17th Century Korean Research Articles

Metagonimus yokogawai Ancient DNA Recovered from 16th- to 17th-Century Korean Mummy Feces of the Joseon Dynasty.

Metagonimiasis is foodborne intestinal parasitism occurring by the definitive hosts' ingestion of raw or undercooked fish, mostly commonly sweetfish. Most Metagonimus infection is caused by Metagonimus yokogawai but also rarely by Metagonimus takahashii as well as Metagonimus miyatai. Despite recent molecular work on Metagonimus spp., there are still insufficient data to reveal the genetic characteristics of ancient M. yokogawai in a wide geo-historical scope. In this study, we were successful in the analysis of M. yokogawai ancient DNA (aDNA) using coprolite samples retrieved from 16th- to 17th-century Korean mummies. In BLAST and phylogenetic analyses, M. yokogawai 28S rDNA of Korean mummies were clustered along with the 28S rDNA taxa of M. takahashii and M. miyatai in GenBank. Conversely, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of M. yokogawai aDNA from Korean mummies was distinctly clustered apart from M. takahashii and M. miyatai sequences. This study is the first report of its kind to identify M. yokogawai aDNA retrieved from the archaeological specimens and confirms the usefulness of COI in molecular diagnosis of M. yokogawai. Considering the rarity of reports on the genetics of genus Metagonimus spp., our study will be fundamental for the future study of M. yokogawai paleogenetics.

17세기 국어 이동동사 구문과 격 교체

이 글에서는 이동동사를 ‘행위주의 이동을 나타내는 동사’로 규정하였다. 전통적으로 이동동사로 분류되어 온 ‘가다’, ‘오다’를 포함하여 ‘걷다’, ‘넘다’, ‘쫓다’ 등 행위주의 이동과 관련된 논항을 취하는 동사들을 이동동사의 목록에 포함하였다. 17세기 문헌에서는 이동동사가 행위주 논항인 ‘NP1’ 외에 이동의 출발점, 도착점, 방향, 경로, 거리를 나타내는 ‘NP2에’, ‘NP2에서’, ‘NP2에게’, ‘NP2로’, ‘NP2을’ 논항을 취하여 구문을 이루었다. 더불어 15세기 문헌에서는 나타나지 않았던 이동동사 구문의 구조가 17세기에 새롭게 형성된 것을 확인하였다.<BR> 또한 17세기 이동동사 구문에서 ‘NP2’ 논항의 격 교체 양상을 살펴보았다. ‘NP2’ 논항의 격 교체가 가능하여도 취하는 격조사에 따라 논항의 의미 범위에 차이가 생긴다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 격 교체를 보이는 논항은 출발점 논항, 도착점 논항, 경로 논항이었다. 격 교체 양상이 빈번하게 나타나는 것은 아니지만 17세기에도 이동동사 구문에서 격 교체가 일어났다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

Re-purposing the Portrayal of Eminent Monks in Memorial Steles: Strategies of Identity Legitimation in 17th Century Korean Buddhism

Steles are the ultimate medium for touting the illustrious life of eminent monks. The engraved biographies of these monks on these steles are a record of the most prestigious monks and are thus representations of ideal images held at the highest esteem. In the case of Korean Buddhism, steles played an important, if not central, role in forming ideal images and identities. However, the method of constructing ideal images was by way of secular claims such as highlighting the official titles bestowed by the monarch or the great deeds in service of the state. The images of these monks were also the result of adopting the then current ideal Confucian images and virtues. <BR> Expressed differently, the claims etched on the steles of eminent monks while advancing idealistic notions were an amalgamation with situational conditions. It is clear that the secular claims were integral as a form of buttressing the claims of ideals— a tight balance of idealism and realism during the tumultuous times of enormous sociopolitical change. The conditions were such that while it was important that uniquely ideal Buddhist images were claimed, it also had to adopt images from the dominant ideology at the time, Confucianism.<BR> This paper is an attempt to bridge the ideal and pragmatic facets in the establishment of the Buddhist identity at a time of turbulent change which will provided a nuanced understanding of Buddhism set within the socio-historical setting of the late-Chosŏn period (1600–1910). While this paper focuses on epigraphical texts for the espoused images of eminent monks, it is an attempt to explain the aim of the steles and the rhetorical narratives that are contained in these texts.

17세기 도학실천론의 사상적 특징과 정치적 의미

17세기 도학실천론의 사상적 특징과 정치적 의미

Impartial, Skilled, Respect for Law: The Ancient Ideals of Civil Servants at the root of Eastern and Western Traditions

When studying civil service traditions, scholars often contrast the Eastern, Confucian tradition from the Western, Weberian tradition. A few Korean and American scholars pointed out that the two traditions are not that different. It is argued in this article that they are not, because they are both grounded in the ancient Egyptian wisdom literature about what makes a good civil servant. They are impartial in their dealings with people, the have the administrative and technical skills necessary, and they respect the rule of law. The ancient Egyptian, Confucian, and Weberian traditions are visible in the work of Yu Hyŏngwŏn, a 17th century Korean scholar and civil servant.

Postcolonializing Practical Theological Methodology as Cartography of Boundary Dynamics

AbstractThis paper conceptualizes a postcolonializing practical theological methodology that maps out the boundary dynamics of spectrality that often characterize the lived experiences on the margin of the empire. It draws from the mathematical understanding of Brownian motion that calculates the random movements of particles, as exposed by quantum mechanics, to construct an image for the postcolonializing practical theology. Then the random movement is explored through the concept of spectrality, which is engaged in dialogue with a 17th century Korean novel, Jangwha Hongryun Jeon, cultural theories and theologies.

Helicobacter pylori DNA obtained from the stomach specimens of two 17th century Korean mummies

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that grows in the stomach mucosal epithelium, and can induce gastric diseases. Although many studies on modern H. pylori genomes have been reported from all over the world, a comprehensive picture of H. pylori is still lacking. Therefore, there is a pressing need to obtain archaeological specimens and to subject the ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted therefrom to analysis. Considering the typically excellent state of preservation of Joseon mummies discovered in Korea, we thus tried to isolate ancient H. pylori DNA from their mummified stomach specimens. After screening Korean mummy stomachs containing remnant H. pylori DNA, vacA (s- and m-region) alleles were successfully identified in the stomach isolates of two samples. The H. pylori strains identified had vacA s1/m2 (Cheongdo mummy) and s1 (Dangjin mummy) alleles. This paper is significant in that it is the first report of presumptive ancient H. pylori DNA obtained from East Asian archaeological specimens. However, full characterization and exploitation of ancient H. pylori DNA remnant in Joseon mummy specimens will require subsequent investigations utilizing the most cutting-edge techniques established for the analysis of ancient intestinal-content samples, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Pretreatment with Shuanghe-Tang Extract Attenuates Postischemic Brain Injury and Edema in a Mouse Model of Stroke: An Analysis of Medicinal Herbs Listed in Dongui Bogam.

Aim Although stroke is among the leading causes of death and long-term disability, there are few effective treatments for limiting the severity of neurological sequelae. We evaluated the effects of 29 medicinal herbs listed in the Pung chapter of the 17th century Korean medical text Dongui Bogam on stroke symptoms in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced via photothrombosis. Infarct volume, brain edema, and neurological deficits were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining for tight junction proteins and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was performed following ischemic injury. Results Based on our initial findings, we examined the effects of two prescriptions in which the candidate herbs comprised more than 60% of the total formula: Shuanghe-tang and Zengsunsiwu-tang. Pretreatment with Shuanghe-tang significantly reduced infarct volume, decreased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, attenuated edema, and improved neurological and motor functions in a dose-dependent manner (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), while no such effects were observed in mice pretreated with Zengsunsiwu-tang. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant increases in ipsilateral occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) expression in Shuanghe-tang-pretreated mice, as well as increased AQP4 immunofluorescence. Conclusions These results indicate that Shuanghe-tang may protect against brain injury and promote recovery of neurological function following ischemia.

17세기 한국어의 의성어와 의태어 연구

17세기 한국어의 의성어와 의태어 연구

Paleogenetic study on the 17th century Korean mummy with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

While atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is known to be common among modern people exposed to various risk factors, recent paleopathological studies have shown that it affected ancient populations much more frequently than expected. In 2010, we investigated a 17th century Korean female mummy with presumptive ASCVD signs. Although the resulting report was a rare and invaluable conjecture on the disease status of an ancient East Asian population, the diagnosis had been based only on anatomical and radiological techniques, and so could not confirm the existence of ASCVD in the mummy. In the present study, we thus performed a paleogenetic analysis to supplement the previous conventional diagnosis of ASCVD. In aDNA extracted from the same Korean mummy, we identified the risk alleles of seven different SNPs (rs5351, rs10757274, rs2383206, rs2383207, rs10757278, rs4380028 and rs1333049) that had already been revealed to be the major risk loci of ASCVD in East Asian populations. The reliability of this study could be enhanced by cross-validation using two different analyses: Sanger and SNaPshot techniques. We were able to establish that the 17th century Korean female had a strong genetic predisposition to increased risk of ASCVD. The current paleogenetic diagnosis, the first of its kind outside Europe, re-confirms its utility as an adjunct modality for confirmatory diagnosis of ancient ASCVD.

Anatomical confirmation of computed tomography-based diagnosis of the atherosclerosis discovered in 17th century Korean mummy.

In the present study on a newly discovered 17th century Korean mummy, computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple aortic calcifications within the aortic wall that were indicative of ancient atherosclerosis. The CT-based findings were confirmed by our subsequent post-factum dissection, which exhibited possible signs of the disease including ulcerated plaques, ruptured hemorrhages, and intimal thickening where the necrotic core was covered by the fibrous cap. These findings are strong indicators that the mummy suffered from aortic atherosclerosis during her lifetime. The present study is a good example of how CT images of vascular calcifications can be a useful diagnostic tool in forming at least preliminary diagnoses of ancient atherosclerosis.

Articles : 17th Century East Asian Warfare and Korean Narrative Poetry in Classical Chinese: Telling Historical Truth through the Memories of Hostages

Articles : 17th Century East Asian Warfare and Korean Narrative Poetry in Classical Chinese: Telling Historical Truth through the Memories of Hostages

A Syntactic Study on ‘－기’ Nominal Clauses in 17th Century Korean －Function as a Object－

A Syntactic Study on ‘－기’ Nominal Clauses in 17th Century Korean －Function as a Object－

A Syntactic Study of Quotative Clauses in 17th Century Korean

A Syntactic Study of Quotative Clauses in 17th Century Korean

A Syntactic Study of Adverbial Clauses in 17th Century Korean

A Syntactic Study of Adverbial Clauses in 17th Century Korean

Pine River and Lone Peak: An Anthology of Three Chosôn Dynasty Poets. Translated, with an introduction, by Peter H. Lee. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. vii, 197 pp.

The 16th and 17th century Korean poets Chong Chol, Pak Illo and Yun Sondo were masters in the sijo (short lyric poetry) and kasa (narrative verse) forms. This new translation of their complete works includes an introduction that provides literary and cultural background, allowing the modern reader to understand the poets' continuous dialogue with tradition. The poems range from descriptions of nature to a passion for the acquisiton of virtue. The collection communicates the poets' perennial concerns with alternative modes of existence - engagement and withdrawal - and with the accommodation of the self and the world, in terms of court and country, fortune and nature, and change and repose. Taken from the pen names of Chong Chol and Yun Sondo, respectively, Pine River and Lone Peak represents work that endures in the Korean poetic tradition and has profoundly influenced later writers.