/17) in the grade N group, a significant difference (P = 0.018). QOL scores did not differ significantly between grades and were significantly lower in both groups compared with the general Japanese population. No significant differences were observed in patient background between the grade M and grade N groups. Frequency of abnormal acid reflux with NERD is higher in patients with minimal changes than in patients without such changes. Minimal changes are most likely attributable to gastric acid reflux.