1M H2SO4 Solution Research Articles

Corrosion potential and theoretical studies of fabricated Schiff base for carbidic austempered ductile iron in 1M H2SO4 solution

In this body of work, a chemical known as 2-cyano-N-(4-morpholino benzyl dine) acetohydrazide (CMBAH) is explored for its ability to suppress the carbidic austempered ductile iron (CADI) corrosion in 1M H2SO4. Density functional theory was used in experiments and theoretical investigations to investigate the inhibiting impact. The corrosion of CADI alloys in 1M H2SO4 produced a corrosion resistance superior to that of CADI heat treatment (H.T.). As-cast carbidic ductile iron (CDI) 4 alloy with 1.5%t Cr-Nb has a corrosion rate (C.R.) of 11.69 mm/year, which drops to 5.31 mm/year at HT-275 °C and 6.13 mm/year at HT-375 °C. When describing the adsorption of inhibitors, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is the most effective method. The findings of the Gads show that the inhibition was induced mainly by the physisorption on the surface CADI alloys. In addition to this, it was found that the results of the experiments and the hypotheses were largely harmonious with one another. The formation of protective layers on the CADI surfaces is also visible in the images captured by the SEM. In 1M H2SO4, these Schiff base inhibitors effectively prevent corrosion caused by CADI. However, the combination of inhibitors leads to a fine microstructure with ausferrite and narrow ferrite needles, promoting corrosion resistance. The CADI needles rated an upper ausferritic microstructure with wide ferrite needles.

Investigation of Rosemary Oil as Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor of Aluminum Alloy

The inhibitory effect of Rosemary oil on the corrosion of aluminum alloy EN AW-2011 in 1M H2SO4 solution was studied by weight loss and electrochemical methods such as open circuit potential (OCP), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration and shows maximum inhibition efficiency (70.7 %) at optimum concentration (0.05 g.L-1). The linear polarization resistance measurements show that the presence of Rosemary oil in 1M H2SO4 solution influences polarization resistance increasing and corrosion current decreasing. The voltammetric curve shows that Rosemary oil reduces the anodic process. Open circuit potential results confirmed that organic compounds present in Rosemary oil can form a protective layer on aluminum surfaces. The inhibitive effect was probably caused by the adsorption of organic compounds such as 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, borneol, limonene, and myrcene on aluminum surfaces which are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. This study showed that the essential oil of Rosemary could be used as an environmentally friendly inhibitor of the corrosion of alloy EN AW-2011 in an acidic medium.

Adsorption of Copper and Cadmium from Wastewater Using Chemically Activated Watermelon Peels as Adsorbent

Activated Carbon of high adsorption efficiency and highly active surface properties were prepared from water melon fruits peels by using 1M H2SO4 solution, followed by activation at 300oC for 30 minutes. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon is considered on the following; the effect of concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The physicochemical characteristics such as ash content (18.7%), pH(6.72),moisture content (1.82), bulk density(0.36) and conductivity (32.4) were investigated to understand the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon prepared from water melon peels. The adsorptive efficiency of the adsorbent in removing Cadmium and Copper ions from wastewater were compared with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm, which proved effective removal efficiency within the range of 91.80 – 99.98 %. On the whole chemically activated watermelon peels should be used in treating our wastewaters, for a cleaner and healthier environment.

Corrosion Behaviors’ Investigation of Carbide Coatings Developed for Sulphuric Acid Recovery Systems

In this study, corrosion resistance of cobalt and nickel, which are known to have high corrosion resistance, reinforced tungsten carbide coatings applied to low carbon stainless steel material surfaces to reduce corrosion-induced losses in sulphuric acid recovery systems were investigated. During the recovery of sulphuric acid, aggressive sulphur systems in the baths cause the metal surface to dissolve and therefore a high amount of material loss occurs. In order to minimize corrosion induced material loss, 316 L stainless steel surfaces were coated with an interlayer of 95% nickel and 5% aluminium alloy, and then tungsten carbide coatings were synthesized on the surfaces of substrate materials reinforced with 13% cobalt and 13% nickel, respectively by thermal spraying method to further reduce the corrosion rate. Characterization of the produced coatings were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope, image analyzer, and surface roughness device. The standard potentiodynamic polarization characteristics of the coatings for 1M H2SO4 solution at room temperature were investigated with a potentiostat/galvanostat device. As the obtained results, nickel reinforced tungsten carbide coatings with nickel aluminium interlayer showed the highest corrosion resistance against sulfuric acid environment with 0,41 mm/year corrosion rate. As a result of the article, the corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steels in sulfuric acid systems was improved by 5.02 and 3.15 times, respectively.

Determining Corrosion Efficiency of a Green Solution Prepared from Extract of Dalbergia Sissoo Leaves in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and its Characterization

Corrosion is one of the major reasons why many industrial machines and machine parts deteriorate throughout their lifetime due to corrosion. In this regard, enormous engineers and industry owners are after the remedy for such corrosion to sustain the lifetime of machines and machine parts. There are two obvious ways to think about the solution, one solution is to replace the material for constructing the machines with superior materials and other solution is to find a corrosion resistance technique. Firstly, using the Stainless Steel (SS) for machines is a viable solution to get ride of the corrosion but it will also boost the price of the machines. Thus machine manufacturers are still relying on Mild Steel (MS) to build the machines for different industries. Secondly, a popular solutions to resist corrosion is the synthetic corrosion inhibitors but the concern is the environmental impact of such inhibitors. Finding alternative of synthetic inhibitors is a hot topic of research now-a-days and a trending alternative is green inhibitor. In the search of such inhibitors, a solution of Dalbergia Sissoo extract and H2SO4 is used to examine the change of corrosive behavior of Mild Steel Block in the presence of the solution prepared. The result of corrosion efficiency is the prime question in choosing any inhibitors. The method of determining corrosion efficiency of the proposed green inhibitor is discussed in this article. A promising result of maximum 72.44% of corrosion efficiency has been observed in 1M H2SO4 solution. The characterization of the corroded mild steel sample blocks are then examined through Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Result of FT-IR finds the reason of the inhibition whereas SEM reveals the evidence of corrosion inhibition due to the effect of Dalbergia Sissoo. IUBAT Review—A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 6 (1): 77-87

Corrosion Inhibition of Elettarai cardamom Bark Extract on Mild Steel in 1M H2SO4

Elettaria cardamom (Alaichi) is a spice available in Nepal, from the bark of which alkaloid can be extracted to use as a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition of methanolic extract of Elettaria cardamom (EC) for mild steel (MS) in 1M H2SO4 was studied using the weight loss method. The effect of time of immersion and concentration of EC extract on corrosion inhibition was investigated. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in the time of immersion and concentration of the EC extract. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 1000 ppm EC extract was 93.36% for 3 hours of immersion in 1M H2SO4 solution. FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen in the extract, which is responsible for the adsorption of the extract onto mild steel and reduces the corrosion rate.

Corrosion of Titanium Alloys Anodized Using Electrochemical Techniques

The anodization of titanium has been an excellent option for protecting titanium and its alloys from corrosive environments such as acids and chloride systems, by generating a homogenous oxide layer. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the electrochemical corrosion behavior of alloys Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo and Ti-6Al-4V anodized in 1M H2SO4 and H3PO4 solutions at a current density of 2.5 × 10–3 A/cm2. The anodization’s electrochemical characterization was achieved in NaCl and H2SO4 at 3.5% wt. electrolytes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to determine the anodized thickness and morphology. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), based on ASTM G61-86 and G106-15 Standards, were the electrochemical techniques mainly employed. The anodized samples presented a change in Ecorr values and a higher passivation zone. The EIS plot showed a higher resistance for samples anodized in H3PO4 and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.

Synthesis and Study Behavior of Some New Pyridinium Salts as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in 1M H2SO4

Some new pyridinium bromide derivatives inhibitors, namely;1-benzyl-4-{N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene] hydrazinecarbonyl)pyridine-1-ium bromide, A1; 1-benzyl-4-{N-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]hydrazine carbonyl}pyridine-1-ium bromide, A2; 1-benzyl-4-{N-[(4-propoxyphenyl) methylidene] hydrazinecarbo-nyl}pyridine-1-ium bromide, A3; were synthesized and studied as inhibitors corrosion for meld steel in 1M H2SO4solution at room temperature via loss of weight measure ementsfor 24 hours. The results showed that inhibition for all pyridineumbromide derivatives have high values with the high concentrate. Increase in inhibition concentrate with corrosion rate decreases, inhibitor increasing and surface coverage degree increases. The free energy value of revealed physisorption effects for (A1, A2, and A3) and gave useful information to predict the interaction nature between the surface of metal and the organic molecules as corrosion inhibitors.

Comparative study on electrochemical corrosion behavior of boronized X52 steel in 1 M HCl and H2SO4 solutions

This paper investigates the effect of boronizing treatment on the corrosion resistance of API X52 steel. Borides were grown on API X52 steel in a powder mixture containing 5% B4C as a boron source, 5% NaBF4 as an activator, and 90% SiC as diluents for 4 hours at 950 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the sample's boride layer contains only Fe2B phases. The corrosion behavior of borided and unborided specimens was investigated using the Tafel extrapolation method in 1M HCl and H2SO4 solutions. The results show that borided specimens have better corrosion resistance than unboronized specimens. The formation of layers of protective iron borides reduces the corrodability of the steel in the borided specimens. Boronizing increased the corrosion resistances of X52 steel in HCl and H2SO4 by 23 and 77-fold, respectively.

Corrosion Resilience of 2101 LDX Duplex Stainless Steels in Varying Sulphate Anion Concentrations

The general and localized corrosion resilience of 2101 LDX duplex stainless steel (2101ST) was assessed in specific concentrations of H2SO4 electrolyte by Potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic evaluation, open circuit potential analysis and optical illustration characterization. Data output shows 2010ST exhibited sufficient resistance to general corrosion (0.28 mm/y and 1.01 mm/y) at low concentrations of H2SO4 solution (1M and 2 M H2SO4) whose values correlates to polarization resistance of 42.47 Ω and 19.74 Ω. Further increment in H2SO4 concentration results in substantial increase in degradation rate which culminated at 58.32 mm/y at 6M H2SO4 and polarization resistance of 0.10 Ω. Due to the destructive action of SO42- anions. Corrosion potential shifts indicates dominant anodic dissolution reactions with respect to H2SO4 concentration. Metastable pitting activity was observed on the plot following anodic polarization but prior to passivation of the steel. The metastable pitting current and passivation potential of the steel grew with increase in H2SO4 concentration. This weakened the localized corrosion resistance of the steel at higher H2SO4 solution. This is evident in the decrease in passivation range values plot configuration. Open circuit potential plots depict significant passivation of the steel at 1M H2SO4 solution compared to the plot at 6M H2SO4 which indicates strong tendency to corrode despite its thermodynamic stability. Optical images of 2101ST exterior after corrosion at 1M H2SO4 solution shows mild surface deterioration coupled with miniature corrosion pits. This contrasts the morphology of the steel at 6M H2SO4 which showed the presence of deep and enlarged, corrosion pits, and a badly etched surface showing the grain boundary coupled with a severely degraded exterior.

EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVATED PERIWINKLE CHAR IN THE RECOVERY OF LEAD (II) ION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING FIXED BED ADSORPTION PROCESS

The discharge of untreated industrial wastewater containing lead and the indiscriminate disposal of periwinkle shell causes lead poisoning and blockage of drainage. The cost of industrial wastewater treatment is demanding; thus the research is focused on creating wealth from waste periwinkle shell as a cheap adsorbent material to reduce the cost of lead removal from industrial wastewater. Therefore, activated periwinkle shell char (APSC) in removal of lead Pb (II) ion from industry wastewater was investigated using fixed-bed adsorption column. APSC was prepared by treating the periwinkle Char with 1M H2SO4 solution. Characterization of the adsorbent before and after continuous adsorption was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to show modifications in the surface and chemical structure of APSC after adsorption process. The effect of design variables such as bed height, Influent concentration and withdrawal flowrate were studied.The breakthrough profiles were obtained by an analysis of the column experimental data and the relationship between operating parameters using the Thomas, Clark, Yoon-Nelson and Adams-Bohart models. The equilibrium data was best represented by the Yoon and Nelson model having the highest correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9751. This suggest that Activated periwinkle shell char is a potential adsorbent for heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. Keywords: activated, adsorption, char, periwinkle.

Experimental and theoretical studies of 2-cyano-N-(4-morpholinobenzyldine) acetohydrazide as corrosion inhibitor for galvanized steel and 304 stainless steel in 1M H2SO4 solution

Experimental and theoretical studies of 2-cyano-N-(4-morpholinobenzyldine) acetohydrazide as corrosion inhibitor for galvanized steel and 304 stainless steel in 1M H2SO4 solution

Biowaste-originated heteroatom-doped porous carbonaceous material for electrochemical energy storage application

Here, a unique heteroatom-doped spongy carbonaceous material from dwarf banana peel has been synthesized successfully using the one-step hydrothermal method. The discarded banana peel was reused as a carbon source for the formation of heteroatom-doped porous carbon. This biowaste-derived heteroatom-doped porous carbonaceous material (BH-PCM) has plenty of interconnected pores with an acceptable surface area of 213m2g−1. Thoroughly characterized BH-PCM has been used as electrode material for supercapacitor using a three-electrode system with an aqueous 1M H2SO4 solution. The as-synthesized BH-PCM holds an excellent specific capacitance of 137Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 and an impressive rate performance with a capacitance enduring 51Fg−1 at 5.0Ag−1. After 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, an initial capacitance of 94% was maintained. To show the practical applicability of the BH-PCM, the symmetrical two-electrode cell was fabricated and delivered the gravimetric specific capacitances of 87Fg−1 at 1Ag−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of BH-PCM towards supercapacitor was due to their high surface area, reasonable heteroatom doping rate, and a suitable degree of graphitization. This study offers a green approach for the development of environmental-friendly potential carbon-based electrode, by converting biowaste to clean/green energy.

Corrosion inhibition and statistical data of thiocarbanilide and thiocarbanilide admixed with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde on carbon steel in dilute acid media

The inhibition performance of thiocarbanilide (TD) and thiocarbanilide admixed with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (TDHM) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 and HCl acid solutions was studied through coupon measurement. Data obtained showed the optimal performance of TD is 71.69% in H2SO4 and 83.14% HCl acid solution respectively. TDHM performed more effectively with optimal inhibition efficiency of 96.77% and 97.21% in both acids. The result showed the performance of corrosion inhibiting compounds improves through synergistic interaction with other compounds. However, exposure time and inhibitor concentration strongly influenced the performance of the compounds at varying degrees. Statistical data shows the standard deviation for inhibition efficiency of the compounds was significantly higher in H2SO4 compared to HCl due to the high degree of variation analogous to exposure time and stability of the inhibitor molecules. TD and TDHM generally showed lower standard of deviation, higher mean value, lower margin of error and higher proportion of inhibition efficiency data above 70% inhibition performance. Statistical data from analysis of variance depict both exposure time and inhibitor concentration is statistically relevant, and influences the inhibition performance of TD and TDHM compounds. However, the influence of concentration is significantly limited compared to exposure time with statistical relevance values above 60%

Recovery of Potassium from Incineration Ash of Chicken Dropping (IACD) by Sulphuric Acid Leaching Followed by Adsorption Using Orange Waste Gel

Two types of leaching solution namely; aqua-regia and 1MH2SO4 were investigated for the leaching of K(I) from incineration ash of chicken dropping (IACD), in this study. SOJR and Na(I)-SOJR adsorbents were prepared from orange juice residue for the adsorption of K(I) from IACD leached liquor, which was compared with READF-(PG) and 200CT resin. The characterization of IACD leaching was done in EDX and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Aqua-regia solution completely dissolved IACD and all the adsorbents. One molar sulphuric acid (1MH2SO4) solution was optimized for effective leaching of K(I) from the IACD sample. SOJR, Na(I)-SOJR, and 200CT adsorbed K(I) from leached liquor whereas K(I) was insignificantly adsorbed onto READF-(PG). The desorption of adsorbed K(I) could be successfully done by H2SO4 solution for recovery and adsorbent regeneration for further usage. From comparisons, Na(I)-SOJR investigated in this study was found to be equally effective with a commercially available cation exchanger (200CT resin). Therefore, a new method of H2SO4 leaching of IACD followed by adsorption using Na(I)-SOJR investigated in this work can be an economic, environmentally benign, and promising technique for the recovery of K(I) ion from leach liquor of IACD.

Green Corrosion Inhibitor of Low Carbon Steel in Acidic Media by Pectin Nanoparticles Using Potentiostatic and Weight Losses Method

In the present work, corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in a 1M H2SO4 solution by pectin nanoparticles extract was studied by potentiostatic and weight loss methods. Increasing the acid concentration leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of the electrode. The variable conditions of the pectin nanoparticles used in this investigation are (2 to 10g/l at 25oC). It was found that the concentrates acts as a compelling consumption inhibitor for gentle steel in an acidic medium. The hindrance process is credited to the adsorbed film development of the inhibitor on the metal surface of that protects the metal against corrosion. It was observed that the efficiency of the inhibition rose with increased inhibitor concentration up to the maximum level of 92% for 10 g/l at 25 oC. The results showed that the corrosion rate without the inhibitor was 2.263mpy while with the inhibitor 0.179 mpy, meaning that the rate of corrosion improved more than 90%. The results of the immersion time (1 h) at 25oC on the inhibition of the corrosion also indicated improved corrosion resistance. The results demonstrated that an extract of pectin nanoparticles could serve as an excellent eco-friendly, green corrosion inhibitor. Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate that these nanoparticles contain various chemical bonds (C-C, CH2, C-O-C, and cellulose) with metal surfaces, lead to producing a barrier layer that protects the surface.

Investigation of Corrosion Response of Spark Plasma Sintered Ni-9Fe-22Cr-10Co Superalloy in Sulphuric Acid Environment

It has been established over the years that Nickel-based superalloys are very difficult to manufacture as a result of the combination of various elemental composition. In this study, elemental powders of Ni-9Fe-22Cr-10Co wt.% superalloys were synthesized via spark plasma sintering technique at sintering temperatures ranging from 850 to 1100 °C with holding time, heating rate and pressure of 5 min, 50 °C/min and 50 MPa. The microstructural analyses were performed using an optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, while phase analyses were carried out using X-ray diffractometry. The potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed in 1M H2SO4 solution at ambient temperature. Results obtained show that the densification of the alloys increased with increasing sintering temperature with optimum results obtained at a sintered temperature of 1000 °C corresponding to sintered density of 98%. Furthermore, the morphologies of the sintered compacts reveal homogenous dispersion of elemental composition with less morphological defects obtained at 1000 °C. For corrosion analysis, all sintered samples display passivation region with few fluctuations. However, sample sintered at the 1000 °C yielded more stable passivity with corrosion rate of 0.0181 mm/year.

Effect of nano TiO2-epoxy composite in bond strength and corrosion resistance of rebar embedded in micro-silica modified concrete

One of the significant drawbacks of RCC structures is Corrosion. It is a well-known term used to describe numerous interactions between a material and its surrounding environment resulting in degradation within the material properties. Reacting with ambient oxygen can cause the material to degrade by forming a more chemically stable form of oxides called Rust. A detailed literature study about the recent advances in the area of corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete has been done using nano-materials. Nano-materials can be deemed fit to be used in cement and concrete manufacture and have a wide range of applications in the civil industry. Compressive strength and ductility of concrete can be improved by blending Nano-materials in concrete. Leads to producing a very dense concrete and Decreases permeability of the concrete by micro filler effect. In the present study, nanomaterial is used in the preparation of coating material on the reinforcement bar. Higher opacity, the interaction between coating and surface, and higher durability of the coating can be achieved by adding nano-material. Different percentages of nano-TiO2 (0.5%,1%,2%) mixed with epoxy are varied to find the percentage, which gives the least rate of Corrosion. For this purpose, the specimens coated with nano-TiO2 epoxy composite are placed in two mediums such as 3.5% NaCl solution and 1M H2SO4 solution and studied the performance of corrosion resistance for every 15-day interval using LPR, Tafel plot and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS).Characteristic properties like topography, composition, and surface morphology are studied using SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. To increase the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete, so industrial by-product micro-silica has been added to the cement mix. Reinforced cylindrical specimens were cast and were tested for bond strength. For micro-silica replaced concrete mix, destructive tests like compressive strength test and tensile strength tests were conducted

Impact of Varying Bipolar Plates Having Flow-Fields on the Performance of Redox Flow Battery at High Current Density

Redox flow Cell (RFC) stores electricity in the form of chemical energy into the electrolyte. The interface of the electrode surface and electrolyte is responsible for redox reaction and resultantly increase in the state-of-charge (SOC) during charging of the cell. Dispersion of the electrolyte into the electrode (porous carbon felt) and flowrate are important parameters for the performance of the cell. A bipolar plate having flow-field is responsible to disperse electrolyte. Two different configurations of interdigitated flow-field (IFF) and serpentine flow-fields (SFF) were fabricated on the impregnated graphite bipolar plates. The performance was compared with RFC having a conventional bipolar plate without any flow-field.The as-received Fumatech FAP-450 anion exchange membrane was used. All membranes were cleaned in 1M H2SO4 solution at 80oC and stored in DI water. The as-received commercial electrolyte consisted of vanadium solution (1.6 M) was used. Graphite felt electrode (GFE) having a thickness of 4.6 mm was used with a compression ratio of 25%. GFE was boiled in 1M H2SO4 for 12 hours and kept in the same solution for 12 hours. These were washed with DI water and dried at 100oC. Afterward, GFE was thermally treated at 390oC for 12 hrs inside the furnace injected by air and then cooled down in the furnace up to room temperature. Membranes and GFE were used from the same batch for each experiment.The performance of RFC was characterized using charge-discharge cycling (CDC), impedance curves (EIS), and polarization (iV-curve). EIS performed in a range of 100mHz to 50kHz having AC perturbation of 10mV. RFC was charged from SOC of 25% to 75%. It was ensured by recording open-circuit-potential (OCP) after each cycle and the measurement of OCP was co-related with SOC values computed based on concentrations. This allows us to set the cut-off potential from 0.8V to 2.0V and it helps to remain in the safe SOC limits to avoid hydrogen evolution.EIS results of conventional (CFF), IFF, and SFF at the flowrate of 40ml.min-1 were shown in Figure 1(a). The introduction of the new bipolar plates having flow-fields has a significant effect on the area-specific resistance (ASR) which was decreased and charge transfer resistance (CTR) was almost similar. The equivalent circuit analysis of the impedance curve was shown in Figure 1(b). Ohmic & charge transfer resistance of the cell having IFF and SFF is less than conventional whereas capacitance highlighted by CPE is almost double. The effect of varying flowrate on EIS results was tested on the IFF as shown in Figure 1(c) and have a negligible effect. CDC was performed using each flow-field to assess the performance of RFC. Impact of flow-field on the capacity as a function of potential at 120mA.cm-2 having 40ml. min-1 is shown in Figure 1(d) and inset showed the average efficiency of 10 cycles. RFC having IFF reached to higher capacity and overall energy efficiency (EE) of this arrangement is also higher than SFF. However, it was observed that columbic efficiency (CE) is low, but it was the effect of membrane aging after repeated cycles. This observation was eliminated in future studies by using a fresh membrane. The impact of varying flowrate was on the capacity and EE of the RFC having IFF at 80 mA.cm-2 was shown in Figure 1(e). Best capacity and EE results were obtained by using IFF at 20 ml.min-1.Therefore, CDC was performed to check the impact of varying current density having IFF at 20ml.min-1 as shown in Figure 1(f). The current density ranging from 40 to 155mA.cm-2 was tested and EE was decreased from 85% to 60% after increasing the current density up to four times. The CE remains the same which means that no side reactions and least crossover. The voltaic efficiency (VE) was kept on decreasing gradually as the current density was increasing. To further investigate this effect polarization analysis was performed to get limiting current density and peak power as shown in Figure 1(g). It highlights that this arrangement can reach up to a higher current density of 410mA.cm-2 and peak power of 56.25W.l-1 for an RFC having 80ml of electrolyte. Overpotentials were shown in Figure 1(h). It signifies that activation overpotential is negligible, ohmic overpotential is minimum at 10ml.min-1, and mass transport overpotential is minimum at 20ml.min-1.This study highlights that optimization of bipolar plate is significant and has a considerable impact on the performance. It is not a straight-forward isolated process and future researchers need to decide about many trade-offs while optimizing even a single component of RFC. Figure 1

Preliminary Ions Removal from Synthetic Iron Solution by Zeolite and Perlite via XRF Technique

Ion removal is a long problem on natural freshwater resources. In order to modify the adsorption performance to remove ions from standard iron solution, natural zeolite and natural perlite were treated with deionized water (DI water) as D-zeolite and D-perlite. And, 1M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was used to treat the adsorbent as H-zeolite and H-perlite. The capability of ion removal was preliminarily investigated from the reduction of iron in solution by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The result showed that treatment of adsorbents with DI water was more capability than 1M H2SO4 solution.