1st Team Research Articles

Validation of field-based running tests to determine maximal aerobic speed in professional rugby league.

Practitioners place importance on high-speed running (HSR) to monitor training practice and match-play demands, whilst attempting to maximise fitness and minimize the risk of injury occurrence. Practitioners apply various methods to quantify HSR, such as absolute thresholds, percentage of maximum sprint speed and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). A recent survey demonstrates the 5-minute run and 1200m shuttle test (ST) to be implemented among rugby league practitioners to quantify HSR by incorporating MAS. However, it is unclear as to how valid these methods are to accurately quantify MAS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the validity of the 5-minute run and 1200m ST when compared to a gold standard measure for MAS. Twenty 1st team professional rugby league players competing in the European Super League participated in this study. Players were required to complete an incremental treadmill test, 5-minute run and 1200m ST over a two-week period in pre-season. MAS, peak heart rate (HRmax), peak lactate (Lapeak) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) where collected upon completion of each test. Results demonstrated the 1200m ST to have a higher correlation for MAS than the 5-minute run (1200m ST: r = 0.73, 5-minute run: r = 0.64). However, when assessing validity using the level of agreement between data, the 5-minute run underreported MAS by 0.45 m·s-1 whereas the 1200m ST underreported MAS by 0.77 m·s-1. Ultimately, both field-based tests used in this study underreport MAS when compared to an incremental treadmill test, although the 5-minute run provides a closer agreement and therefore a more valid measurement for MAS than the 1200m ST.

Comparing IMU outputs between 1st team and U18 female soccer players throughout preseason

With growth in professionalism, popularity and revenue in women’s soccer, greater investment is being made throughout academy environments to ensure young players can reach the physical, physiological, and technical demands of the sport. However, limited evidence exists to support the transition at club level between youth academy and senior players, and there is ambiguity in determining differences in physical loading. Thus, this study aimed to compare physical inertial measurement units (IMU) outputs between female U18 academy players and professional soccer players throughout pre-season. Participants were recruited from the same Scottish women’s soccer team U18 squad (n = 19, mean ± SD age = 16.5 ± 0.6 years) and 1st Team (n= 23, mean ± SD age = 25.1 ± 5.6 years) during the 2023/24 season. Top speed (m/s), distance covered (m), sprint count (n), and count of acceleration and deceleration actions (n) from IMU output were analysed (Playermaker). Descriptive statistics summarised key findings, with inferential methods utilised to determine variances between squads. Multivariate tests reported statistical significance at P < 0.05 between squads for physical metrics measured from 66 training sessions and 10 games. Results found mean weekly distance was significantly higher for U18 players in comparison to 1st team (6,252 ± 1,480 vs. 5,076 ± 2,064 m, P < 0.01). Mean weekly top speed was significantly higher in 1st team in comparison to U18 squad (6.33 ± 0.34 vs. 6.03 ± 0.34 m·s−1, P < 0.01). Mean weekly sprint count was significantly higher in 1st team versus U18 (11 ± 10 vs. 5 ± 5, P < 0.01). No significant differences were highlighted for count of acceleration and deceleration actions between squads (P > 0.05). These findings show that although U18s are exposed to a greater volume, this is performed at lower intensities within the pre-season window, and therefore potentially not replicating the high intensity intermittent nature of the game. These findings suggest the introduction of individualised speed thresholds appropriate for developmental state. Furthermore, formatting future training to incorporate more anaerobic physiological adaptations to help prepare academy players for the physical demands of professional soccer.

Successful sport psychology within 1st team football: Perceptions of senior strategic stakeholders at elite football clubs

This study focussed on the perceptions of senior strategic stakeholders (e.g, sporting director, head of performance, manager, coach) working within 1st team football at elite professional clubs (English Premier League & Championship). Although recent research has made progress within the practitioner professional development literature it has, so far, failed to gain an explicit understanding of the perceptions around ‘successful sport psychology’ or what makes a sport psychologist successful - in their respective sporting environments. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to gain an explicit insight into what senior strategic stakeholders perceived makes a sport psychologist successful within their role at an elite football club, at 1st team level. Following institutional ethical approval, purposeful sampling was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five senior strategic stakeholders. Following data collection, a thematic analysis was conducted and 19 general dimensions were arranged across three phases: (a) knowledge and experiences of sport psychology in elite football, (b) explicit understanding of sport psychology success in elite football and (c) perceived barriers and challenges to sport psychology in an elite football club. In particular, senior strategic stakeholders’ explicit understanding of sport psychology success in elite football included 7 general dimensions: (1) importance of role clarity during induction into new role, (2) success viewed as subjective due to difficulty quantifying influence of work, (3) success perceived as best judged by individuals worked with most closely, (4) preference for club appointed full time sport psychologist, (5) implementation of balanced approach perceived as successful, (6) implementation of forceful approach perceived as unsuccessful and (7) success attributed to positive influence on culture and player performances. Thus, it’s recommended that sport psychologists aspiring to work in applied football contexts should consider the findings of this research to positively influence their entry and/or practice in an elite football environment, at 1st team level. Similarly, it’s equally recommended that senior strategic stakeholders within elite football clubs use these findings to help develop their knowledge and understanding of sport psychology so they’re better informed and aware of the perceived key attributes of successful sport psychology provision within 1st team football. Consequently, this may assist with navigating the diversity of challenges perceived to be associated to the presence of a sport psychologist, within an elite 1st team football environment, and therefore increase and improve utilisation of sport psychology services across players, coaches, and wider footballing staff.

‘Bridging the gap’: Differences in training and match physical load in 1st team and U23 players from the English Premier League

Objectives To explore the differences in training and match load in English Premier League (EPL) 1st team and U23 players. Identifying differences in relative and absolute physical outputs in relation to Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) and Maximal Sprint Speed (MSS) and how this informs monitoring and training prescription. Methods Two groups of full-time professional football players (1st team, n = 24 and U23 squad, n = 27) participated in this study. Training and match data were categorised into weekly blocks from Monday to Sunday. Each player's weekly total was then averaged to provide a squad average for each metric examined. Results Match analysis identified significantly higher distance covered above 120% MAS and distance between 120% MAS and 85% MSS ( p = .04, effect size [ES] = 0.64; p < .01, ES = 1.13) for the 1st team. Distance above 85% MSS was significantly higher for the U23's ( p < .01, ES = 2.92). Training and match data during one-match weeks displayed significantly higher differences in all high-speed variables for 1st team players compared to U23 players ( p ≤ .05, ES = 0.82–1.78). Analysis of training and match data during a two-match week displayed no significant differences for all physical variables ( p > .05). Conclusions Practitioners should consider the utilisation of individual relative thresholds to identify differences between physical performance variables during training and matches for 1st team and U23 players. Utilising these comparisons to inform training design, could maximise players physical development and potential for successful transition. Importantly, these findings relate to only one EPL club and therefore practitioners should assess their own players’ relative training and game outputs.

MODEL OF USING REAL-TIME DATA IN PROMOTING FOOTBALL PLAYERS, REGARDING THEIR CONDITIONING ATTRIBUTES

The purpose of the paper is to establish a relationship between the real time data received during football matches and the promotion of a player to a higher level team, in the same club (academy). The study was carried on the 1st and 2nd team of a First Division Romanian football club, during the 2021/2022 season. The results were registered during official football games, 1st League for 1st team and 3rd League for 2nd team. There were counted 2 games for 1st team and 1 game for 2nd team. Our aim was to be able to establish a pattern regarding the physical conditioning for choosing players to promote to 1st team. Data received during games was selected and compared between players and teams. Even if data amount is not high, we consider that, in practical situations, decisions have to be taken regarding the data provided, and sometimes there could be no time to receive more data. Of course, for a more accurate study and better pattern establish, further research and data analyse is required. The results of our study shown that the promoted players from the 2nd team, regarding their physical conditioning attributes, well integrated in the 1st team and recorded further games in the team. Moreover, by time, they didn't played back in the 2nd team, appearing only for the 1st team.

Dawne zbiory Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego jako część cyfrowego GLAM

The subject of the analysis are archival materials collected in two descriptions, constituting personal matters of employees of the former University of Lviv (Archival description of the 5th team 26 and archival description of the 1st team P-119). Digital copies of these resources are part of the digital GLAM, digital services created at the University of Wrocław, based on the cooperation of various institutions (archives, libraries, museums and archives) that make their digital collections available using a standardized description and presentation. Institutions that are part of GLAM use in the digital space, among others the IIIF standard (International Image Interoperability Framework), a standard that enables dynamic sharing of digitized digital objects, as well as the Virtual Transcription Laboratory (WLT), a cloudbased tool that allows you to create a text layer as a result of automatic recognition (OCR) or by manualy transcription tools. The article presents both tools, intended to create digital text based on scans, which can then be used to prepare digital objects in various standards: eBook, TEI and in others digital scientific tools.

Quantifying and Comparing the Match Demands of U18, U23, and 1ST Team English Professional Soccer Players.

The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the match load demands of U18, U23, and 1ST team players during the official season. A total of 65 matches and 495 (U18 = 146, U23 = 146, and 1ST team = 203) individual player game observations were included in this analysis. A 10-Hz global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) were used to monitor the following metrics during official matches: total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR), sprint distance, high metabolic distance, explosive distance, high-intensity bursts distance, speed intensity, and dynamic stress load (DSL) were analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance test reported significant (p < 0.001) differences among the groups. HSR during matches was lower (d = small) for U18 players than the U23 and 1ST team players. Sprint distance and high-intensity bursts distance were lower (small) in U18 compared with the U23 and 1ST team. DSL was greater in 1ST compared with U18 (small) and U23 (small). This study reported that the differences between groups were greater for HSR, sprint distance, high-intensity bursts distance, and DSL, while total distance, high metabolic load distance, explosive distance, and speed intensity did not differ between the groups. These findings could be used to design training programs in the academy players (i.e., U18) to achieve the required long-term physical adaptations that are needed to progress into the U23 and 1ST teams.

Understanding ‘Vulnerability’ and ‘Political Skill’ in Academy Middle Management During Organisational Change in Professional Youth Football

ABSTRACT The use of political skill to further employees’ self-interests and their ability to cope with ambiguity and employment vulnerability during periods of organizational change is an important yet under researched phenomenon. Taking a middle management perspective, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the experiences of Richard, a newly appointed professional youth football Academy Manager during the process of organizational change. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, formal academy team meetings, co-worker interviews, and informal observations and conversations, which were analyzed through the process of narrative analysis. Findings highlighted the hierarchical sensemaking challenges of vertically ‘managing up’ (e.g. Chairman, Board of Directors, 1st Team Manager) and ‘managing down’ (e.g. academy employees), and horizontally ‘managing across’ (e.g. Head of Coaching) during the process of organizational change. Importantly, managing expectations and influencing significant others, through skilled micro-political activity, was central to successfully negotiating the ambiguity and vulnerabilities of organizational life during change. MAD statement This study is the first to examine the micro-political actions and behaviours of middle managers as both recipients and deliverers of organizational change. The self-interests of middle-managers tend to influence strategic change; however, we do not understand how middle-managers make sense of the micro-political nature of such interests during change. This study highlights the complexity of coping with employment vulnerability when negotiating and influencing the actions of senior management whilst also supporting subordinate staff with resistance and uncertainty during change. Furthermore, the micro-political actions and strategies of a middle-manager to develop ‘trust’ amongst colleagues, both vertically ‘above’ and ‘below’ them, and horizontally ‘across’ from them in the organizational hierarchy, are evidenced.

The Impacts of Indonesia and Russia Trade Relations on Indonesia’s Maritime Security

This article is to examine the increasing development of the bilateral trade relations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Russian Federation. Also it aims at studying the Indonesia-Russia trade relations on Indonesia’s national security. Thus, in pursuit of its national interest, Indonesia is working very hard to further strengthen its bilateral trade relations with Russia. Marking the 50 year old relationship in the beginning of the 21st century, the two countries have booked an increasing trade in their relations. This research employed qualitative research methods featuring descriptive analysis of the data on the bilateral relations within “The Framework of Friendly and Partnership in the 21st century”. Therefore, the author exposed the works of two main consultation mechanisms, namely the Indonesian-Russian Joint Commission on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation and the Joint Commission on Military Technical Cooperation under the President Megawati Sukarnoputri administration (2003 - 2004), succeeded by the 1st team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004 -2009) and the 2nd team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2009-2014), and President Joko Widodo (2014 - present). An increase is recorded in the overall trade relations of the two countries. Nevertheless, Indonesia still suffered from trade deficit. In addition, the Indonesian defense capability has increased.

Deep convolutional neural networks for cardiovascular vulnerable plaque detection

In this paper, an accurate two-stage deep learning method is proposed to detect vulnerable plaques in ultrasonic images of cardiovascular. Firstly, a Fully Convonutional Neural Network (FCN) named U-Net is used to segment the original Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography (IVOCT) cardiovascular images. We experiment on different threshold values to find the best threshold for removing noise and background in the original images. Secondly, a modified Faster RCNN is adopted to do precise detection. The modified Faster R-CNN utilize six-scale anchors (122,162,322,642,1282,2562) instead of the conventional one scale or three scale approaches. First, we present three problems in cardiovascular vulnerable plaque diagnosis, then we demonstrate how our method solve these problems. The proposed method in this paper apply deep convolutional neural networks to the whole diagnostic procedure. Test results show the Recall rate, Precision rate, IoU (Intersection-over-Union) rate and Total score are 0.94, 0.885, 0.913 and 0.913 respectively, higher than the 1st team of CCCV2017 Cardiovascular OCT Vulnerable Plaque Detection Challenge. AP of the designed Faster RCNN is 83.4%, higher than conventional approaches which use one-scale or three-scale anchors. These results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method and the power of deep learning approaches in diagnose cardiovascular vulnerable plaques.

The Impacts of Indonesia and Russia Trade Relations on Indonesia's Maritime Security

This article is to examine the increasing development of the bilateral trade relations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Russian Federation. Also it aims at studying the Indonesia-Russia trade relations on Indonesia’s national security. Thus, in pursuit of its national interest, Indonesia is working very hard to further strengthen its bilateral trade relations with Russia. Marking the 50 year old relationship in the beginning of the 21st century, the two countries have booked an increasing trade in their relations. This research employed qualitative research methods featuring descriptive analysis of the data on the bilateral relations within “The Framework of Friendly and Partnership in the 21st century”. Therefore, the author exposed the works of two main consultation mechanisms, namely the Indonesian-Russian Joint Commission on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation and the Joint Commission on Military Technical Cooperation under the President Megawati Sukarnoputri administration (2003 - 2004), succeeded by the 1st team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004 -2009) and the 2nd team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2009-2014), and President Joko Widodo (2014 - present). An increase is recorded in the overall trade relations of the two countries. Nevertheless, Indonesia still suffered from trade deficit. In addition, the Indonesian defense capability has increased.

Are There Potential Safety Problems Concerning the Use of Electronic Performance-Tracking Systems? The Experience of a Multisport Elite Club.

Despite approval of the use of electronic performance-tracking systems (EPTSs) during competition by the International Football Association Board, other team-sport organizations and leagues have banned their use due to "safety concerns," with no evidence to support this assertion. The aim of the current brief report was to provide empirical evidence to support the widespread use of EPTSs across all sports by examining safety issues concerning their use in a multi-team-sport club. Five outdoor football teams (1st team, 2nd team, under 19 [U-19], under 18 [U-18], and 1st team female) and 3 indoor-sport (basketball, futsal, and handball) teams were monitored, accounting for a total of 63,734 h of training and 12,748 h of game time. A questionnaire was sent to all fitness coaches involved, and the clinical history was reviewed for every medical issue reported. Six minor chest contusions were recorded in female football goalkeepers wearing the frontal chest strap (3.17 episodes per 1000 training h). During training, 3 episodes of minor skin abrasion affecting the thoracic area due to wearing vests too tight were recorded in the U-19 football team (0.21 per 1000 h) and 2 episodes in U-18 (0.39 per 1000 h). It must be noted that none of these episodes resulted in lost days of training or games, and none required medical assistance. In conclusion, empirical evidence confirms that EPTSs are safe to use across team sports.

Body composition assessment of English Premier League soccer players: a comparative DXA analysis of first team, U21 and U18 squads

Professional soccer players from the first team (1st team, n = 27), under twenty-one (U21, n = 21) and under eighteen (U18, n = 35) squads of an English Premier League soccer team were assessed for whole body and regional estimates of body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Per cent body fat was lower in 1st team (10.0 ± 1.6) compared with both U21 (11.6 ± 2.5, P = 0.02) and U18 (11.4 ± 2.6, P = 0.01) players. However, this difference was not due to variations (P = 0.23) in fat mass between squads (7.8 ± 1.6 v 8.8 ± 2.1 v 8.2 ± 2.4 kg, respectively) but rather the presence of more lean mass in 1st team (66.9 ± 7.1 kg, P < 0.01) and U21 (64.6 ± 6.5 kg, P = 0.02) compared with U18 (60.6 ± 6.3 kg) players. Accordingly, fat mass index was not different (P = 0.138) between squads, whereas lean mass index was greater (P < 0.01) in 1st team players (20.0 ± 1.1 kg · m−2) compared with U18 players (18.8 ± 1.4 kg · m−2). Differences in lean mass were also reflective of higher lean tissue mass in all regions, for example, upper limbs/lower limbs and trunk. Data suggest that training and nutritional interventions for younger players should therefore be targeted to lean mass growth as opposed to body fat loss.

Youth to Senior Football: A season long case study of goal scoring methods between under 16, under 18 and first team

Goal-scoring is the pinnacle of any football match, analysis of the methods used provide insight into the way teams attack. Despite heavy research at senior level there is a dearth of literature surrounding the youth game. The purpose of this study was to compare goal scoring methods at youth and senior level. Goal-related data was derived from competitive matches involving the first team, u18s and u16s. Results showed differences between groups for number of actions (F2,242=3.401, p=.035) and percentage of forward actions (F2,225=3.201, p=.043). Build-up duration was not different between groups (F2,242=1.567, p=.211). There was a difference between the assist areas used between all teams (H2= 7.737, p = .021). Post-hoc analysis showed no differences between the assist actions used between any teams (H2 = 2.112, p = .348), but there were differences with the assist area. Each team favoured different assist actions (1st team = cross, u18s = pass, u16s = dribble). The differences between teams are attributed to factors such as experience, tactical/technical skills, perceptual abilities and level of pressure. Training implications for youth teams include developing a more elaborate style of attack and utilisation of the whole pitch when attacking.

프로야구 10구단 창단의 당위성 및 창단 현안 규명 연구

This thesis intends to study on the justification of national 1 0th professional baseball team inaugural and a close examination of its current issue. In order to achieve t he purpose of this thesis, delphi technique and depth interview were performed, and for the delphi technique us ed the questionnaire as a research tool. For the selection of delphi technique expert was sampled by 18 expe rts in total. Questionnaire, including demographic questions, are composed by 1 question related to pros and cons of 10th team inaugural, by 13 questions of its type, and by 10 questions of its desired effect. Delphi was performed in 2 rounds in total, and the collected data was analyzed by intermediate value and 4 parts in order to deduce the agreement of expert`s opinion. Also, in order to support the result of delphi technique a depth interview was performed for 3 ex -perts including 2 approvers and 1 disapprover. As a result, the following conclusion could be deduced. It was told that 10th baseball team should be surely founded because it contributes to baseball base expansion, job creation and professional baseball industry development. Also, for 10th baseball team inaugural, an approval of regional and operational company selection in 2012, baseball`s balanced development dimension first considered, expansion of supported benefit for new baseball team, its inaugural in 2013 and 1st team`s league participation in 2015, and the needs of office park type stadium construction were presented, and some desired effects of increase of baseball category and infrastructure expansion, increase of baseball population, and amateur and professional players` employment expansion were forecasted.

A retrospective study looking at the incidence of ‘stinger' injuries in professional rugby union players

Brachial plexus injuries commonly occur in athletes participating in contact sports. One such injury, commonly known as ‘stingers' or ‘burners' (US) because of the associated feeling that occurs in the...

A comparison of aerobic capacity and lactate threshold prior to, and following, a full competitive season in 1st team British professional soccer players

A comparison of aerobic capacity and lactate threshold prior to, and following, a full competitive season in 1st team British professional soccer players

Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans

Fetal and adult testosterone may be important in establishing and maintaining sex-dependent abilities associated with male physical competitiveness. There is evidence that the ratio of the length of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D) is a negative correlate of prenatal and adult testosterone. We use ability in sports, and particularly ability in football, as a proxy for male physical competitiveness. Compared to males with high 2D:4D ratio, men with low ratio reported higher attainment in a range of sports and had higher mental rotation scores (a measure of visual–spatial ability). Professional football players had lower 2D:4D ratios than controls. Football players in 1st team squads had lower 2D:4D than reserves or youth team players. Men who had represented their country had lower ratios than those who had not, and there was a significant (one-tailed) negative association between 2D:4D and number of international appearances after the effect of country was removed. We suggest that prenatal and adult testosterone promotes the development and maintenance of traits which are useful in sports and athletics disciplines and in male:male fighting.

Physiological Profile of College Club-Sport Lacrosse Athletes

Due to the emphasis on preventive sports medicine, it has become increasingly important to identify physiological indices of athletic performance and predisposition to injury. Although physiological testing is typically used to assess physical status of athletes in numerous sports, no research has been published that addresses the physiological profile of college lacrosse athletes. Thus this study sought to quantify body composition, maximal aerobic power, anaerobic capacity, blood chemistry, and coronary risk factors on 30 college male club-lacrosse athletes. Data were grouped by player position (attack, n = 5; defense, n = 8; goalie, n = 2; midfield, n = 15) and skill level (1st team, n = 14; 2nd team, n = 16). Results indicated the lacrosse players were above average in some indices of maximal aerobic power during exercise stress testing. They had higher maximal power, mean power, and total work output, collectively, than reported for other college athletes. Analysis of body composition revealed a mean body fat of 15% for the entire sample. Mean resting blood chemistries were within normal limits. Based on their exercise response, body composition, and blood lipid profile, these athletes are at low risk for developing coronary heart disease. They also exhibit high anaerobic capacity reflective of this sport.

THE OXFAM MEDICAL PROGRAMME IN ZIMBABWE

2 distinct phases have occurred in the Oxfam Medical Program in Zimbabwe, developed to improve health care for the majority rural population: taking stock of the situation at the end of hostilities in the struggle for independence and reestablishing health services; and consolidation once reconstruction was begun in earnest and the new government had more information and greater control. The 1st team of 6 doctors and 2 nurses was recruited for 6 months. Following consultations with the Zimbabwean Association of Church Hospitals, Oxfam and the government identified 6 mission hospitals, in particularly isolated locations, to which team members were allocated. The main characteristic of phase 1 was relief work to revive rural health services. Some of the doctors were immersed immediately in demanding hospital work while others spent time outside the hospital in relief work to aid the refugees returning from neighboring countries or leaving the "protected" villages. Outreach clinics were restablished after representatives of branch and district committees determined that this was what people wanted, and some of the Oxfam team collaborated with Ministry of Health vaccination teams. Team members became involved in training health personnel. 1 important task undertaken by the 1st team was a nutrition study to document the extent of undernutrition in Zimbabwe. The findings indicated that overall children's nutritional status was poor, with a high degree of severe undernourishment. During the 2nd phase, a team of 6 doctors and 3 nurses were recruited for 2 years (September 1980-82). Much of the team's time was devoted to improving administration, information, and drug distribution within the mission hospitals. Appropriate therapeutic practices were established in most hospital situations. The team worked with Zimbabweans and have become well integrated into the hospital structure. They have also established contacts with central and local government organizations at district, and sometimes provincial, level. Members of the Oxfam team were enthusiastically involved in the national children's supplementary feeding program (CSFP). The nutritional status of children improved by equally important was the educative role the program played in showing how local foods could combat undernutrition. Aside from hospital and outreach work, data collection, and research, the team was involved in training other health personnel. There is little question that the Oxfam Medical Program was successful in meeting the objectives that were set. The team approach has greatly increased the usefulness of the individual Oxfam doctors and nurses.