2-dimensional Code Research Articles

The geometry of one-weight codes in the sum-rank metric

We provide a geometric characterization of k-dimensional Fqm-linear sum-rank metric codes as tuples of Fq-subspaces of Fqmk. We then use this characterization to study one-weight codes in the sum-rank metric. This leads us to extend the family of linearized Reed-Solomon codes in order to obtain a doubly-extended version of them. We prove that these codes are still maximum sum-rank distance (MSRD) codes and, when k=2, they are one-weight, as in the Hamming-metric case. We then focus on constant rank-profile codes in the sum-rank metric, which are a special family of one weight-codes, and derive constraints on their parameters with the aid of an associated Hamming-metric code. Furthermore, we introduce the n-simplex codes in the sum-rank metric, which are obtained as the orbit of a Singer subgroup of GL(k,qm). They turn out to be constant rank-profile – and hence one-weight – and generalize the simplex codes in both the Hamming and the rank metric. Finally, we focus on 2-dimensional one-weight codes, deriving constraints on the parameters of those which are also MSRD, and we find a new construction of one-weight MSRD codes when q=2.

Feedback control and quantum error correction assisted quantum multi-parameter estimation

Quantum metrology provides a fundamental limit on the precision of multi-parameter estimation, called the Heisenberg limit, which has been achieved in noiseless quantum systems. However, for systems subject to noises, it is hard to achieve this limit since noises are inclined to destroy quantum coherence and entanglement. In this paper, a combined control scheme with feedback and quantum error correction (QEC) is proposed to achieve the Heisenberg limit in the presence of spontaneous emission, where the feedback control is used to protect a stabilizer code space containing an optimal probe state and an additional control is applied to eliminate the measurement incompatibility among three parameters. Although an ancilla system is necessary for the preparation of the optimal probe state, our scheme does not require the ancilla system to be noiseless. In addition, the control scheme in this paper has a low-dimensional code space. For the three components of a magnetic field, it can achieve the highest estimation precision with only a 2-dimensional code space, while at least a 4-dimensional code space is required in the common optimal error correction protocols.

Digital Watermarking of Compressed Videos Using Larger Dimension 2D Error Correcting Codes for Higher Embedding Capacity

This paper proposes a novel method of digital watermarking of MPEG videos using 2-dimensional error-correcting codes (2D ECC). The motion vectors of the video to be protected are used as the cover....

Facial blemishes detection and encryption with secure force algorithm into HCC2D code for biometric-passport

ABSTRACT A biometric passport includes demographic information and biometric details. It contains some applications that are currently and probable concerning national security such as frontier protection, illegal immigration, criminals, terrorists, and fake passport. Over the fifteen years, most of the countries have adopted biometric-passports based on International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTD) standardization. However, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system contains a threat scenario that exists in privacy violation issues such as identity theft, data leakage threats, host listing, and tracking. To overcome these issues, this paper proposed a face recognition based on facial blemishes detection and encrypted into the High Capacity Color 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) code for biometric passport security. This includes facial blemishes features detection to generate the template and encrypted by applying the Secure Force (SF) algorithm to secure biometric information. Facial blemishes are detected by applying the Active Appearance Model (AAM) using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Canny edge detector with Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) detection algorithm. The proposed technique attained a 93.06% accuracy level for the dataset Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK). This technique will enhance biometric passport security to protect the biometric information from an intruder.

A metasurface composed of 3-bit coding linear polarization conversion elements and its application to RCS reduction of patch antenna

In this paper, a metasurface composed of 3-bit coding linear polarization conversion elements and its application to RCS reduction of the patch antenna is intensively studied. At first, 3-bit coding metasurface are constructed by a sequence of eight coded unit cells, which have a similar cross-polarized reflected amplitude response and gradient reflected phase responses covering 0–2π, respectively. Equivalent circuit models of these unit cells are created to describe their electrical behavior for the two linear incident polarizations at the same time. Then, a patch antenna is integrated on the 3-bit metasurface, of which the elements are placed with a 2-dimensional linear coding sequence. The metal square ring is set around the patch antenna to protect it from the disturbance of metasurface. Both the simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the designed metasurface can primarily reduce the antenna RCS at a broadband, while the antenna performances are not degraded significantly.

Pembuatan sistem informasi inventarisasi tanaman berbasis QR code untuk identifikasi tanaman Taman Hutan Kota HM Sabki Kota Jambi

Taman Hutan Kota HM Sabki mempunyai potensi yang besar sebagai destinasi tujuan wisata, tidak hanya sebagai tempat rekreasi tetapi juga sebagai pusat penelitian dan konservasi tanaman. Untuk itu, Taman Hutan Kota HM Sabki diharapkan mampu menyediakan informasi yang memadai mengenai tanamannya. Program pengabdian pada masyarakat (PPM) ini membuat sistem informasi inventarisasi tanaman dan QR code sebagai penanda tanaman yang dapat dipindai menggunakan smartphone. Dengan begitu pengunjung dapat mengakses informasi detail mengenai tanaman. QR code adalah kode gambar 2-dimensi tercetak yang dapat menyimpan sejumlah informasi. Teknologi ini dapat menampilkan informasi mengenai tanaman yang sebelumnya telah dimasukkan oleh pengelola ke sistem informasi inventarisasi tanaman. Melalui aplikasi ini pengelola dapat dengan mudah mengelola semua informasi tentang tanaman.

Explicit Constructions of Two-Dimensional Reed-Solomon Codes in High Insertion and Deletion Noise Regime

Insertion and deletion (insdel for short) errors are synchronization errors in communication systems caused by the loss of positional information in the message. Reed-Solomon codes have gained a lot of interest due to its encoding simplicity, well structuredness and list-decoding capability in the classical setting. This interest also translates to the insdel metric setting, as the Guruswami-Sudan decoding algorithm can be utilized to provide a deletion correcting algorithm in the insdel metric. Nevertheless, there have been few studies on the insdel error-correcting capability of Reed-Solomon codes. Our main contributions in this article are explicit constructions of two families of 2-dimensional Reed-Solomon codes with insdel error-correcting capabilities asymptotically reaching those provided by the Singleton bound. The first construction gives a family of Reed-Solomon codes with insdel error-correcting capability asymptotic to its length. The second construction provides a family of Reed-Solomon codes with an exact insdel error-correcting capability up to its length. Both our constructions improve the previously known construction of 2-dimensional Reed-Solomon codes whose insdel error-correcting capability is only logarithmic on the code length.

The development of TM2-RIA code for TRIGA type research reactors

This work presents the development of indigenous code TM2-RIA for steady-state and transient analyses of TRIGA type research reactor at Istanbul Technical University Energy Institute. The 2-dimensional code adapts piecewise constant function for solving point kinetics equation linked with thermal–hydraulic equations for cylindrical fuel type. TM2-RIA provides flexibility of implementing different delayed neutron parameters, it also offers different thermal-hydraulics structure options (number of channels and control volumes). The code is tested against the experimental data and calculations of EUREKA-2/RR code. Considering many experimental uncertainties, the TM2-RIA 5-channels model agrees acceptably with the steady-state experimental results. In the transient analyses, three pulsing scenarios are investigated, based on the results, the code has performed differently with different neutronic sets and thermal-hydraulics structures. That indicates how the reactor kinetics is being influenced by the differences in the recorded thermal history, and it shouldn’t be neglected even for small deviation. Besides, the constant overestimation of the fuel temperatures implies the need for modelling the heat sink induced by central Zirconium rod in fuel element and investigating its effect. That being said, the code agrees fairly well in many cases corresponding to those changes, when it predicts the peak power and fuel centerline temperature. Moreover, the gap between the experimental and the numerical results for the fuel temperature gets smaller with the increase of the pulsing reactivity. Another promising aspect is that the adapted point kinetics approach shows similar performance, in comparison with the common Cohen’s approach used by EUREKA-2/RR, while providing relative simplicity in developing and implementing the TM2-RIA code.

A simple 2D modulation code in single-reader two-track reading BPMR systems

A reduction in the track width of magnetic recording systems results in a welcome increase in Areal Density (AD), but can severely deteriorate system performance in the unfortunate appearance of extreme Inter-Track Interference (ITI). The effect of severe ITI may be mitigated by using coding schemes. In this paper, therefore, we present a rate-5/6 2-Dimensional (2D) modulation code based on a proposed Single-Reader/Two-track Reading (SRTR) technique to cope with this serious problem in staggered Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording (BPMR) systems. We then evaluate the Bit-Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed system in the presence of media noises, e.g., position and size fluctuations. Our simulation results indicate that, at the same User Density (UD), the proposed system performs better than an uncoded system by about 1.0 ​dB ​at the BER of 10−5 and is also superior to the conventional recording system.

Optimal quantum subsystem codes in two dimensions

Given any two classical codes with parameters $[n_1,k,d_1]$ and $[n_2,k,d_2]$, we show how to construct a quantum subsystem code in 2-dimensions with parameters $[[N,K,D]]$ satisfying $N\le 2n_1n_2$, $K=k$, and $D=\min(d_1,d_2)$. These quantum codes are in the class of generalized Bacon-Shor codes introduced by Bravyi. We note that constructions of good classical codes can be used to construct quantum codes that saturate Bravyi's bound $KD=O(N)$ on the code parameters of 2-dimensional subsystem codes. One of these good constructions uses classical expander codes. This construction has the additional advantage of a linear time quantum decoder based on the classical Sipser-Spielman flip decoder. Finally, while the subsystem codes we create do not have asymptotic thresholds, we show how they can be gauge-fixed to certain hypergraph product codes that do.

Internet-plus model for acute stroke service management: exploration and practice

In view of the pain points and difficulties in the current stroke service system, the model is merged into the stroke service process for exploration and practice. Mobile Internet technology bridged the process before and after the patient arrives at the hospital, thus extending the green path. This green path is under refined management by mobile applications and 2-dimensional bar code technologies, supporting sustained improvement of data-driven clinical quality. Benefited by Internet-plus stroke service management, the efficiency and key performance indicator of the stroke center are significantly elevated. Key words: Stroke; Emergency medical services; Internet+; Information technology

Rate control schemes for panoramic video coding

The popularity of multi-view panoramic video has been considerably increased for producing Virtual Reality (VR) content, due to its immersive visual experience. We argue in this paper that PSNR is less effective in assessing objective visual quality of compressed panoramic video than Sphere-based PSNR (S-PNSR), in which sphere-to-plain mapping of panoramic videos is considered. We also argue that S-PSNR is less effective in assessing perceptual visual quality compared with Perceptual PSNR (P-PSNR), which considers the front-center-bias prior of human viewing direction. The conventional Rate Control (RC) schemes of 2-Dimensional (2D) video coding are optimized on PSNR, and thus they are not suitable for panoramic video coding. To optimize S-PSNR and P-PSNR, two novel RC schemes are proposed for panoramic video coding. In particular, we develop objective and perceptual RC formulations, corresponding to optimization on S-PSNR and P-PSNR, respectively. Then, solutions to these two formulations are provided, such that bits can be allocated to each coding block for achieving optimal S-PSNR or P-PSNR in panoramic video coding. Finally, the experiment results validate the effectiveness of the proposed RC schemes in improving S-PSNR and P-PSNR of panoramic video coding.

Camera Traps, Bird Song, and Creatures of Darkness

Camera Traps, Bird Song, and Creatures of Darkness

Product Authentication Using QR Codes: A Mobile Application to Combat Counterfeiting

Counterfeiting is one of the biggest challenges for the authenticity of genuine products. An estimated average of 8---9 % trade consists of counterfeit goods that create a loss of revenue. To combat this situation, the product manufacturers use hologram and barcodes. The issue of genuine product remains the primary challenge in the market. With emerging trends in mobile and wireless technology, Quick Response (QR) codes provide a robust technique to fight the practice of counterfeiting the products. Apart from being used extensively in marketing and information transfer applications, the QR codes and encrypted QR codes are primarily used in security and privacy applications. Many web applications use QR codes for secure login where the user need not remember his/her login ID and password. The encrypted unique user ID is verified at the server using QR codes. Our proposed approach uses QR codes based on 2-dimensional codes (such as 19 Aztec, Data Matrix, etc.) to authenticate the product. This approach simplifies the size of QR code, and minimizes the complexity of encoding and decoding in QR code.

유비쿼터스 환경 기반 스마트 캠퍼스 설계

본 논문에서는 모바일 기기의 센싱 기술을 활용하여, 사용자의 요구에 능동적 대응이 가능하고, 다양한 서비스를 제공 및 이용할 수 있도록 하는 플랫폼 개발 및 최적화된 어플리케이션의 개발을 위한 설계를 진행하였다. Ubiquitous 환경의 스마트 캠퍼스는 수동적인 대학 홍보와는 다르게 능동적이며 개인에 맞추어진 서비스가 가능할 것이다. 증강현실(Augmented Reality)을 통한 캠퍼스 투어는 QR Code(2차원 바코드)를 활용한 능동적 홍보와 다양한 서비스를 연계하여 보다 활동적인 대학 생활을 지원할 것이다. 또한 기존 학사 행정 시스템과의 연동을 통하여 공지사항 및 게시물 등의 열람 등을 통합적으로 제공할 수 있는 모바일 Application을 개발할 수 있도록 설계하였다. In this paper, we proceed with the design and development platform for the development of the optimized applications to take advantage of the sensing techniques of the mobile device, so that this can proactively respond to the user's needs, and can provide access to a range of services. Ubiquitous environment based smart campus is active rather than passive, university will be able to promote the true personal customizable services. Campus tours through augmented reality will support more active university life in conjunction with a variety of services to promote actively utilizing the QR Code(2-dimensional bar code). In addition, we designed to develop a mobile application that can provide such a view and post announcements such as integrated system, through interoperability with existing bachelor's administrative (legacy) system.

Provider Attitudes Regarding Vaccine Tracking Systems in Pediatric Practices

ObjectiveTo assess among US pediatricians' systems for tracking vaccine administration and inventory and attitudes about these systems; and attitudes regarding and perceived barriers to adoption of a 2-dimensional bar code systems. MethodsInternet and mail survey of a nationally representative network of pediatricians between September 2011 and January 2012. ResultsThe response rate was 71% (288 of 408). The most common methods for recording vaccine information were manual entry into an electronic (52%) or paper (27%) record; 76% recorded information in ≥2 places. Physicians reported ordering vaccine on the basis of seasonal increases in demand (55%), paper-based inventory (52%), or when stock looks low (47%); 79% reported it was time consuming to track inventory and 24% reported their practices frequently run out of vaccines. Among those participating in an immunization information system, 29% transmitted data by automatic uploads and 58% entered data manually. Physicians agreed that bar codes could facilitate tracking of vaccine inventory (96%), would improve patient safety (96%), would be more reliable and accurate than current systems (93%), and could improve the efficiency of vaccine administration (90%). Barriers to adoption of a bar code system included need for software (52%), information technology support (42%), and computer equipment (33%). The total cost at which >50% reported they would definitely or probably adopt a bar code system was between $1000 and $4999. ConclusionsMost pediatricians report using inefficient systems for tracking vaccine administration and inventory and recognize multiple potential benefits of incorporating vaccine bar coding into their practice. To facilitate adoption, costs will need to be contained and technological barriers addressed.

Pulsations of rapidly rotating stars

Very high precision seismic space missions such as CoRoT and Kepler provide the means for testing the modelling of transport processes in stellar interiors. For some stars, such as $\delta$ Scuti $\gamma$ Doradus and Be stars, for instance, the observed pulsation spectra are modified by rotation to such an extent that it prevents any fruitful interpretation. Our aim is to characterise acoustic pulsation spectra of realistic stellar models in order to be able to interpret asteroseismic data from such stars. The 2-dimensional oscillation code ACOR, which treats rotation in a non-perturbative manner, is used to study pulsation spectra of highly distorted evolved models of stars. 2D models of stars are obtained by a self-consistent method which distorts spherically averaged stellar models a posteriori, at any stage of evolution, and for any type of rotation law. Four types of modes are calculated in a very dense frequency spectrum, among which are island modes. The regularity of the island modes spectrum is confirmed and yields a new set of quantum numbers, with which an \'echelle diagram can be built. Mixed gravito-acoustic modes are calculated in rapidly rotating models for the first time.

Dual photonic-bandgap optical films towards the generation of photonic crystal-derived 2-dimensional chemical codes.

Chemical-oriented 2-dimensional (2D) optical codes were constructed for the first time by integrating bi-layer or bistriate-structure responsive photonic crystals (RPCs), which not only presents high information capacity in encoding processes, but offers a facile route to the detection of high performance sensors along with accurate analysis and anti-jamming performances.

Simulative Model for the Evaluation of Thermo-Mechanical Effects in Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of Aluminum Sheets

A study was performed to evaluate how the Friction Stir Spot Welding process parameters affect both the thermal distribution in the welding region and the welding forces. An experimental campaign was performed by means of a CNC machine tool and FSSW lap joints on AA6060-T6 aluminum alloy plates having a thickness of 2+2 mm were executed. Five thermocouples were inserted into the samples at a specific distance from the specimen center. A set of tests was carried out by varying the process parameters, namely rotational speed, axial feed rate, plunging depth and dwell time. Axial welding forces were also measured during the execution of the experiments by means of a piezoelectric load cell. The experimental data collected were used to set up and to validate a simulative model of the process. In particular, a 2D FEM model was set up using the commercial code Deform 2D. A 2-dimensional FEM code was preferred in order to guarantee a very simple and practical model able to achieve results in a very short time. Since it is not possible to simulate the rotation of the tool in a 2D configuration, a specific external routine for the calculation of the developed thermal energy due to the friction between tool and workpiece was set up and implemented into the code starting from the local pressure distribution along the contact area.

Rapid Implementation of 2-Dimensional Image Coding in Grand Alliance Digital Television Systems

Image coding plays a very important role in a digital TV system. In this paper we focus on the discussion of the image compression in DTV systems. We propose a regular, efficient algorithm, which has effectively much lower complexity. Our algorithm would require only 12 bits of coefficient wordlengths to achieve the CCITT/ISO specification. But the traditional method would need 12~18 bits to achieve the same specification. The hardware cost is about 35% higher than the traditional method. But the input block length to our design is 64, which is much higher than traditional algorithm, whose block length is generally between 8 and 16. This dictates that the throughput of our algorithm is about 2 to 4 time higher than the traditional algorithms.