18th Street Research Articles

“What Blood Unites, the Sea Shall Not Divide”: Bohemian Day at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893

“What Blood Unites, the Sea Shall Not Divide”: Bohemian Day at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893

Sculpting Time: Sara Rudner in Her Studio

Sculpting Time: Sara Rudner in Her Studio

Sprouts for Life: Eco-Feminism and Performance

Sprouts for Life: Eco-Feminism and Performance

The 1891 International Copyright Act: Lobbying Behind the Scenes

The 1891 International Copyright Act: Lobbying Behind the Scenes

“A Bubble of Happiness and Visionary Beauty”: The Mystical Feminist Art of Barbara Mendes

“A Bubble of Happiness and Visionary Beauty”: The Mystical Feminist Art of Barbara Mendes Judith Margolis (bio) A recurring touchstone of Barbara Mendes’s art is the no-holds-barred inclusion of EVERYTHING. In hyper-detailed colorful paintings and black-and-white comicstrip drawings, Barbara delivers visionary spiritual narratives intertwined with a mix of irreverent, “big-mouthed” (her description), forthright, in your face, telling-it-like-it-is stories. Unexpected and moving is the relentless desire for communication with the Divine—an inclination that is personal, authentic, sincere and, it turns out, stupendously entertaining. Mendes, who lived the “Earth Mother” counterculture life in Southern Oregon, uses sequenced drawings to depict life lessons drawn from Bible stories, scenes from her Ashkenazi relatives’ lives and her own rural 1970s West Coast hippie life. Her ability to elucidate the commonalities in these experiences brings a juicy authenticity to her images.1 Barbara tells her story by way of a pungent crossover of fine art painting and outrageously intricate Comix-style drawings, laced with feminist woman-centered consciousness, goddesses and psychedelic imagery. Her personal narrative, woven throughout, reveals how crucial choices made under the combined influence of peyote and yeshiva learning have informed her life and her art. After attending art school in Manhattan, Mendes, born and raised in the New York metropolitan area in a secular family with proud Russian and Sefardi Jewish roots, set off on a life journey that would include San Francisco, southern Oregon and Los Angeles—coinciding in astonishing ways with my own diasporic journey, which began in the Bronx, New York and suburban New Jersey. What was the likelihood that we would both go from being rural counterculture farmers to becoming Torah-observant Jews? When she was living in the tiny town of Kerby, Oregon, I was living just a few miles away, on a commune in Takilma. Yet we only met in Los Angeles in 2009, when I was artist-in-residence at The 18th Street Art Center in Santa Monica and co-curating Women of the Book, an International Women’s Torah Midrash project. My friends Abby Yasgur and Joey Lipner had collaborated [End Page 149] in writing Max Said Yes, about the iconic music festival of Woodstock, and Barbara’s illustrations for it attracted my attention. I recruited her for Women of the Book, resulting in the inclusion of her colorful, psychedelic painting for the Torah portion of Kedoshim (Leviticus 19:1–20:27) in that body of work. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Barbara Mendes, cover illustration for Abby Yasgur and Joseph Lipner, Max Said Yes (Los Angeles: Change the Universe Press, 2009). In her mural laying out the ten Torah portions (parashot) in the book of Vayikra (Leviticus), Mendes the utopian visionary demonstrates her enthusiastic and passionate attention to detail, as she describes in pictures how to be holy and how to [End Page 150] be like God. Her drawings convey her complete immersion in the specifics of these stories. She told me in conversation: Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 3. Barbara Mendes, illustration in Abby Yasgur and Joseph Lipner, Max Said Yes. The Queen of Cosmos’s shawl is the moon and stars. In retelling the story, I suggest moral improvement by showing the people not only giving money to the poor, but giving a whole meal. The mural shows what should be, going beyond “not putting a stumbling block before the blind” to helping the disabled. I won’t name names, but in depicting evil, I based the details on real people with real flaws. [End Page 151] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 4. Barbara Mendes, Vayikra mural. 2009. Oil on canvas. 72" × 192". Collection of the artist. [End Page 153] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 5. Barbara Mendes, Vayikra mural, detail. Now “lapsed from observance,” as she puts it, Mendes remains deeply engaged in Jewish life, learning and culture. At the same time, her deeply feminist consciousness just won’t let her alone: [End Page 154] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 6. Barbara Mendes, Vayikra mural, detail. I see the Queen of Cosmos everywhere...

Gangs, Labor Mobility and Development

We study how two of the world’s largest gangs—MS-13 and 18th Street—affect economic development in El Salvador. We exploit the fact that the emergence of these gangs was the consequence of an exogenous shift in American immigration policy that led to the deportation of gang leaders from the United States to El Salvador. Using a spatial regression discontinuity design, we find that individuals living under gang control have significantly less education, material wellbeing, and income than individuals living only 50 meters away but outside of gang territory. None of these discontinuities existed before the emergence of the gangs. The results are confirmed by a difference-in-differences analysis: after the gangs’ arrival, locations under their control started experiencing lower growth in nighttime light density compared to areas without gang presence. A key mechanism behind the results is that, in order to maintain territorial control, gangs restrict individuals’ freedom of movement, affecting their labor market options. The results are not determined by exposure to violence or selective migration from gang locations. We also find no differences in public goods provision.

Hardening the Border

Hardening the Border Stefano Bloch The frontier between the united States and Mexico has been hardening since 1848. More than forty pillars were constructed at regular intervals along the U.S.-Mexico border, starting with markers placed at the Pacific Ocean in California, at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado Rivers in Arizona, and on through New Mexico until surveyors reached the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the angular line became a river in Texas. These modest stone structures were built to be seen from across the desert floor, to physically demarcate and concretize a long-standing political concept of state-hood and legal division brought about by war, justified through legal treaty, and upheld through threats of violence, both physical and economic. The hardening of the border has continued for more than 150 years, manifesting as makeshift gates, imposing signage, and corrugated metal fences. But in recent years the border has managed to get even harder. This hardening is not just a result of concrete walls or bollard fencing, and it is not just the result of increased military presence or enhanced surveillance technology. Rather, the hardening of the border has been accomplished through a hardening of rhetoric and terminology concerning who crosses the line. The language of border (in)security not only acts as a deterrent for those who might cross, but it works to harden those who do. A hardened border suggests that only hardcore migrants and hardcore smugglers will take such hardcore chances. And it is these hardened humans who will suffer hard deaths under the hot sun of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. Those who do survive to make it into U.S. cities and suburban communities are ontologically transformed by the rhetoric of border (in)security into “hardcore gang bangers” upon arrival. Even those who crossed as children cannot lose their hard edge and are therefore denied the protections and respect [End Page 264] that their hard-working counterparts once received. The creation of the less-than-human gang banger helps fuel the need for a fictional narrative that tells a story about 2,000 miles of impenetrable border wall that only monsters can traverse. The misapplication of the “gang member” label reveals its absurdity when applied to those who, as children, managed to cross that physical behemoth before being entered into gang databases and later denied DACA protections as “priority one threats to national security.” Once denied such currently fleeting protections, these kids are slated for deportation as much for being illegal as for being so-called gang bangers. In fact, according to an audit of the California State Gang Database known as CalGang, of the 150,000 identified gang members in the state, a disproportionate number are undocumented Mexicans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, and Salvadorans, thousands of whom are under the age of eighteen, and hundreds under the age of one. Of those infants entered in the gang database by local law enforcement in so-called sanctuary cities across California, dozens of them are purported to have “admitted to being gang members,” according to the California State Auditor (2016). The renewed application and use of the gang label has become part of the renewed rhetoric about border (in)security and the stepped-up fight against illegal immigrants. Although street gang membership has been on a steady decline for two decades, just as crime rates in the U.S. have plummeted from their all-time high during the early 1990s, gangs such as 18th Street and MS13, which started on the west side of downtown Los Angeles during the 1960s and 1980s, respectively, are being seen as Latin America’s most sinister and growing imports, which only a high and powerful wall can stop. Many so-called gang members are categorized as such without actual gang membership, let alone violent criminality, but based on superficial indicators, including what law enforcement perceives to be gang-related gait, argot, fashion sense, address, pheno-type, place of birth, and of course, immigration status. Like the prototypical gang member, the border wall prototypes currently sitting outside of Otay Mesa, California, need never do more than exist symbolically to provide the requisite level of (in)security. The...

Parallel Citizenship: Southern Californian Latino Gangs and their Concept of Citizenship

For Salvadorans who relocated to the United States, the marginalization imposed by American society, the victimization enacted by Mexican gangs, and their negative experience with El Salvador’s practice of citizenship brought them to create the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and modify 18th Street gangs in the neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Living on the fringes of society, they were kept from attaining the social, civil, and economic benefits of a liberal democratic model of citizenship. This paper claims that, in order to survive, they took it upon themselves to create a parallel model of citizenship, combining anarchism with “citizenship as agency” under the gang structure. Following Philip Oxhorn’s analysis of models of citizenship, this study examines how Salvadoran refugees came to create such alternative citizenship in the framework of the MS-13 and 18th Street gangs. Analysis asserts that the structure and development of membership in the gangs is not a coincidence, but rather a response to their marginalization, negative experience of state citizenship, and their participation in public arenas modeled as an extension of social contracts. Understanding the views of these, now transnational, gangs in terms of citizenship can aid policymakers and Central American governments as they approach these groups, eliminating violence and promoting development.

San Francisco Has Culinary Delights for All Tastes and Budgets

San Francisco Has Culinary Delights for All Tastes and Budgets

Barriers Beyond Clinical Control Affecting Timely Hospital Discharge for a Patient Requiring Guardianship

Received June 30, 2014; revised July 22, 2014; accepted July 22, 2014. From Behavioral Health Services, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY (JJC); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH (JJC, AK, CTF); Care Management, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH (YS). Send correspondence and reprint requests to Jasper J. Chen, M.D., M.P.H., Behavioral Health Services, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, 2600 East 18th Street, Cheyenne, WY, 82001; e-mail: jjchencheyenne@gmail.com & 2015TheAcademy of PsychosomaticMedicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Authors’ contribution: J.J. Chen oversaw the case report in its entirety and is fully responsible for content. Y. Stevens Neirman provided substantial critical review of the article. A. Kwon provided substantial critical review of the article. C.T. Finn provided substantial critical review of the article. Introduction

Space of Detention: The Making of a Transnational Gang Crisis between Los Angeles and San Salvador by Elana Zilberg (review)

Reviewed by: Space of Detention: The Making of a Transnational Gang Crisis between Los Angeles and San Salvador by Elana Zilberg Ellen Moodie Elana Zilberg, Space of Detention: The Making of a Transnational Gang Crisis between Los Angeles and San Salvador. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011. 360 pp. “I don’t do gangs,” Elana Zilberg used to say, almost plaintively, to fans who approached her after one of her many eloquent conference presentations on Salvadoran youth and migration. Nonetheless, like Philippe Bourgois and crack in 1980s Spanish Harlem, she ended up “forced into [gangs] against [her] will” (1996:1). Also like Bourgois, she has written a riveting account of how (mostly) young men become discarded in the context of another economic and political transition. Perhaps unlike Bourgois, however, she remains a reluctant ethnographer, uncomfortable representing Weasel, Gato, Sleepy, and other members and former members of gangs such as La Mara Salvatrucha (MS or MS-13) and the 18th Street Gang. Hence, readers may not find the expected account of la vida loca (the crazy life) in Space of Detention—but most will undoubtedly finish this beautifully written book with an intimate understanding of the capillaries of millennial capitalism and US-American Empire. Bourgois did worry about how to render marginalized young New York Puerto Ricans in his In Search of Respect, not wanting to reiterate damaging stereotypes, but also refusing to sanitize “the suffering and destruction that exists on inner-city streets” (1996:12). Zilberg, who turned to anthropology after years as a Los Angeles-based immigration advocate and activist during El Salvador’s civil war, expresses similar anxiety. She laments the “excited and frenetic” action-movie style of many documentaries (226), and wonders if academics and activists have unwittingly contributed to the production of a “transnational gang crisis” (236–237). For her part, she examines how the US and El Salvador are linked through neoliberal “securityscapes,” a concept she updates as “patterns of circulation that [End Page 325] result from the effort of states and police to control the mobility of subjects considered to be dangerous, in this case gang youth and immigrants” (3). Again like Bourgois, Zilberg accepts that criminalized youth can be agents in their own “demonization.” She, too, is interested in the structures that trap them. She is concerned with “the power of law and law enforcement in producing and reproducing crime” (9). Ultimately, she explores a discursive “gang-crime-terrorism continuum” that chokes hope for stigmatized youth across the Americas. Law’s transnational mobility propels much of the action in this book. Versions of zero-tolerance and the USA Patriot Act flow between the US and El Salvador, as imaginaries of terrorist Others become as flexible as ideal-type postindustrial workers, all in the service of capital. Following trajectories of law, discourse, and human beings, Zilberg situates the first half of the book in Los Angeles, the second in San Salvador. The sites inevitably bleed into each other. Take one of the earliest moments in the book, the 1992 LA riots, which exploded after four police officers were acquitted of beating motorist Rodney King despite video of the incident. Zilberg reminds us that in the courtroom, the police defense played up Rodney King’s dangerous mobility, depicting him as “hyperactive and subversively mobile,” speeding in his car and then refusing to be still while cops thrashed him (63). Then she shows us how this same kind of transgressive mobility was hitched to figures featured in media coverage of the riots: Latino looters frequently (rightly or not) portrayed as undocumented Salvadorans—many of whom had fled civil war at home. Zilberg argues that such visions have helped drive wars on crime and immigrants (a process that has only intensified post-9/11). Anti-immigrant and anti-crime initiatives followed the riots (California’s Propositions 184 and 187), key parts of which found their way into two 1996 federal laws: the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Beholden to a neoliberal notion of the “responsibilization” of the individual, these acts turn even a nonviolent crime such as a DUI into an “aggravated felony.” Applied retroactively, and often...

Chicanas of 18th Street: Narratives of a Movement from Latino Chicago

Chicanas of 18th Street: Narratives of a Movement from Latino Chicago

Review: Chicanas of 18th Street: Narratives of a Movement from Latino Chicago, by Leonard G. Ramírez

Review: <i>Chicanas of 18th Street: Narratives of a Movement from Latino Chicago</i>, by Leonard G. Ramírez

Roots and Wings

Journal of School HealthVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 155-158 Roots and Wings Susan Frelick Wooley PhD, CHES, Corresponding Author Susan Frelick Wooley PhD, CHES Executive Director, ([email protected]), Directors of Health Promotion and Education, 1015 18th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036.Susan Frelick Wooley, Executive Director, ([email protected]), Directors of Health Promotion and Education, 1015 18th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036.Search for more papers by this author Susan Frelick Wooley PhD, CHES, Corresponding Author Susan Frelick Wooley PhD, CHES Executive Director, ([email protected]), Directors of Health Promotion and Education, 1015 18th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036.Susan Frelick Wooley, Executive Director, ([email protected]), Directors of Health Promotion and Education, 1015 18th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036.Search for more papers by this author First published: 04 March 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00680.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume82, Issue4April 2012Pages 155-158 RelatedInformation

The Neubauer-Joyce Collection (review)

Reviewed by: The Neubauer-Joyce Collection Richard J. Gerber (bio) The Neubauer-Joyce Collection, a sales exhibition of 149 Joyce books, letters, photographs, and manuscripts held at Glenn Horowitz Bookseller, Inc., 7 West 18th Street, New York, New York, and 87 Newtown Lane, East Hampton, New York, Summer 2012. The Neubauer-Joyce Collection and sales exhibition, mounted this past summer in New York, must surely represent the most impressive treasure trove of works by and related to James Joyce ever to have been assembled and brought to market. But it is the magnitude of this collection’s literary importance, more than its amazing monetary levels, that made the sale so remarkable. The press announcement for the exhibition was succinct: “Joyce material for sale individually and on view by appointment throughout the summer in the Manhattan offices and East Hampton, Long Island gallery of Glenn Horowitz Bookseller.” Upon spotting this notice, my wife and I, prospective viewers if not buyers, happily began making plans for a day trip to the city and the possibility of an overnight stay at the beach. The majority of the Neubauer-Joyce Collection was found in the Flatiron District of the city, just a few doors west of Fifth Avenue. Racked along the front wall of a full sixth-floor office space, the books were individually slipcased or boxed while the letters, photographs, [End Page 784] and manuscripts were safely protected in plastic and placed in binders resting on a nearby table. The collection includes Joyce’s letters, photos, signed and inscribed copies of each of his books, books from his personal library, contracts and correspondence related to Joyce and his books from his publishers, other books signed and inscribed to and from Joyce and his literary colleagues, and items from his brother Stanislaus and wife Nora. In short, the Neubauer-Joyce Collection represents the best Joyce collectibles that about $5 million dollars could buy. My first instinct was to remove from the rack each of the signed and inscribed copies of Joyce’s books and to look at the signatures. Then I paged through Joyce’s handwritten letters, several of which were unpublished. But, ultimately, I balanced on my fingertips a single small sheet of plastic-protected paper, a manuscript fragment note of just seven penciled lines, twenty-nine words in all, a variant description of Blazes Boylan from “Sirens” (U 11.524–27). Joyce’s handwriting on this page was more uneven than usual, probably related to the eyesight problems he was experiencing at the time. The note was priced at (take a breath!) $125,000. But there was more to be had from this exhibit, much more, so I gently brushed a single grain of sand off the document’s plastic protector and carefully placed the item back into its binder. As any book- and ephemera-show visitor knows, attendance at a sales exhibition, even one of high quality, is not necessarily an exciting experience. Of course, the opportunity to see and closely examine these items—many of which Joyce personally handled and which are now worth (in several cases) hundreds of thousands of dollars—obviously comes with a certain amount of frisson. What I wish to say is that the display of the material exhibited here was only part of what was dazzling. In fact, as with all outstanding exhibits, the most thrilling aspect of a show like this one is a well-written catalog that provides a compelling back story for each of the items on sale. A good catalog can immeasurably enhance one’s appreciation of a show, while also adding significantly to one’s knowledge of the subject matter. A specialized catalog explains how a collection is organized and opens windows into the material; such is the case with the Neubauer-Joyce Collection catalog.1 Alexander (Sandy) Neubauer, who assembled this collection relatively recently (mainly between 1998 and 2010), is an author and editor. He wrote the preface to the 148-page hard-cover catalog that serves as a fascinating guide to the exhibition. In it, he notes that each showcased item comes with “its own character and history” (Collection 7). Since collectible Joyce material has consistently commanded increasing...

Discipline and Punish? Youth Gangs' Response to ‘Zero‐tolerance’ Policies in Honduras

The response of youth gangs to "zero tolerance" policing in Honduras are examined with respect to territoriality. Focusing on two main gangs, the Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street Gang, the ways in which state authority is challenged are assessed from an analysis of body territoriality, the respatialisation of organisational structures across urban neighbourhoods, and the production of new enclosed spaces of gang territoriality. These redefinitions of group territoriality strengthen the emotional bonds and sense of belonging towards the gang, enabling the emergence of a transnational/imagined community.

Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2009

Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2009

No boundaries: transnational Latino gangs and American law enforcement

No Boundaries is a former journalist's disturbing account of what many consider the 'next Mafia' - Latino crime gangs. Like the Mafia, these gangs operate an international network, consider violence a matter of routine business, and defy U.S. law enforcement at every level, from city police departments to federal agencies. Also like the Mafia, the gangs spawn kingpins such as the notorious Nelson Varela Martinez Comandari, the man who nearly became the first 'Latin godfather' in the United States.Focusing on the Los Angeles-based Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street Gang, and the Chicago-based Latin Kings, Tom Diaz describes how neighborhood gangs evolved into extremely brutal, sophisticated criminal enterprises. In tandem with this story, he tells how local and federal authorities have struggled to suppress the gangs. As Diaz makes clear, however, the problem of transnational Latino gangs is not merely a law-and-order problem. It involves complex national issues, such as racial tensions and immigration policy, as well as conflict in Latin America, world economic pressures, and other global forces.

BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION: VISUAL PROGNOSIS

University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Canada Original study reprint requests: John O. Mason III, Retina Consultants of Alabama, 700 South 18th Street, Suite 707, Birmingham, AL. E-mail address: [email protected].

Collaborative Mental Health Care in Rural and Isolated Canada: Stakeholder Feedback

This article presents research findings from the Rural and Isolated Working Group, one of six groups established by the Canadian Collaborative Mental Health Initiative (CCMHI). Funded through Health Canada's Primary Health Care Transition Fund, the goal of the CCMHI is to improve the mental health and well-being of Canadians by increasing collaboration among primary health care and mental health care providers, consumers, families, and caregivers. Qualitative data obtained from mental health care providers and consumers across all regions of Canada are presented in this article. Policy and regulation problems, barriers to mental health care access, service providers' perspectives of the challenges to consumer involvement, and solutions for addressing these issues are discussed. The article concludes by identifying how this research has informed and influenced initial steps toward mental health promotion and treatment of mental illness in rural and isolated Canada.