Development In 20th Century Research Articles

185th anniversary of the cell theory and modern cell technologies

The article briefly reviews the history of the development of the cell theory in the 19th century and analyses the contribution of its authors Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. Particular attention is paid to the development of the cell theory and its practical significance, in particular, the invention in the 20th century and further development of cell technologies. The main characteristics of cultured cells and tissues in vitro as a new experimentally created biological system are presented, and the peculiarities of the establishment of strains of cultured plant cells are discussed. Using plants as an example, the genomic variability of somatic cells is analysed both during ontogeny and in the course of their culturing in vitro. It is assumed that any somatic cell with a living (functionally active) nucleus, when isolated and subsequently cultured in vitro can restore in its offspring, including regenerated plants, the genetic polymorphism inherent in this plant species as a result of dedifferentiation and “somaclonal” variability (the latter is assumed to occur according to the N. I. Vavilov’s law of homologous series in variation). It ispostulated that a plant is a system of cell populations characterised by the plasticity of its gene pool, which is based on genome plasticity of somatic cells, which, in interaction with cellular selection, ensures the adaptability of the plant as an integral organism and creates the possibility of inheritance (transmission to offspring) of adaptive genomic changes acquired during ontogeny. It is concluded that the adaptive traits of an organism are determined by the adaptive changes in the cells, which composed it. The author also examines the main directions of modern cell technologies and their application in crop production, in medicine for the treatment and creation of new organs using stem cells, as well as in the food industry on the example of the development of technologies for the production of artificial meat using animal stem cells, etc. It is concluded that the issue of cell adaptations remains one of the most important and still insufficiently understood issues of modern biology.

Pleistocene and modern distribution of the subterranean rodent Myospalax myospalax (Rodentia, Myospalacidae) in response to environmental factors

The question of the modern and past distribution of Siberian zokor Myospalax myospalax (Laxmann, 1773) continues to be an unresolved puzzle. This Western Siberian endemic species belongs to the family Myospalacidae, a group of subterranean rodents. The distribution of M. myospalax went through dramatic changes due to mass hunting in the first half of the 20th century and later development of agriculture. Because of this, data from various studies executed in different years do not always match, making it difficult to determine the natural limiting factors in the distribution of Siberian zokors. In turn, paleontological data from different regions are fragmentary and have not been summarized in a single study. We aimed to review the past and modern distribution of M. myospalax and examine its relationship with environmental factors such as climate and soils distribution. We hypothesized that this species may be a good indicator of past environmental conditions because of its special habitat characteristics. We gathered and revised published data to reconstruct the distribution before the anthropogenic influence of the 20th century and during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. The modern preanthropogenic range was compared with the distribution of soil complexes and provinces. We also examined M. myospalax molars from Late Pleistocene – Holocene localities and compared them with the modern population. The Siberian zokor distribution data provided herein will be useful for researchers from other regions who use fragmentary or doubtful data on the topic. We also identified climatic and soil parameters of M. myospalax habitat. These parameters can be used to reconstruct past environmental conditions from paleontological findings of the Siberian zokor.

How technoscientific knowledge advances: A Bell-Labs-inspired architecture

Understanding how science and technology advance has long been of interest to diverse scholarly communities. Thus far, however, such understanding has not been easy to map to, and thus to improve, the operational practice of research and development. Indeed, one might argue that the operational practice of research and development, particularly its exploratory research half, has become less effective in recent decades. In this paper, we describe a rethinking of how science and technology advance, one that is consistent with many (though not all) of the perspectives of the scholarly communities just mentioned, and one that helps bridge the divide between theory and practice. The result is an architecture we call “Bell's Dodecants,” to reflect its six mechanisms and two flavors, and their balanced nurturing at Bell Labs, the iconic 20th century industrial research and development laboratory.

From Bonus to Onus: Taiwan’s Demographic Transition and Economic Development from 1950 to 2020

The driving force behind population change lies in fertility. Over the past 70 years, Taiwan has undergone a fertility transition, rapidly declining from a high peak of natural fertility levels to an ultralow rate. This transition has released a substantial labor force and lead to a significant shift in resource allocation, contributing to rapid economic development in the late 20th century. During the same period, Taiwan’s population aging has progressed faster than that of most countries worldwide. The dependency ratio has negatively impact economic development, making social security an important aspect of resource allocation. The changes in age structure have introduced the concepts of “demographic bonus” and “demographic onus”. As a vibrant economy with a population of over 23 million, Taiwan has enjoyed the demographic bonus for more than a quarter of a century but is now facing the challenges of an aging society and declining fertility rates towards demographic onus. This article examines demographic transitions, economic performance and development in Taiwan from 1950 to 2020, elaborating on the definition, criteria, and quantitative delineation of the demographic bonus and demographic onus. It utilized population and economic statistics for a comparative analysis of the historical evolution, current situation, and prospects of the bonus and onus periods in Taiwan, providing a comprehensive narrative of its historical and empirical developments. Finally, the study underscores the complexity of balancing economic growth with demographic sustainability, emphasizing the necessity for multiple policy adjustments to address the adverse effects of demographic transitions.

Routine monitoring of hydraulic infrastructures using the European Ground Motion Service and other satellite radar sensors

Ensuring the safety and operational efficiency of hydraulic infrastructures is paramount, considering the widespread consequences that damages can inflict on people, communities, and the environment. To mitigate risks and prevent significant losses, continuous surveillance is vital. While some damages might appear minor, they can jeopardize the complete operational reliability of dams, leading to substantial economic losses, especially in energy production and related activities. The rapid growth in 20th-century infrastructure development globally has made security monitoring a necessity for numerous civil structures. Rigorous inspection programs, particularly for reservoir dams, are essential for safeguarding citizens and their properties. However, individually monitoring each dam is often impractical due to the associated costs and time constraints, potentially posing safety risks. Fortunately, satellite-based differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) offers an effective and cost-efficient remote sensing solution. Multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) techniques, particularly utilizing Persistent Scatterers, have proven successful in monitoring various infrastructures, natural phenomena, and geological activities. MT-InSAR provides precise measurements without the need for fieldwork, utilizing historical SAR image archives dating back to the 1990s. Technological advancements, such as the Sentinel-1 C-band with a six-day revisit time until the end of 2021, have enhanced monitoring capabilities. Additionally, commercial radar images in the X-band and the development of multi-interferometric InSAR techniques have opened new avenues for monitoring. This study showcases the adaptation and application of MT-InSAR for monitoring dams and large ponds constructed with loose materials. By assessing vertical displacements and consolidation rates, the technique identifies potential issues, aiding in further field investigations. Case studies involving dams and large reservoirs in Andalusia illustrate the effectiveness of satellite radar interferometry in monitoring their structural stability from space as a routine practice.

Evaluation of the Development of Landscape Architecture Using WSM Method

Landscape architecture spans across various dimensions including its objectives, design methodologies, analytical procedures, target clientele, levels of interest, intellectual or knowledge foundations, ethical considerations, connection with the natural environment, and approaches to power dynamics. Within the analytical community, landscape architecture holds a significant role, particularly in landscape ecology, contributing to a comprehensive perspective and wielding influence. The Department of landscape architecture and related fields are spatial Prioritize design to address urban and rural challenges, crafting solutions Parks and garden sand squares etc., considering both environmental and societal needs to foster development and leverage opportunities effectively. This article delves into the practices of regional designers, who configure and organize the design process, while also examining relevant policies. However, regional design principles often exhibit ambiguity, lacking structure and stability, thus presenting challenging scenarios. Moreover, the design process seeks to contribute to broader processes of change, forming an integral aspect of the study. It underscores a dynamic perspective on design, emphasizing communication with stakeholders and the designer's role within the design process, highlighting the need for a renewed cultural outlook. significant portion of the book is that which covers the landscape profession's contribution to the 20th century development to town planning in England and America. Newton discusses the 19th-century English background, including the experimental towns of Saltire, Bourneville, and Port Sunlight and the sociological factors which led to establishing the garden city movement. In Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902), Ebenezer Howard set out guiding principles which are valid in urban design today: the town and country ideal; limitation in size (32,000 population, 6,000 acres); controlled agricultural buffer zone (greenbelt); development and control by a corporation; planning and density control; separate wards (neighborhoods) developed around the public school; spaciousness for tree-lined streets, public buildings, home sites; ample areas for parks and recreation; provision for industrial employment in municipally or privately owned factories, electrically powered to reduce air pollution; the dispersal of towns separated by controlled agricultural lands; development of intercity transport facilities. The Weighted Sum Method (WSM) is an approach for decision-making and optimization that assesses and contrasts multiple alternatives through a set of criteria. It offers a structured means of amalgamating these criteria, each with its own significance, into a single value. Art in Landscape Architecture, Urban Agriculture and Foodscapes, Therapeutic Landscapes, Socially Engaged Design and Ecological Design. Ecological Impact, Maintenance and Longevity, Community Engagement and Economic Impact. the Ranking of Landscape Architecture. Ecological Design is got the first rank whereas is the Socially Engaged Design is having the Lowest rank.

Non-tradables in Brazilian economic history

PurposeThe purpose is to market a reinterpretation of Brazilian economic history highlighting the importance of non-tradable goods to understand major historical developments such as the lack of industrialization in the mining boom; the rise and contribution of industries to development in the early 20th century; indexation as hyperinflation in the late 20th century; growth and cycles in the early 21st century.Design/methodology/approachSection 2 introduces analytical perspectives on the relationship between non-tradables, transport costs and external shocks. Section 3 presents a historical overview of the gold and coffee cycles in the Brazilian economy, which highlights the crucial role played by transport costs in the genesis of industrialization. Thus, in a more precise way, industrialization was not an import substitution process but the substitution of non-tradables by the domestic tradable manufactures.FindingsSection 4 shows that Brazilian statistical records and historiography disregard this characterization and, to that extent, underestimate economic growth in the primary export phase (1872–1920) and overestimate growth rates in the industrialization period (1920–1940). Section 5 shifts to the end of the 20th century to analyze the relationship between non-tradables, indexation and hyperinflation. Section 6 concludes with a brief discussion of the role played by the terms of trade and non-tradables in the unfolding of the 2014 economic crisis.Originality/valueDistance from international markets and a continental geographic size made transport costs in Brazil historically prohibitive: the relevance of non-tradables in the Brazilian economic history. While the theme is not new, it seldom received proper attention in the historiography.

A scientometrics view on sustainable development in surface mining: Everything from the beginning

In summary, the study on sustainable development in the late 20th century aimed to balance economic, social, and environmental factors in open-pit mining. The study found that while mining has negative ecological impacts, it also has positive economic and social benefits. The study analyzed 77 articles and found a growing trend in scientific interest in sustainable development research from 1985 to 2022. This suggests that there has been a growing trend in using qualitative research methods in studies related to sustainable development in the mining industry in the past ten years. This is likely due to a shift in focus toward finding ways to improve the positive impacts and mitigate the negative impacts of this development in light of technology advancements and changes in environmental and social regulations. This highlights the importance of using a comprehensive approach that considers all aspects of sustainable development in studying small-scale mining. Given the significance of small-scale mining to the economies of many mining communities, it is crucial to develop clear regulations and guidelines that align with the principles of sustainable development. This will help ensure that the industry operates responsibly and sustainably. This statement emphasizes the importance of updating research methods to reflect the latest technological advancements and the interdisciplinary nature of sustainable development. As technology and other fields of study continue to advance and intersect with the issue of sustainable development in the mining industry, it is essential to incorporate these new advancements and perspectives into future studies. This will help ensure that research in this area remains relevant and comprehensive.

Формирование монгольской интеллигенции во Внутренней Монголии Китая в начале XX в.

Introduction. The 20th-century shaping and development of the intelligentsia in China’s Inner Mongolia remains understudied in Russian Mongolian studies. Goals. The study aims at exploring the development of Inner Mongolia’s education system, including in Daur-inhabited areas, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, at determining the place and role of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School in training of Inner Mongolia’s advanced youth. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of sources, including documents from the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History (RGASPI) and Central Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia (CA FSB). It also examines a number of publications, such as collected documents and memoirs titled ‘Notes of Disasters and Sufferings’, one reference book on Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, and the Neimenggu ribao (Inner Mongolia Daily) newspaper. Certain attention is paid to works by Russian and foreign historians that touch upon some aspects of education development in ethnic regions of China. Results. In the early 20th century, the youth of Inner Mongolia gained opportunities to study at educational institutions of China and other countries. Subsequently, the revolutionary youth to further constitute a large proportion of the Mongolian intelligentsia took an active part in the sociopolitical events of the examined period. Conclusions. The reforms of the Qing and ROC governments in ethnic minorities education system gave rise to a large number of educational institutions to be attended by commoners’ children in Inner Mongolia. This proved a crucial factor to have formed a new social stratum in the region throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The latter was shaped by young Mongols to have undergone training not only in China but also in Japan, Mongolia, and the USSR. They played a significant role in the all-Mongolian national liberation movement. The paper asserts important impacts of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School which had educated political elites of 20th-century Inner Mongolia.

Perancangan Brand Concept “Móta Studio” Dengan Inspirasi Karya dari Tokoh di Era Mid Century Modern

Mid-Century Modern is a style of architecture, product, interior, and graphic design that reflects 20th century developments in modern design. Mid Century Modern style is a combination of many styles and materials, one of which is retro style wrapped with the simplicity of Scandinavian style. Several Scandinavian design elements were applied to the Mid-Century Modern design by displaying clean lines, the use of wood, soft and minimalist organic curves. One of the popular design styles in the Mid-Century Modern era is the Biomorphic form which has a characteristic of curved shape, smooth surface, asymmetrical shape and is oriented towards natural objects and their environment. One of the iconic mid-century design is the La Chaise chair by Charles and Ray Eames, its biomorphic shape inspired by Gaston Lachaise's 'The Floating Figure' sculpture. Through analysis of politic, economy, social and technology and the work of figures in the Mid-Century Modern era, we were able to identify the key concepts, design elements and visual characters of this era, which were then used to determine the concept and design style’s visual character for the brand concept and product collection of Móta Studio.

20th-Century Developments in the Art of Accompaniment in Russia

20th-Century Developments in the Art of Accompaniment in Russia

Features of Dalat City development in the early 20th century and recommendations for its current development

Features of Dalat City development in the early 20th century and recommendations for its current development

Benih Mardeka in the Political Movement in East Sumatra, 1916–1923

This study aims to explain the movements, relationships and roles of Benih Mardeka newspaper in the political movement in East Sumatra from the period 1916 to 1923. Political movements took place as a result of rapid developments in the early 20th century in East Sumatra into a prosperous plantation area. The movements were carried by organisations delivered through propaganda tools or media, namely newspapers. One of the newspapers that loudly voiced national movement and nationalism in East Sumatra was Benih Mardeka newspaper, which began to appear in 1916. This study uses historical methods that include heuristic, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results showed that many articles in Benih Mardeka frequently criticised the issues of colonialism and capitalism. Meanwhile, the poor life of plantation workers became propaganda material for Benih Mardeka in criticising colonial and self-government as well as capitalists, namely plantation companies. Benih Mardeka was also a mouthpiece or tool for Sarekat Islam in conveying the idea of nation and nationalism. Hence, it can be concluded that Benih Mardeka consistently gave the voice of national movement and nationalism in the political movement and the press in East Sumatra.

Epilepsy, violence, and crime. A historical analysis.

In the 19th and early 20th century, epilepsy was one of the most investigated disorders in forensic psychiatry and psychology. The possible subsidiary symptoms of epilepsy (such as temporal confusion, alterations of consciousness, or increased aggression) played pivotal roles in early forensic and criminal psychological theories that aimed to underscore the problematic medical, social and legal status of epileptic criminals. These criminals were considered extremely violent and capable of committing sudden, brutal acts. Although the theory of "epileptic criminality" was refuted due to 20th-century developments in medicine, forensic psychiatry, and criminal psychology, some suppositions related to the concept of epileptic personality have lingered. This paper explores the lasting influence of the theory of epileptic personality by examining the evolution of the theories of epileptic criminality both in the international and the Hungarian context. Specifically, it calls attention to the twentieth-century revival of the theory of epileptic personality in the works of Leopold Szondi, István Benedek and Norman Geschwind. The paper shows that the issue of epileptic personality still lingers in neuropsychology. In doing so, biological reductionist trends in medical-psychological thinking are traced, and attention is drawn to questions that arise due to changing cultural and medical representations.

The History of the Soviet Arctic Development in the English-Language Historiography of the Late 20th and the Early 21st Centuries

In the modern context the Arctic region is considered to be an arena for fierce international competition. The need to address numerous political, economic, legal and environmental issues, connected with this region, compels to rethink the historical experience of its development. The history of the Arctic Zone development made by the Russian Federation (particularly the Soviet period) has been studied both by Russian and foreign scholars. This paper intends to analyze the contemporary English-language publications on this topic; as well as to determine their subject matter and to identify the key trends in the English-language historiography of the Soviet Arctic development. The study has found that the contemporary English-speaking researchers (P. Josephson, J. McCannon, P. Horensma) consider a wide range of issues related to the history of the Soviet Arctic. For instance, the scholars write about the conduct of scientific research, administrative reforms and economic development, as well as about environmental issues and problems of indigenous population of the region. The theme of clarifying the role of the Soviet Union in determination of international and legal status of the Arctic region has been emphasized in the literature studied (N. Fogelson, J. McCannon). In the context of the «cultural turn» in the late 20th-century historiography Western researchers (P. Horensma, J. McCannon) analyzed the role of ideology and propaganda in constructing «the Arctic myth», its significance for the Soviet mass culture. The access to the Russian archives and their availability allowed the modern Western scholars to conduct their researches there, that resulted in obtaining a more objective assessment of the real victories and failures in the development of the Soviet Arctic. Summarizing the historical experience of the Russian Arctic development in the late 20th century the majority of Western authors believe that only the full-scale international cooperation will make it possible to effectively address the problems of the region.

Astrology and Science: A Precarious Relationship. Part 1: Historical Review of German Astrology in the 20th Century and Current Developments

This two-part essay illuminates the difficult relationship between astrology and science from different perspectives. While the first part provides a historical review of developments in the 20th century in German-speaking countries, the second part (in the next issue) concerns theoretical and methodological considerations for empirical investigations of the validity of astrology. During the 20th century, astrology in the German-speaking world was influenced by a few people who pursued a special quest for connectivity with scientific findings and models as well as a natural philosophical foundation. The astrologer Thomas Ring developed an elaborate astrological anthropology, the "revised astrology", which claimed to be compatible to other scientific disciplines like biology and psychology. Hans Bender, who was willing to carry out experiments in order to test astrology, became an interested counterpart to Ring. This openness to scientific scrutiny combined with the desire to replace old concepts based on magical-analogical thinking with concepts more compatible with scientific models, met the criticism of several astrologers in the 1990s. The critics found the psychological-scientific aspiration represented too restrictive. This led, besides general socio-cultural developments, to a change in the "astrology scene", which is described, among other things, on the basis of some expert interviews at the end of the first part.

Visualization of live, mammalian neurons during Kainate-infusion using magnetic resonance microscopy

Since its first description and development in the late 20th century, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) has proven useful in describing the microstructural details of biological tissues. Signal generated from the protons of water molecules undergoing Brownian motion produces contrast based on the varied diffusivity of tissue types. Images employing diffusion contrast were first used to describe the diffusion characteristics of tissues, later used to describe the fiber orientations of white matter through tractography, and most recently proposed as a functional contrast method capable of delineating neuronal firing in the active brain. Thanks to the molecular origins of its signal source, diffusion contrast is inherently useful at describing features of the microenvironment; however, limitations in achievable resolution in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans precluded direct visualization of tissue microstructure for decades following MRI’s inception as an imaging modality. Even after advancements in MRI hardware had permitted the visualization of mammalian cells, these specialized systems could only accommodate fixed specimens that prohibited the observation and characterization of physiological processes. The goal of the current study was to visualize cellular structure and investigate the subcellular origins of the functional diffusion contrast mechanism (DfMRI) in living, mammalian tissue explants. Using a combination of ultra-high field spectrometers, micro radio frequency (RF) coils, and an MRI-compatible superfusion device, we are able to report the first live, mammalian cells—α-motor neurons—visualized with magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM). We are also able to report changes in the apparent diffusion of the stratum oriens within the hippocampus—a layer comprised primarily of pyramidal cell axons and basal dendrites—and the spinal cord’s ventral horn following exposure to kainate.

Modern Barbarism: Causes and Consequences

ABSTRACT The article is dedicated to analysis of the phenomenon typically referred to as “barbarism,” which remains in social and political practice to this day. The authors focus on so-called “vertical barbarism.” Unlike the “horizontal” barbarism known since antiquity, this type of barbarism relates not to a direct clash of peoples, but to complex social processes, in particular to powerful vertical mobility and a massive increase in opportunities for broad segments of population to gain access to achievements of civilization. The authors believe that the birth of vertical barbarism relates to the phenomenon described by the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset as “the revolt of the masses.” This was one of the most significant social and cultural shifts in human history, when the development of democracy and industrial technology gave rise to a new kind of social space that brought the “mass man” to the forefront of social and political life. As a result of the revolt of the masses, during the first half of the 20th century, a wave of vertical barbarism swept across Europe, leading to the establishment of fascist, Nazi, and right-wing authoritarian regimes in a series of European countries. After the end of World War II, this first wave of vertical barbarism receded in favor of the formation of consumer society, in which the mass man turned from an aggressive political subject into its relatively passive object. The authors interpret the political engagement of the mass man in recent years as a new wave of vertical barbarism. They believe that behind this wave lie the fear and frustration of a mass man who has failed to adapt to the sharp expansion of his living space, and the qualitative transformation of the social sphere caused by the late 19th–early 20th century development of democracy and technological revolution. This situation is aggravated by a lack of appropriate attention to these shifts by the political structures and powers that be, which leads to a sense of abandonment that motivates the mass man to revolt against the established order and challenge modern civilization.

Digimodernisms teātrī: perspektīva un naratīvs

The digital era has created a new form of textuality, defined ten years ago by British cultural critic Alan Kirby as digimodernism, manifested in both literature and art, and gradually replacing postmodernism. The new media-language theorist Lev Manovich sees similarities in digital art and the aesthetics of the Left Avant-Garde of the 1920s, as well as cinema. In the early and middle 20th-century cinema development produced an impact on modernism art. In the 21st century, digital technologies emerging from film aesthetics leave the footprints in contemporary art and theatre. Identifying the key principles of Kirby’s theory in particular productions allows partial revising Hans-Thies Lehmann’s concept of post-dramatic theatre, and raising a thesis on digimodernism as one of the contemporary tendencies in theatre. Thus, fundamental categories of theatrical language – space, time, character, narrative – are becoming relevant. The article aims to research the narrative in digital art and look for a similar strategy of sense construction in theatre productions, drawing conclusions on the effects of digimodernism on theatre. If a narrative is perceived as a sign system, there are two dimensions – the syntagmatic or “real narrative” and the paradigmatic or a range of choices from which narrative is selectively created. Manovich’s theory proves that in new media language paradigm and syntagma interchange, therefore the paradigm becomes a sense-bearer. Similar principles are applied in modern theatre directing. A typical example is the selected production by Latvian director Elmars Senkovs based on the classic play “Blow, wind!” (Pūt, vējiņi!) by Latvian poet and playwright Rainis. The author of the research concludes that the principles of digimodernism in theatre can change the visual perspective of the stage space, namely, the concepts of “downstage” and “upstage” are often replaced by the terms “top” and “bottom”, making the stage “flat”, similar to a screen. Meanwhile, the central perspective or the narrative as a sense-construction strategy still depends on the intellectual capacity and emotional sensitivity of theatre-makers as interpreters.

Role of built heritage in 20th century planning and development of eurocentric urban areas

Built heritage preservation and town and regional planning emerged on scientific bases in the process which lasted until the late 20th century. The role of built heritage in town and regional planning has essentially changed in that time. It can be partly explained by developing of scientific methodology of each of the disciplines, and partly by global changes and subsequently emerging challenges.