19th Century New Research Articles

1834년 신빈민법의 이데올로기적 양면성과 그 실제

This paper seeks to trace the ideological trends surrounding the enactment of the New Poor Law and explore the essence of the act itself and the changes it brought about. The Swing Riots of 1830 sparked a substantial demand for reforming poor laws, resulting in the organisation of the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws. Edwin Chadwick, a Benthamite, and Nassau Senior, a liberal political economist, played key roles in leading the compilation of the final report of the commission that served as the foundational material for the New Poor Law. Their divergent ideological orientations translated into the dual nature of the act. Utilitarian Benthamites prioritised expanding government functions, the growth of bureaucracy, and the restructuring and rationalisation of administrative structures as needed. On the other hand, advocates of classical liberalism, who championed laissez-faire, emphasized minimizing government intervention, local autonomy, and economic individualism. The specific legal provisions of the New Poor Law and the socio-economic changes following its enactment were an exquisite compromise between these two ideologies. According to the act, a central authority specialising in poor administration was established. Locally, the parish-based Old Poor Law system was dismantled, and poor law unions took the place of parishes, establishing large joint workhouses. These structural changes clearly aligned with the direction pursued by the Benthamites. At the same time, in specific matters, the New Poor Law, however, embodied elements of classical liberalism. The newly established central authority performed only a passive supervisory role, and the operation of local unions still remained under the influence of local elites. The ultimate goal of the union workhouses was not the expected rehabilitation of or care for the poor but rather a deterrent effect. In conclusion, the 19th-century New Poor Law system encapsulated elements of classical liberalism within the Benthamite framework.

Des Herrschers neue Kleider. Rekonzeption des zhǔ 主 bzw. jūn 君 und seiner Herrschaft im klassischen und Neuen chinesischen Legalismus

Abstract This essay re-interprets the ruler and their rulership in classical Chinese Legalism (Fǎjiā 法家) and its main work, the Hán Fēizǐ 韓非子 attributed to Han Fei 韓非 (c. 280–233 BCE). The re-interpretation takes late 19th and early 20th century New Legalism’s (Xīn Fǎjiā 新法家) focus on the ruler’s instruments of governance as a starting point. My essay raises this instrumental idea to a new level by re-conceptualizing the ruler (zhǔ 主 or jūn 君) as a dynamic figure and office. First, the legalist ruler becomes procedural. Their rulership is not a static property vested in a fixed unit. Rather, the ruler must create and sustain their office by applying the three action modes: fǎ 法 (general, standardized, public laws), shì 勢 (positional power surrounding the ruler), and shù 術 (administrative tactics kept internal and secret). Secondly, the ruler becomes relative. Their rulership is not an absolute feature pertaining to one single institution or person. Rather, every unit in state hierarchy – whether monarch, minister (chén 臣), or citizen (mín 民) – can turn into a ruler with respect to other units acting as its ministers. This re-conception of rulership renders Han Feis 2,200-year-old theory of rulership a neither out-of-date nor authoritarian analytical framework. Using this framework developed by my essay, prospective analyses can potentially apply Chinese Legalism not only to Ancient China but also to other epochs and other countries, and that in various disciplines.

Contextualising Dickinson’s non-heteronormativity in Verse: A Portrayal of otherness

The study aims to place in critical perspective Dickinson’s non-heteronormative stance, adopted in selected love-poems – To Own a Susan, Title Divine is Mine, Her Breast is fit for Pearls, among others. Her cloistered life dictated by 19th century New England’s restrictive culture, together with self-imposed isolation from contemporary society, segregated her considerably. Denying the institution of marriage and consummation, she defies domination by custodians of hegemonic masculinity: such is her unambiguous proclamation of resisting docile divinity, that reduces women to positions of choiceless-ness, material and emotional subjugation. Dickinson’s letters reveal an ‘otherness,’ antithetical to age-old conceptions of Victorian Femininity. She refused to be contained by phallocentric norms, countering the ‘Angel in the Hearth’ stereotype and surpassing compulsory heterosexuality. These possibly never appealed to her psyche, sometimes revealing an extraordinary love for death – ushering in her existentialist crisis. Dickinson’s homoeroticism, being a crucial route to navigate a personality as multidimensional, anticipates 20th century Lesbian Existence. While critics examine her feminism, her erotic voice isn’t ignorable. Her impassioned, often controversial, partnership with Sue proves a direct subversion of archetypal choices invariably expected of women. The study shall probe into Dickinson’s experience and portrayal of lesbian identity within the politics of heterosexual culture. Dickinson’s “God” bears close proximity to a patriarch, who may not be violently dominant, but may reckon and revive narratives with the male-female binary unperturbed. The paper explores her treatment of ‘human body’ as a metaphor of transcendence from essentialist notions of heterosexual relations, while enquiring into circumstances behind the emergence of alternative gender ideologies and evolving survival strategies in staunchly patriarchal societies.

To Your Marrowbones All: Loan Transactions and the Law in 19th Century New South Wales

To Your Marrowbones All: Loan Transactions and the Law in 19th Century New South Wales

Reframing Landscape

Abstract “Reframing Landscape” explores three distinct landscapes that have been decisively impacted by conquest and colonization, reframed by three artistic interventions: painting, photography, and sculpture. August Earle shows us the de-forested landscape of 19th century New Zealand, still guarded by a Maori totem; Miki Kratsman photographs a wall mural in occupied Palestine that erases the presence of indigeneous people; and Antony Gormley anticipates the clearing of Manhattan by a pandemic in whirlwind of metal. Real spaces and places are converted into landscapes of attention into what has been lost and what is to come.

Dendroprovenancing: A preliminary assessment of potential to geo-locate kauri timbers in northern New Zealand

After 1840, New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) became the focus of a large-scale timber industry in the upper North Island, which converted trees into timber that was then used in construction. Cities such as Auckland and Wellington relied on importing kauri to meet local demand for construction and other uses. Kauri timbers from buildings and in-ground features, mostly in Auckland city, have been collected for tree-dating and master chronology development. Although the use of timber at archaeological sites is understood, the geographic origin of the timber from within the natural range of kauri (north of 38 °S) is largely unknown. This limits interpretation of archaeological wood and constrains use of the tree-ring data in dendroclimatology. In this paper, we consider the potential to provenance kauri timbers used in 19th and early 20th century New Zealand buildings, using a combination of documentary sources, t-value mapping, and refined statistical matching using spatial patterns of correlations. Analysis of documentary sources for a test period of 1861–1865 CE indicates that there is sufficient information about the kauri timber industry to provide a geographic context for provenancing kauri in the upper North Island. The use of t-values for provenancing may be confounded by the relatively small size of the kauri growth region and a lack of sufficient spatial differentiation in growth patterns between the sub-regions. However, a new approach of using indexed residual chronologies and field correlations has promise for geo-locating timber in a relatively small region. The research highlights the value of establishing kauri provenance to New Zealand dendroclimatology, dendroarchaeology and environmental history.

Recognition of Tikanga Māori and the Constitutional Myth of Monolegalism: Reinterpreting Case Law

Since the end of the 19th Century New Zealand’s prevailing constitutional narrative has been that New Zealand is monolegal in the sense that only state law has authority, with legislation at the pinnacle as an expression of Parliament’s sovereignty. Under this presumption, tikanga Māori only has authority when it is incorporated into state law via the rules of state law regulating accommodation. [has independent authority as a matter of tikanga but that independent authority is not recognized by the state]. In this chapter, I attempt to illustrate that it is more accurate to read cases involving tikanga Māori in accordance with a more pluralist constitutional narrative, one in which state law recognises tikanga Māori as an independent authoritative source of law in Aotearoa.

The ins and outs of acclimatisation: imports versus translocations of skylarks and starlings in 19th century New Zealand

New Zealand is home to around 40 alien bird species, but about 80 more were introduced in the 19th century and failed to establish. As most of these introductions were deliberate and documented in detail by the acclimatisation societies responsible for them, New Zealand bird invasions are often used as a model system to unravel what determines the outcome of introduction events, especially the role of propagule pressure. However, the credibility of these data was challenged recently, as different authors have reported different numbers of liberated birds. This discrepancy has several causes. Using introductions of Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) and Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) as examples, we show that the most important issue is that not all liberated birds were imported from overseas, and so import records underestimate the total propagule pressure for particular regions. There is evidence for the import to New Zealand from overseas of 361 skylarks and 619 starlings, versus at least 1491 and 1678 individuals, respectively, being translocated to other regions within the country. The majority of liberated birds in some regions of New Zealand were translocations from other parts of the country where the species had already previously established. Nelson was the main source of translocated skylarks, while Otago was the main source of translocated starlings. Canterbury, Hawke’s Bay and Wellington were the main recipient regions for these translocations. Our findings may have implications for analyses of propagule pressure, as well for studies of population genetics and spread of alien birds in New Zealand.

João Silva, Entertaining Lisbon: Music, Theater, and Modern Life in the Late 19th Century (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). x + 324 pp. £56.00

João Silva, Entertaining Lisbon: Music, Theater, and Modern Life in the Late 19th Century (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). x + 324 pp. £56.00

Digging up the un/romantic past: Reworking Popular Romance Codes in Rose Tremain’s "The Colour" and Maxine Alterio’s "Ribbons of Grace"

This article offers a comparative reading of two neo-historical novels: Rose Tremain’s The Colour and Maxine Alterio’s Ribbons of Grace, both set in 19th century New Zealand and portraying interracial love stories between British and Chinese characters in the context of the gold rush. I read these neo-historical novels in relation to the romantic conventions they simultaneously employ and subvert. My contention is that their manipulation of certain romantic narrative and thematic conventions demonstrates the porosity between the literary and the popular ends of the historical spectrum. My analysis concentrates on how each author employs the romantic material to articulate their respective political agendas. Whereas Tremain’s novel prioritises a feminist perspective and emphasises the individual dimension of the love story, Alterio’s work is more concerned with the postcolonial revision of New Zealand’s past and highlights the social consequences of the interracial liaison.

Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018.

In support of international efforts to reduce mercury (Hg) exposure in humans and wildlife, this paper reviews the literature concerning global Hg emissions, cycling and fate, and presents revised global and oceanic Hg budgets for the 2018 United Nations Global Mercury Assessment. We assessed two competing scenarios about the impacts of 16th - late 19th century New World silver (Ag) mining, which may be the largest human source of atmospheric Hg in history. Consideration of Ag ore geochemistry, historical documents on Hg use, and comparison of the scenarios against atmospheric Hg patterns in environmental archives, strongly support a "low mining emission" scenario. Building upon this scenario and other published work, the revised global budget estimates human activities including recycled legacy emissions have increased current atmospheric Hg concentrations by about 450% above natural levels (prevailing before 1450 AD). Current anthropogenic emissions to air are 2.5 ± 0.5 kt/y. The increase in atmospheric Hg concentrations has driven a ∼ 300% average increase in deposition, and a 230% increase in surface marine waters. Deeper marine waters show increases of only 12-25%. The overall increase in Hg in surface organic soils (∼15%) is small due to the large mass of natural Hg already present from rock weathering, but this figure varies regionally. Specific research recommendations are made to reduce uncertainties, particularly through improved understanding of fundamental processes of the Hg cycle, and continued improvements in emissions inventories from large natural and anthropogenic sources.

거리 영화의 전사: 제이콥 리스의 19세기 뉴욕 빈민가 사진

거리 영화의 전사: 제이콥 리스의 19세기 뉴욕 빈민가 사진

Complicating Conscience, Refreshing Discontent

The 19th Century New England author Thoreau provides an approach to conscience and unjust laws approximating that given by St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Theologiae . But the portrait of conscience given by Thoreau in the 1848 oration “Civil Disobedience” is incomplete. Thoreau’s approach is solved by accepting insights given in Part I and Part I–II of Summa Theologiae . Allowing St. Thomas’ insights requires reform of Thoreau’s civil disobedience and conscientious objection. But Thoreau’s arguments are given new life.

The Omahu Affair, the Law of Succession and the Native Land Court

This article discusses the Omahu affair, a prominent legal drama that took place in the late 19th century involving prominent Māori leaders from the Hawke’s Bay region. The case was the subject of numerous Native Land Court hearings, decisions of the ordinary courts, and ultimately a Privy Council decision in London. This article considers how tensions within the Māori community could drive cases in the Native Land Court, and explores the interconnections between that Court and the ordinary courts. It seeks to promote a more sophisticated view of the Court's role, particularly in the context of inter-Māori disputes, as well as of the complexities of legal and political affairs in 19th century New Zealand. The article also raises some questions relating to the role of elites in the Māori community, and the interconnections between Māori and European elites in 19th century New Zealand.

Taua Nākahi Nui: Māori, liquor and land loss in the 19th century

This article outlines the fraudulent practices of settler traders and land agents who employed alcohol to facilitate the alienation of Māori lands, highlighting the close relationship between Māori, liquor and land loss in 19th century New Zealand. Traders and agents developed a range of strategies, forged in Britain, tempered by colonial experience and wielded with deft precision in New Zealand to defraud Māori of their lands. Government efforts to pre-empt and prevent the worst excesses of settler crime proved ineffectual, self-defeating, paternalistic and ultimately unenforceable. Māori came to regard settler practices, the successive failure of legislation to alleviate the problem, and state connections with the liquor industry to be part of a thinly veiled conspiracy to destabilize their communities and alienate their lands. While this conclusion is highly problematic, it is likely that traders and agents had witnessed or were aware of similar practices in the settler colonies of Australia, Canada and North America, and made good use of them in New Zealand to access Māori lands.

"OFF THE RECORD: THE PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE IN 19TH CENTURY NJ"

Established in 2012, the New Jersey Studies Academic Alliance (NJSAA) Graduate Student Award recognizes excellence in graduate writing about New Jersey history. It is presented for a paper written by a graduate student that best represents significant research and writing about any aspect of New Jersey history. The 2013 award went to:Off the Record: The Production of Evidence in 19th Century New JerseyBy Jarrett M. Drake, M.S.I.AbstractOn February 1, 1812, the New Jersey General Assembly passed a law stating that in order for a slave or servant to be permanently removed out of the state, two judges of the Court of Common Pleas had to first obtain the bond person's consent to the removal. Intended to curb the rise of domestic trafficking following the 1808 Congressional ban on the international slave trade, the statute placated New Jersey abolitionists while simultaneously providing slaveholders a loophole for profitable disposal of their property. Jacob Van Wickle, a judge in Middlesex County, exploited that loophole. This paper examines documents found at the New Jersey State Archives to argue that methodical, synchronized record production by county officials engineered an illegal slave-trading cartel spanning from New Jersey to Louisiana. The records presented as evidence consent certificates and affidavits bear the appearance of authenticity yet contain muted elements of evidential rehearsal. Describing their collective rhetoric illuminates the dubious condition of their creation, the implications of which suggest that archivists must reevaluate the concept of authenticity during the appraisal process.

Study on the correlation between the American art education for the women artists and their decorative artworks in the late 19th Century's New York and Cincinnati

Study on the correlation between the American art education for the women artists and their decorative artworks in the late 19th Century's New York and Cincinnati

Reservation Subsistence: A Comparative Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of a Mashantucket Pequot and Euro-American Household

This article examines the social practices of two 19th-century Connecticut households, one of them inhabited by Mashantucket Pequots and the other by European Americans. By analyzing the plant remains left behind by the people living at these two sites, I seek to examine the subsistence and land-use strategies that they employed to successfully navigate and mitigate the challenges of life in a colonized setting. The Mashantucket Pequot are the descendants of an indigenous group known as the Pequots, who, prior to the 17th-century arrival of Dutch and English settlers, controlled a great deal of land in southern New England. After the devastating outcome of the 1630s Pequot War, the Pequots were split into two groups and allocated two distinct reservations under the oversight of the colonial government (Campisi 1990: 118–119). These new land bases consisted of small portions of the former Pequot territories. In this article I seek to reveal facets of daily practice by exploring the ways in which Mashantuckets utilized their reservation landscape in the pursuit of their subsistence goals. The study further reveals the means by which Mashantuckets implemented novel subsistence practices, such as an increased participation in regional labor markets, to replace and supplement traditional practices made cumbersome by state restrictions. This article also examines the relevance of the forest landscape to both Mashantucket Pequot and European American subsistence practices. Each of these foci will serve to challenge and complicate the myth of the destitute Indian, an historical misconception that shaped political dialogues central to the lives of New England’s indigenous people in the 19th century. The continued agency of New England’s native people in the face of colonialism has been discussed by a number of recent works (Den Ouden 2005; Cipolla, Silliman, and Landon 2007; Holmes 2007; Witt 2007; Law 2008; Mancini 2009; Silliman 2009) and is further analyzed here. However, it is important to note that the setting of 19th-century southern New England offered real challenges to the continuity of native practices and to the daily survival of every Mashantucket both on and off the reservation. The continued relevance of these issues lends political weight to this article. This study explores the concepts of cultural continuity and change, facets of identity that were major factors in the lives of both indigenous peoples and European Americans. Although both households discussed herein experienced change and continuity, their individual daily challenges forced them to experience change and continuity differently. Households on the Mashantucket Pequot reservation modified their subsistence practices to negotiate the difficult realities of reservation life. European American households in southern Connecticut similarly broadened their subsistence strategies Reservation Subsistence: A Comparative Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of a Mashantucket Pequot and Euro-American Household

On Native Title and Constitutionalism in 19th Century New Zealand: Lords of the Land. Indigenous Property Rights and the Jurisprudence of Empire, Mark Hickford

On Native Title and Constitutionalism in 19th Century New Zealand: Lords of the Land. Indigenous Property Rights and the Jurisprudence of Empire, Mark Hickford

The Creation of a Landmark: The Bishop House of College Avenue

DU R I N G the early 19th century New Brunswick was a thriving manufacturing and shipping community, and among its most prominent citizens was M r . James Bishop Jr. , a wealthy merchant who made his fortune importing and exporting between South America, Africa, Europe and New Brunswick. James Bishop Jr. , born on May n t h , 1816, was fifth-generation American and the first of two sons of James Bishop Sr. and Ellen Bennett Bishop, who married in 1816. James Sr., born in 1788, had migrated from his family's home in Woodbridge, New Jersey, to enter the shipping business in New Brunswick. In 1830 he owned a large grain depot and a dozen sloops that brought the grain from New Brunswick to New York. James Sr. also imported rubber and owned several local rubber goods factories.1 In 1839 James Jr. married Harriet McCleland, daughter of a Rutgers College professor. James Sr. died soon after, in 1845, a n d James Jr. took control of his father's enterprises. Shortly thereafter Harriet died childless. In 1850 James married 19-year-old Mary Ellis of Sing Sing, New York, and also transferred his shipping business to New York, as the railroad had made shipping from New Brunswick obsolete. Nevertheless, Bishop remained fond of his hometown, and in 1848 he purchased a desirable ten acre site along the Raritan River, between the present day College Avenue, Bishop Place, George Street and Senior St. According to a 1951 paper by William Sherman;