19th Society Research Articles

Apie gaidį ir „žemčiūgą“: žvilgsnis į XIX amžiaus lietuvių literatūrinę savimonę

This article examines seven different renditions of Aesop’s fable “The Rooster and the Pearl”, written by various 19th-century Lithuanian authors. The aim is to show how these texts reflect the demands of early readers and the literary consciousness of 19th-century Lithuanian society. The differences in the texts and their significant features are revealed by comparing them with each other and with the original sources, where such sources can be identified. Of particular interest is the inclusion of Lithuanian elements in these narratives, typically used for their evocative imagery or to capture the reader’s attention. The influence of social and cultural life on literature is bidirectional. As societies change over time in cultural, ethical and other ways, these changes inevitably affect literary production. The ethical perspective is relevant to the plot of The Rooster and the Pearl, but the specificity of the texts analysed is determined more by aesthetic and persuasive qualities, thus serving as precursors to shifts in literary consciousness.

Fashion and Politics, The Politics of Fashion: Józef Simmler’s Portrait of Emilia Włodkowska, Society Portrait and Haute Couture

The article proposes an analytical approach tuned to 19th-century society portraiture and tests it on Józef Simmler’s Portrait of Emilia Włodkowska (1865, National Museum in Warsaw). The pictured ball gown was likely by Worth and presented as being worn in Paris rather than in Warsaw to respect the politically-motivated Polish national mourning (1861–1866), culminating during the January Uprising (1863–1864) against Russian rule, that precluded organizing and attending balls at home. The portrait was an act of public performance—and indeed it was publicly exhibited at the artist’s posthumous exhibition in Warsaw in 1868. Its staging and costuming reflected the sitter’s particular agenda fine-tuned to multifarious current contexts: she promoted her Warsaw fashion house and herself as a respectable society lady and competent agent of French fashion in the period of political turmoil and resultant expectations concerning Polish women’s dress and conduct. The portrait showcases Simmler’s juste milieu approach and illustrates a very current shift in the fashionable female silhouette, advocated by Worth, while referencing the dress and artistic tradition of the 17th and 18th centuries and drawing inspiration from the new medium of photography.

FIGHTING ANIMAL CRUELTY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (historical and legal aspect)

Despite the lack of a developed regulatory framework in the field of animal treatment in the Russian Empire in the 2nd half of the 19th century society matured an understanding of the need to pose and resolve this problem. Using the example of Nizhny Novgorod Department of the Russian Society for Animal Welfare, the authors consider various measures aimed at protecting agricultural and domestic animals in Nizhny Novgorod, ways to spread the ideas of humane treatment of animals and improving their living conditions among the general public. Special attention is paid to the study of such areas of the department’s activities as combating the unsatisfactory condition of slaughterhouses, taking measures to capture and keep stray dogs, overseeing the treatment of animals at fairs and other places of trade, regulating the transportation of small livestock and the exploitation of horses. The results of the fruitful work of this organisation in the field of responsible animal management are presented. The rich experience of Nizhny Novgorod Department of the Russian Society for Animal Welfare, accompanied by real positive changes in the field of animal rights, can be used by legislators at the present stage in regulating charitable and volunteer activities of animal protection organisations, in improving the legal regulation of animal transportation, veterinary legislation and regulation of other public relations, the object of which includes the treatment of animals.

Exploring the Picaresque: A Comparative Analysis of R.K. Narayan's 'The Guide' and Mulk Raj Anand's 'Coolie'

This research paper delves into the seminal works of Indian literature, R.K. Narayan's "The Guide" (1958) and Mulk Raj Anand's "Coolie" (1936), to examine their portrayal of socio-cultural aspects of early 20th-century Indian society. Narayan's novel is explored for its focus on spiritual and religious themes, while Anand's work is analyzed for its depiction of poverty, exploitation, and social injustice experienced by the lower classes. Through the lens of social realism, the paper scrutinizes the significance of these novels in Indian writing in English, highlighting how Anand's "Coolie" serves as an early example of the picaresque novel in Indian literature.

An Analysis of Approbation and Sympathy Maxims Based on Leech’s Politeness Principles in Emma Movie

This research aims to identify the most dominant type of politeness principles especially on approbation and sympathy maxims and the application both of them in Emma movie. This research was descriptive study. The corpus of this research was the transcript of dialogue spoken by the characters in Emma movie. The data are collected using the theory of Creswell which consists of five interrelated steps. These steps respectively deal with identifying the movie, gaining information relate to that movie, considering the focus of information, designing tool named datasheet, and administering the data. Then the data were analyzed descriptively using the theory from Miles, Huberman, & Saldana which consists of data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusion. The researcher used the theory of Leech to analyze the most dominant type of politeness principles especially approbation and sympathy maxims and also the application of both of them in the movie. The findings of this research found the most dominant type of politeness principles in Emma movie is approbation maxim with 37 data (72.55%) out of 51 data. It is followed by sympathy maxim with 14 data (27.45%) out of 51 data. The application of these two maxims happens in family discourse. This is because the context of language usage in the early 19th-century English society. The abuse of power and wealth, all prove that the class status of Emma’s family plays a significant role in the shaping how the politeness works in society.

Female Image in Netochka Nezvanova: A Study Based on Feminist Perspective

This study delves into Fyodor Dostoevsky's unfinished novel, Netochka Nezvanova through a feminist lens, exploring the nuanced portrayals of female characters and their significance in the narrative. By examining the interactions, relationships, and development of key female figures such as Netochka, Sophia Alexandrovna, and Alexandra Mikhailovna, the paper highlights how these characters challenge and are limited in the patriarchal structures of 19th-century Russian society. The study argues that Dostoevsky, perhaps unconventionally for his time, presents a complex and empathetic exploration of the female experience, showcasing the struggles and resilience of his female protagonists. Through the character of Netochka, the narrative foregrounds the quest for identity and autonomy amidst societal constraints, emphasizing the importance of education, artistic expression, and female solidarity as means of resistance and self-realization. Netochka Nezvanova emerges as a rich text for feminist analysis, offering insights into the complexities of female agency, the critique of gendered societal expectations, and the enduring relevance of Dostoevsky's portrayal of women's pursuit of freedom and dignity.

Järnvägen och litteraturen

Literature and the Railroad: The Term “Järnvägsbibliotek” [Railroad Library] in Swedish 19th-Century Newspapers The 19th century saw the emergence of modern literary institutions in Sweden, and publishing and distribution of literature developed rapidly. Simultaneously, Swedish society was quickly modernized. Industrialization, urbanization and emigration were large-scale processes that transformed everyday life and the social patterns of the country. Not surprisingly, 19th century Swedish literature came to deal with these changes. However, distribution and consumption of literature were also affected by new techniques. In this article, the effects of the new railroads upon literature are studied. The analysis is based on the concept of “järnvägsbibliotek” (“railroad library”) and its use in 19th century Swedish newspapers. This term had several different meanings. It could refer to actual libraries, i.e., book collections, available to travelers at the train stations. But it could also mean literature published or re-published in cheap booklets. The creation of these book collections and booklet series was of course a direct effect of modernization. But they were also mobilized in the struggle against phenomena that were perceived as negative effects of the modern changes in society, such as social unrest, alcoholism and emigration. Journalists and policy makers hoped that a wider distribution of literature could have a morally edifying effect on the population. The instrumental values of literature were put first. With the right selection of literature, and under the supervision of librarians and publishers with appropriate competence for the purpose, the “järnvägsbibliotek” (“railroad libraries”) were championed as a way to curb the social unrest that came with the modernization of 19th-century Swedish society.

RUSSIAN FOLK SONG ABOUT THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR AS AN EXPRESSION OF PUBLIC DISCONTENT OF THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

The folk song “Transvaal, Transvaal, My Country” emerged in the Russian Empire about 120 years ago. It happened in the wake of the extraordinary public interest in the first major armed conflict of the 20th century, the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. The lyrics are based on a poem by a Saint-Petersburg poet, G. Galina. The song about the freedom struggle, which was waged by the people of a distant, but, like Russia, predominantly agrarian country, resonated with the early 20th-century Russian society. Its growing politicisation manifested itself in the keen interest that Russians took in the confrontation between two “peasant republics”, as Russian publicists termed them, and an empire, which had a strong army and a desire for expansion in the interests of its capital. The Russian song about a foreign war in Southern Africa became entrenched in Russian folklore and in Russian popular culture in general. A reason for the popularity of “Transvaal” in the Russian Empire was that the song enabled expressions of hope for social and political change in a form that was safe for the singer and his listeners under a repressive regime. The emergence and growing popularity of “Transvaal” coincided with the prevalence of protest sentiments in Russian society, among urban and rural residents, in the 1900s- 1910s. The song changed its meaning over the years. Sympathy for the Boers who fought against the British Empire was gradually replaced by sympathy for one’s compatriots. The Russian folk song, inspired by the events in South Africa, prompted people in the Russian Empire to reflect on their own living conditions and the future of their homeland.

인물지를 통해 본 19세기 지식인의 사유방식

This paper offers an analysis of people recorded in Jinbeolhuigosokpyeon with statistical methods. The book has 1,026 people recorded in it. Judging from the percentage of people allocated to each catalog, the author showed the highest interest in people versed in poetry, calligraphy & paintings and Samgyoguryu. The author was also interested in eccentric, remarkable, and unusual people with special talent. A majority of the people recorded in the book lived in the 16th or 17th century with only six active in the 19th century. There was considerable information about people in addition to many books of people that he could consult in the second half of Joseon, but only a few people attracted his attention. In the book, 614 men had their social classes confirmed. Of them, 453(73.8%), 108(17.6%), and 53(8.6%) were from the Yangban, Jungin, and Sangcheon class, respectively. The book recorded people in the Yangban class 4.2 and 8.5 times more than people in the Jungin and Sangcheon class, respectively. Women appeared across diverse catalogs in the book. Some of them were recorded in the book for their talent in feng shui, singing, and the ability to predict a future, but most of them faithfully practiced the virtues of Confucian society including loyalty, faithfulness, chastity, fidelity, and filial piety. Many previous papers that analyzed books of people reported that the intellectuals of the times acknowledged various types of workers and changed their perceptions of chastity that forced unconditional sacrifices on women. It was also pointed out that they were different from their predecessors in that they recognized the occupational ethics and artistic values of Wihang people, but there is a need to examine if these ways of thinking shared by the intellectuals were not found in the intellectuals before 19th century. The remarkable people from the Jungin and Sangcheon class in Jinbeolhuigosokpyeon also appear in books written by intellectuals before the 19th century. It is because remarkable people naturally attract attention regardless of period and social class. This culture of records was not exclusive to the intellectuals of the 19th century. It has a strong aspect derived from the long-enduring tradition, and it is difficult to say that it was a new change. The dynamics of the 19th-century society is acknowledged, but it does not prove the modernity of the century immediately. When one tries to examine the modernity of the Korean people while being buried in the definitions of modernity sorted out based on Western society, it may rather pose an obstacle to the reconstruction of the 19th-century Korean society experienced by the ancestors.

Trauma, Haunting, and Representation: Rereading and the Translation Examination of Kokoro

The Japanese novel, Kokoro (1914), offers a profound insight into early 20th-century Japanese society encompassing history, politics, and literature. Although this novel has been extensively explored in literary and translation studies, the convergence remains underexplored. This study advocates integrating literary criticism with translation practice for a more faithful representation of narratives. Applying trauma/PTSD studies theory, it meticulously analyzes Kokoro, particularly examining the English and Chinese renditions of the pivotal term “談判 (danpan; negotiation)”. The methodology involves constructing a trilingual database, incorporating the Japanese source text and seven translations in English and Chinese. By scrutinizing specific passages, the study delves into trauma-related responses and behaviors, revealing their impact on long-lasting changes in personality and relationships. Emphasis is placed on the translation of key terms, preserving cultural and linguistic nuances. This innovative approach advances both literary criticism and translation theory, emphasizing psychological elements for a nuanced portrayal of characters’ states of mind. The study underscores the significance of trauma narratives in comprehending personal and historical traumas, asserting that translators of trauma literature must blend theoretical knowledge with social responsibility. They serve as “secondary witnesses,” entrusted with accurately transmitting traumatic stories between languages, fostering empathy, and preventing the repetition of tragedies in history. This approach provides an innovative interpretation of Kokoro and its translations, bridging the realms of literary criticism and translation studies.

The Social Condition of the 19th Century British Society Depicted in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park Novel

This study delves into the nuanced portrayal of 19th-century British society within Jane Austen's novel "Mansfield Park," employing Lucien Goldmann's Genetic Structuralism as a theoretical lens. Through a meticulous examination of themes such as marriage as a financial transaction, educational disparities, social stratification, and implicit references to the institution of slavery, the research sheds light on the intricate layers of societal divisions and cultural norms prevalent in the Regency era. By analyzing textual excerpts and applying critical scrutiny, this article investigates the multifaceted dynamics of social classes, educational gaps, and the subtle yet significant portrayals of economic entanglements with the slave trade. In utilizing Goldmann's theoretical framework, the study brings to the forefront the interplay between societal structures and cultural representations embedded within Austen's literary work. Furthermore, this research seeks to unravel the complex web of interactions shaping the narrative, highlighting the interconnectedness of societal elements within "Mansfield Park." By elucidating the subtle nuances and underlying tensions in Austen's portrayal of British society, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural fabric of the time. The exploration of Goldmann's Genetic Structuralism as an analytical tool not only enriches the interpretation of Austen's novel but also underscores the relevance of literary theory in unraveling the intricate layers of meaning inherent in classic literary works.

Politeness Strategies in Directive Speech Act in The Greatest Showman (2017) Movie

Language as a means of communication always develops overtime. The value of politeness implied in the language. Furthermore, in interpreting the politeness value of a language, situational context has strong function to be considered. This cannot be separated from the speakers’ ways to express language with the politeness standard so that impact the listener's tendency to interpret the politeness value without seeing the situation affects it. The research purpose is to find out the types of politeness strategies and situational context that affects it in directive speech act in the Greatest Showman movie script. The researcher use qualitative method. The result was the five politeness strategies namely bald on record 42 data (29 %), positive politeness 61 (42 %), negative politeness 34 data (23 %), and bald off record 8 (6 %) where in each of these politeness strategies the component of speech appears as a situational context that influences. Additionally, the result show that the movie illustrates The Greatest showman movie as a motivational contains more positive politeness strategy which relates to the movie background that occurred in 19th century society, it is still valuable to uphold family values and respect for others according to their social class.

Mathematics in the Spanish press: a case study of the 18th century journal Semanario de Salamanca

Old mathematics books and textbooks have always been sources of relevant information for researchers working on the history of mathematics and mathematics education. However, helpful information about this field can also be found in journals, ministerial decrees, or notes. Consequently, this article analyzes the contents related to mathematics or mathematics education in an 18th-century weekly journal published in the Spanish city of Salamanca, Semanario de Salamanca. To this end, we conducted a qualitative and descriptive investigation using a content analysis technique, which is widely used in research in this related area. Our results show that despite the fact that the weekly publication under investigation was specialized neither in mathematics nor in science, it included mathematical problems and solutions, mathematical texts, job advertisements for mathematics teachers, mathematics book reviews, and opinions about mathematics. Therefore, the present work expands knowledge of the presence and dissemination of mathematics and mathematics education in 18th-century Spanish society.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF R.K NARAYAN IN HIS INDIAN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

R.K Narayan was the keen observer of the 20th century society, this is the reason, and we can see the different elements of social norms in his writings. His psychological phenomena can be seen in his works and writings because through his writings he has incarnation of true meaning of Indian life and Indian culture. Narayan himself bears many problems so that he was deep rooted with his writings. We can see the great coordination of his hand and mind whatever he has written totally related to his experience. The objectives of this paper are to analysis the R.K Narayans social philosophy and his childhood impact over his writings. Swami and Friends was the first book which based on his childhood incidents or it is semi autobiographical novel. It was very famous episode in Malgudi Days tv serial. Through his novels one can know about the real situation of women, in the novel The Guide Narayan portraits the picture of women through the character of Rosie. She is the character who fights between the traditional norms and liberation. Narayans women were shy, they feel guilt if they protest in favor of theirs rights.

MORAL VALUE IN THE PATRIOT MOVIE AND RELATION WITH 18th CENTURY

Movie is one of the media that has a significant impact on the dissemination of information and the transmission of messages to readers or the general public. This study aimed to discover moral value in "The Patriot" movie. This study aimed to discover how moral principles in the movie compare to those in the 18th century. This study also used a qualitative approach to acquire subjective evaluations by utilizing data sources, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and time and location. The primary data source was the movie "The Patriot," while secondary sources included the literature on moral issues, particularly the negative repercussions of the industrial revolution. According to the study, the movie "The Patriot" upholds moral principles such as respect, responsibility, fairness, tolerance, wisdom, helping one another, compassion, cooperation, courage, and self-assurance. The investigation came to the conclusion that there was a connection between the moral principles in the film The Patriot and the social circumstances of 18th-century British society. Keywords: social condition, moral values, movie

The Death of Ivan Ilych: A Poignant Story of Psychological and Social Reality

Set against the backdrop of nineteenth-century Russia, the novella The Death of Ivan Ilych delves into the life and ultimate demise of the protagonist, Ivan Ilych. Leo Tolstoy skillfully presents the psychological aspects of Ivan Ilych’s existence with his intricate narrative style, thoughtful analysis, and true-to-life characterization. This paper attempts to find how Tolstoy explores the universal human struggle between external societal expectations and the internal desires of the individual through the protagonist of the novella. As the story progresses, we see how Ivan’s life, initially driven by social ambition and conformity, gradually erodes as he confronts the harsh reality of his forthcoming death. Besides, Tolstoy also exposes the hypocritical nature of societal norms and conventions, unmasking the shallowness and moral emptiness that underlie its seemingly respectable camouflage. For this research, the analytical research method has been followed. For materials, primary and secondary sources have been used. The findings of the paper indicate the existential crisis and the spiritual renewal of the title character. This is the first time attempt has been made by the author to find the social and psychological reality that dominated 19th-century Russian society. This paper has not been published in conference or seminar proceedings and journals.

Implementation of Richard Wagner’s Ideas in Cinematography: Music as an Important Component of the Screen Work

The paper raises a number of issues regarding the synthesis of art, its implementation in cinematography, and the role of music in these processes. The importance of combining music with other forms of art was substantiated by Richard Wagner in his theoretical works. He also used these ideas in his composing practice, in particular for creating music dramas that later changed the perception of the possible influence of the synthesis of arts on the audience. The synthesis of music with the other forms of art developed, and, at present, it often becomes the foundation of composers’ creativity: it enables increasing the level of intercultural communication, promotes the emergence of new genres, styles, and trends in art, creates conditions for updating compositional techniques, contributes to increasing the audience of mass art events. The role of music is also crucial in cinematography, which as a synthetic form of art incorporates many ideas about the interaction of arts articulated by the German composer. It is not a coincidence that R. Wagner’s music is actively used in cinematography as a powerful structuring component for the realization of the director’sidea. As a result of the study, the ideas of the interaction of different forms of art were outlined, as well as their impact on the audience and the role of music in this process, previously publicized by R. Wagner and implemented in his works, and later on in the practice of cinematography. The music by the German composer features prominently in the practice of interaction between the visuals and the musical component in filmmaking because by its nature it corresponds with many functions of music in cinema, has a high level of emotional and sensual expressiveness, and emotionally reinforces the visuals of the screen work. Cinematography as a synthetic form of art goes in line with R. Wagner’sideas about the unity of art forms and, at the same time, with the needs of 19th–20th-century society that are still relevant today. Characteristic features of cinema—spectacularity, scale, prolongation in time-space coordinates, ability to express the idea of myth-making and its embodiment in perfect visual forms—enable using the unity of music and visuals in the overall dramaturgy of the film.

The Analysis of Social Deixis Used in the Downton Abbey and Made in Dagenham Movies Set in the Twentieth Century

Communication plays an essential role for humans in making great conversations where some addressee forms are used by the speakers to give respect to others. The researcher discusses how 20th-century society represents the usage of the addressee form in showing honor or relationship to their interlocutors using social deixis theory by Levinson and social dimensions by Holmes. The study aims to demonstrate the social deixis types used and its reference meaning and explain how external factors influence social deixis forms in Downton Abbey and Made in Dagenham movies set in 20th century. This study focuses on the pragmatic approach conveying the use of linguistic choices by all movie characters. The research design includes the descriptive qualitative type. In collecting the data, the researcher uses non-participatory observation. This research shows that the relational and absolute social deixis type existed in the movie characters' utterances in 20th-century society. However, the Authorized Speaker type of absolute social deixis is not found in both movies. Beside that, this study discovers all components of social dimensions that could figure the social factors which influenced the characters' addressee forms: solidarity, relative status, formality, and two functional scales.Keywords: social deixis, pragmatics, movie, social dimension, social factor

New Women and the Politics of Self: An Insight into Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House” and George Bernard Shaw’s “Saint Joan”

This article is entitled "New Women and the Politics of Self: An Insight into Henrik Ibsen's “A Doll's House” and George Bernard Shaw's “Saint Joan”." The article investigates how the heroines in the plays of both authors break away from the mores of the Victorian and Norwegian societies in a bid to find their true selves. The article attempts a comparative analysis of the revolutionary attitudes of Ibsen's and Shaw's women. It illustrates the claim that the heroines of both authors are precursors of change and instruments of meaningful alteration. Based on the assumption that the women of Ibsen and Shaw are revolutionists and agents of socio-political, cultural, and economic transformation, the article posits that the unconventional mindsets of the heroines represent a threat to 19th-century society in general and the sacrosanctity of Victorian mores in particular. Seen from the feminist and Marxist perspectives, this article focuses on how Ibsen and Shaw used the stage in the 19th century to create stereotypical new women to achieve a gradual and sometimes cataclysmic transformation of their societies. According to the article, to discover their true selves, the heroines of the playwrights must challenge the inanities of conformist degeneracy in society and break the confining chain that limits women's freedom.

The relocation and restoration of the Dorothy Annan telecommunications murals

This paper details the story of Dorothy Annan’s telecommunications murals and how they came to find a new home at the Barbican. Born circa 1900, Annan was a prolific artist and in the latter part of her career took on many public mural commissions as part of the post-war rebuilding effort. Her work encapsulated the incredible optimism and creativity of the time, but sadly only three of her murals exist today. One of these is her 1960 telecommunications ceramic tile murals commissioned by the Ministry of Works for the Farringdon Road Fleet Building — home to the world’s first international telex when it opened in 1961. The building itself fell into disrepair due to fast-moving technologies, but Annan’s murals remained well-loved by locals and passers-by. In 2011 the murals were awarded Grade II listing, thanks to a high-profile campaign by the 20th Century Society to save them from destruction when the building itself was scheduled for demolition. The City of London decided the Barbican estate would be the most appropriate new location for the murals, less than one mile from their original location and itself a Grade II listed example of post-war Brutalist architecture. In 2012 the removal, restoration and installation project began. Led by Jackfield Conservation Studios, C’ART and Cathedral Works Organisation (CWO) carried out a delicate operation to safely remove the tiles for restoration, while AHMM architects and C’ART devised a new mounting and lighting system that rose to the challenge of taking a listed artwork and installing it within a listed architectural space. In 2013 Annan’s beautifully restored murals were successfully installed in their new home, where they are enjoyed and celebrated by a new audience and will hopefully remain for many years to come.