19th Century French Research Articles

The Muridism and Prophet Schamyl in the Works of the 19th Century French Researchers: Depping and Dulaurier

The Muridism and Prophet Schamyl in the Works of the 19th Century French Researchers: Depping and Dulaurier

Binary Numeration: From Ancient Egypt to a 19th Century French Mathematical Recreation

This article focuses on the use of base 2 in two historical contexts: ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and 19th-century France. In ancient Egypt, base 2 was central to the “duplation” algorithm to multiply two numbers. In 19th-century France, it featured in mathematical recreations by Charles-Ange Laisant and Édouard Lucas. Duplation in ancient Egypt involved doubling a number successively, leveraging the binary nature of the numbering system for rapid calculations. In France, Laisant and Lucas contributed to mathematical recreations rooted in base 2, popularizing mathematics and engaging the public. The article aims to present these historical resources, highlighting their educational potential. It suggests integrating these examples into mandatory education from age 9 onwards, offering students a practical understanding of mathematics and its history. However, specific teaching methods are left to the reader’s discretion.

At the Crossroads Between Opera and Oratorio: Biblical Themes and the 19th Century French Opera

"The present study aims to investigate the delicate border between oratorios and operas based on biblical subjects, focusing on French music. A brief analysis of the period prior to the 19th century reveals that the oratorio was not one of the most popular genres in France, allowing the genesis of various genres inspired by biblical subjects. The oratorio enjoyed a brief revival in the 18th century, leading in the 19th century to the composition of biblical operas and the dawn of genres that are at the crossroads between opera and oratorio: mystére, drame sacré, or légende sacrée, represented by works of Jules Massenet. Although traditionally referred to as oratorios, these works allowed for staged representation, due to the dramatic qualities of the librettos, which in turn allowed for the musical discourse to depart from the sobriety of the oratorio and to include certain features that are characteristic for opera. Gradually, biblical subjects began to be tackled in operas as well, as will be seen in the works of Camille Saint-Saëns and Jules Massenet, the two composers on whose works the present study mainly focuses. At the same time, biblical themes can be related to musical orientalism, but also to the fin de siècle decadent aesthetic (through their exploration of such themes as the opposition between sacred and erotic love), serving as mirror for the political, social, and religious context of the Third Republic. Keywords: opera, oratorio, Bible, orientalism, fin de siècle"

The Dramatic Model of the 19th Century French Novel

The dramatic model is associated with the entire generation at the end of the 19th century, a time of “generalized staging” with a predisposition for the spectacular. The city is perceived as a scenic place. A true phantasmagorical space, the urban space dramatizes the inhabitants who are transformed, in turn, into actors. Paris, in the 19th century, was not only the place of famous world exhibitions, it became itself an object of exhibition, thus spreading its influence over people and things. All the French novelists of the 19th century experienced theatrical training, having launched certain dramatic projects (Balzac, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Daudet, Flaubert, and Goncourt). The novel of the studied period has a visible organization, dramatic pattern, and vision associated with a time that presupposes a generalized dramatization of society. The theatrical metaphor appears frequently in the 19th century novel to denounce the hypocrisy of society which hides dubious things under honest appearances. This is the leitmotif of the realist/naturalist novel, which aims at revealing and develop realities in profusion. Social relations, places, behaviors are placed under the sign of appearance, of the mask. The itinerary of the characters consists in learning the scenic regularities behind the scenes of the sets, as well as the techniques, which precede the performance. The success of the hero is largely based on his skills to play the role. The drama of the novel speaks of the fragile boundary between genres in the 19th century and characterizes the new poetics of the novel.

Felipe Libón, the first travelling Spanish Virtuoso and his Violin Concerto No.6 (1812). A Performance Practice case study: I. Poco Allegro

One of the first Spanish virtuoso violinists to achieve international recognition, Felipe Libón enjoyed a successful performing and composing career. He worked and performed alongside other celebrated violinists: Rode, Kreutzer, and Baillot, who were founders of the so-called "19th Century French Violin School". We will experiment with applying the extensive indications of the treatises (Baillot, Campagnoli, Woldemar, Spohr, Cartier, and Libón himself) to build a performance practice case study.

Writing the Self: Interior Voyage in 19th Century French Travel Writing

Travel is a momentum to look inside that influences the travelers' existence, along with meeting and interacting with others. The self as a traveler experiences internal dynamics reflected in the travel writings. This paper analyzes five French travel writings to reveal the self-construction of travelers who explored the East in the 19th century. The analysis results show that travelers’ self-construction is divided into Enlightenment or Romantic subjects and true travelers or travelers as tourists. The Enlightenment subject prioritizes facts and empirical knowledge outside of the self for the broader interest. In contrast, the Romantic subject puts forward subjective and emotional attitudes in dealing with and narrating others used for personal gain. True travelers look for difficulties in other places to prove themselves in conquering the challenges. Travelers as tourists try to avoid the obstacles by seeking safety and comfort during the trip. The East as a travel destination is a space that offers difficulties in constructing and legitimizing the traveler's self-image with the attributes that society expects, such as courage and persistence. The five French travelers, both Enlightenment or Romantic subjects and true travelers or tourists, had various knowledge of the others due to factors such as the purpose of the trip, profession, social status, and duration of the trip. Knowledge of the others and self-disclosure narrated in travel writings manifest the French travelers’ power to control and manage themselves and represent the Other.

A statistical analysis of the catalogues and criticism of the 19th-century Paris Fine Art Salon: The emergence of titling in the French art world

Abstract The dominant institution in the French art world for the display of new art for most of the 19th century was the Paris Salon. Artistic reputations depended upon showing works at the Salon, and critics made their names through writing about the event. In this article, statistical analysis of the contents and structure of the catalogues of the Salon and of Salon criticism is utilized to understand how the practice of titling new paintings emerged and was adopted in the 19th-century French art world. My work shows how statistical methods can be used to investigate practical and conceptual change, and problematizes accounts of the emergence of titling given by earlier authors. There are also methodological lessons for those working in the digital humanities from the approach adopted in this article.

The Phenomenology of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Comparison with “Primary Mental Confusion” in Late 19th Century French Psychiatry

Although various studies have been conducted on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis since it was first reported in 2007, few studies have closely examined its clinical course. We analyzed 47 case reports of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis that detailed its clinical course. The results of our study supported the clinical course proposed by Iizuka et al. From the results, it is suggested that the phenomenological features understood as indicative of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis include: (1) antecedent common cold-like symptoms (31.9%) in the prodromal phase, (2) delirium or acute confusional state (65.9%), (3) symptoms considered to be sudden personality changes (40.4%) in the psychotic phase, (4) central hypoventilation (14.9%) in the unresponsive phase, (5) motor disturbances (57.4%), and (6) autonomic symptoms, mainly without fluctuations (48.9%), in the hyperkinetic phase. These features were found to be similar to "primary mental confusion" (confusion mentale primitive) in French psychiatry in the late 19th century. We believe that classical psychiatry can contribute considerably to the interpretation of biological research results.

Representation of Jews and Anti-Jewish Bias in 19th Century French Public Discourse: Distant and Close Reading.

We explore through the lens of distant reading the evolution of discourse on Jews in France during the XIX century. We analyze a large textual corpus including heterogeneous sources—literary works, periodicals, songs, essays, historical narratives—to trace how Jews are associated to different semantic domains, and how such associations shift over time. Our analysis deals with three key aspects of such changes: the overall transformation of embedding spaces, the trajectories of word associations, and the comparative projection of different religious groups over different, historically relevant semantic dimensions or streams of discourse. This allows to show changes in the association between words and semantic domains (referring e.g. to economic and moral behaviors), the evolution of stereotypes, and the dynamics of bias over a long time span characterized by major historical transformations. We suggest that the analysis of large textual corpora can be fruitfully used in a dialogue with more traditional close reading approaches—by pointing to opportunities of in-depth analyses that mobilize more qualitative approaches and a detailed inspection of the sources that distant reading inevitably tends to aggregate. We offer a short example of such a dialogue between different approaches in our discussion of the Second Empire transformations, where we mobilize the historian’s tools to start disentangling the complex interactions between changes in French society, the nature of sources, and representations of Jews. While our example is limited in scope, we foresee large potential payoffs in the cooperative interaction between distant and close reading.

Bible Study as Luminous Converting Encounter: Swiss Pietist Initiatives in 19th-Century French Canada

This article examines the understanding and use of Scripture in the evangelistic endeavors of “awakened” pietistic francophone Swiss Protestant missionaries in 19th-century French Canada (after 1867, Quebec). It begins by sketching the roots of this transatlantic initiative in Le Réveil, the Continental francophone expression of the Second Evangelical Awakening. It then shows how within this movement historic Protestant Bible-centeredness converged with an intensified pietistic expectation that receptive contemplation of Scripture (especially in conversational settings) could evoke profoundly experiential and transforming encounters with the divine. The records of the Swiss missionaries also display a mystic-like apprehension of Scripture’s luminosity, and of conversion as a comprehensively illuminating and radiant experience. This account challenges the assumption that mystical tendencies necessarily lead to privatized spirituality, while illustrating how a distinct form of evangelical spirituality stimulated missionary endeavor and shaped missionary practice.

Tourism-in-literature: Existential comfort, confrontation and catastrophe in Guy De Maupassant's short stories

This paper sets out the tourism-in-literature research approach and applies to the intersection between existentialism and tourism. Illustrated is the value of reading works of literature as a means of enriching theoretical understanding within tourism studies. Reviewing selected short stories of the 19th Century French writer Guy De Maupassant, themes of existential alienation, avoidance and authenticity arise in tales involving travel. Through the unexpected events and encounters tourism allows, comforting or confrontational experiences are had by protagonists. However catastrophic developments are also catalysed. De Maupassant's writing shows a sophisticated understanding of the possibilities of travel, including an awareness of the darker and unpredictable possibilities of tourism. Complemented is a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between existentialism and tourism.

On the rise of domain adverbials in Italian: the history of the -mente parlando construction

This paper investigates the history of -mente parlando, a construction that can be used in modern Italian either as a style disjunct (e. g. rigorosamente parlando ‘strictly speaking’) or as a domain adverbial (e. g. economicamente parlando ‘economically speaking’). This functional difference will be accounted for synchronically as a case of constructional polysemy, with different semantic types of adjectives (mainly relational vs non-relational) occurring in the -mente slot leading to a different reading of the whole construction. Diachronically, the constructional polysemy appears to be the result of a metonymic shift from the older STYLE reading to the newer DOMAIN interpretation. A corpus-based investigation will analyze the syntactic, pragmatic and discursive conditions from which the different uses arose. While both variants are attested from the 14th century on, a massive expansion of domain adverbials formed by -mente parlando is observed only in the first half of the 19th century, a tendency which can be explained as a new fashion for “rationalist” discourse organization and which corresponds to similar evolutions described for 19th-century English, French and Spanish.

Largonji des Loucherbems: An Optimality-Theoretic analysis of a 19th century French

AbstractThis paper provides a novel Optimality Theoretic analysis of the 19th century French secret language Largonji. While Largonji is a reversal game, we show that it is a type not previously described, in which the first onset that is not an /l/ reverses, even if it is not at an edge. Thus, traditional approaches to reversal games, such as cross-anchoring, do not work for Largonji. However, our account does not require direct reference to onsets. Instead, it is based on preservation of moraic structure, combined with alignment of a Largonji-specific prefix. Though suprasegmental faithfulness has been noted previously in language games, the present account implements it in Optimality Theory for the first time. Further, in analyzing the Largonji affix as a prefix that is sometimes realized as an infix, we suggest that Largonji provides additional evidence that language games can reflect cross-linguistic patterns not present in the base language.

Characteristics of the 19th Century French Opera reflected in the Works of Saint-Saëns and Bizet

Characteristics of the 19th Century French Opera reflected in the Works of Saint-Saëns and Bizet

19세기 프랑스 출판문화와 귀스타브 도레의 삽화 작업에 대한 미학적 고찰

19세기 프랑스 출판문화와 귀스타브 도레의 삽화 작업에 대한 미학적 고찰

Characteristics of Reading Texts in 18th and 19th Century French Prepared Transcription Monuments

18. ve 19. asırlarda, yabancı dil olarak
 Türkçenin öğretiminde hazırlanan kitaplara bakıldığında, Türklerin yazdıkları
 eserler yerine, ağırlıklı olarak medeniyet, diplomasi ve ticaret dili olan
 Fransızca ile kaleme alınmış eserler çıkar. Bu eserlerde ağırlıklı olarak
 gramer kuralları bulunur. Kelime merkezli bir anlatım söz konusudur.
 Bazılarında okuma metinleri verilmiştir. Bu metinleri eserdeki yerine, yapısına
 ve içeriğine göre incelemek gerekir. Eserlerin çoğunda müstakil metinden ziyade
 cümleler ve diyaloglar verilmiş; pek azında okuma metinleri sunulmuştur. Okuma
 metinleri incelenirken, metinler yapı, içerik ve tür olarak ana bölümü
 oluşturur; yapı içinde cümle ve metin alt bölümü, içerik içinde dini ve dünyevi
 konular alt bölümü, tür içinde diyalog, atasözü, fabl-fıkra, manzum, mensur
 türler alt bölümü belirlenmiştir. Bunlar tasnif edildikten sonra metin
 kapsamında fabllar-fıkralar, manzum metinler ve mensur metinler içerikleri
 bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak transkripsiyon anıtlarındaki okuma
 metinlerinde özellikle resmi yazışma öğretiminin öncelendiği, iki tanesinde
 akademik özellikli okuma öğretimi bulunduğu, okuma metni başlığı altında
 bazılarında ileri düzeyde metinler bazılarında ise kolay metinler sunulduğu
 görülmüştür. 

Preserving and Sharing the Popular Music of the Past: A Case Study in Conservation of a Nineteenth-Century Sheet Music Collection

ABSTRACTIn this case study, we examine the conservation strategies created for the 19th-Century French Sheet Music Collection at the Marvin Duchow Music Library, McGill University. Many pieces in the collection were glued to acidic cardboard backings by the original collector, which both harmed the sheet music and obscured important information. Thus, prior to digitizing the collection, these backings needed to be removed without harming the fragile items themselves. Drawing on relevant conservation literature, we present the conservation work procedure (in particular, two aqueous cleaning methods) developed in consultation with an outside expert in the field of conservation.

19세기 후반 프랑스 공예도안의 동양요소와 일본의 수용 : 디자이너 에밀 라이버와 크리스토플社의 금속공예도안을 중심으로

19세기 후반 프랑스 공예도안의 동양요소와 일본의 수용 : 디자이너 에밀 라이버와 크리스토플社의 금속공예도안을 중심으로

Recepción de Jules Barbey d’Aurevilly en España

One of the most unknown works today by Barbey d’Aurevilly, whose material history is notably complex, gained instant recognition in the Spanish fiction panorama. Ce qui ne meurt pas (1884), that same year of the second edition, became Lo que no muere, published by Ricardo Perez (Madrid, El Cosmos Editorial). This article presents the results of a first study about the history of Barbey’s reception in Spain, centring on this remarkable novel and based on the editorial history of the original work and its translation to trace the history of its reception, especially from the 19th and early 20th century French and Spanish periodical sources.

Noir: The Romance of Black in 19th-Century French Drawings and Prints

Noir: The Romance of Black in 19th-Century French Drawings and Prints