19th Century British Research Articles

Między platonikami z Cambridge a empirystami z The Royal Society - zarys filozofii Josepha Glanvilla

The article's purpose is to present the views of the 17th-century English philosopher - Joseph Glanvill. They are placed around two main intellectual tendences present in early modern English philosophy. Neoplatonism from the University of Cambridge and the empiricism of the early Royal Society. Discussing the first pool of inspirations, the author points to the typically Platonic elements in his system and the characteristic features of Glanvill’s philosophy, which may place him in the broad tradition of English Latitudinarianism. He then presents the specifics of Glanvill’s skepticism and empiricism. Glanvill’s spiritualist proposals seem to mediate between Cambridge Neoplatonism and the philosophies of the early Royal Society. They were inspired both by the specific understanding of spirit found in More’s Neoplatonic metaphysics and by certain thoughts present among early modern naturalists. In general presentation, Joseph Glanvill’s philosophical views appear as a synthesis of elements characteristic of these two approaches.

Pandemic and Pandemonium: Crisis and Chaos or New Normal?

Memories of the devastating effect of the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus during the early years of this decade have not yet faded from our mind. The catastrophic effect of the pandemic was so pervasive that other than enormous human casualties it had heralded significant changes in politics and economics all over the globe and signalled augury of lingering social, psychological and pathological effects. The changes, many of which could be reverted but have been endorsed and adapted to during and after the pandemic, are described as new normal, by this time very much normal. In this paper it is argued that while the eulogistic narratives propagated in justifying the conditions of new normal, the genesis of the idea of new normal is fundamentally embedded in the failure of the state and its machineries in combating a crisis. In support of this view, the phenomenon of pandemic is equated to the idea of pandemonium as was conceptualized by John Milton, an illustrious 17th Century English poet, in his epic poem Paradise Lost. Theoretical frameworks of different crisis theories are briskly recounted to broach an analytical approach in reconsidering the crisis caused by the pandemic a couple of years ago.

On analysing fragments: the case of No?

Abstract This paper addresses the analysis of sentence fragments, specifically the English negative polar response item no. Two main types of synchronic analysis have been proposed for present-day English – one in which yes and no are syntactically inert particles which substitute for a clause, the other in which they are the initial element of an elided clause. Using diachronic data from 15th- to 17th-century English, we argue that the emergence of a novel other-speaker question pattern involving no demonstrates that speakers of early English analysed interrogative polar no as the initial element of a clause with TP-ellipsis. This novel pattern has received little attention in the literature, yet this grammatical innovation is interesting because its emergence demonstrates how diachronic change can be used as a diagnostic for underlying grammatical structure.

Ice Cream and Water Ices in the 18th Century British Encyclopaedias

Ice Cream and Water Ices in the 18th Century British Encyclopaedias

From Tradition to Innovation: The Incorporation of Trumpet in Bɔbɔɔbɔ (Borborbor) Dance of The Ewe People

This article explores the emergence and evolution of bɔbɔɔbɔ (borborbor), a distinctive Ewe dance that originated in mid 20th century British Togoland (now the Volta Region of Ghana) and French Togoland (now Togo). Initially rooted in traditional kokomba dance forms, particularly tuidzi and akpese, bɔbɔɔbɔ rapidly integrated European military brass band instruments, notably the bugle and later the trumpet, influenced by the burgeoning popular music genre of highlife in Ghana. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Ewe communities in Ghana, this paper examines the transformative role of the trumpet within bɔbɔɔbɔ ensembles. It investigates how the trumpet’s adoption led to its unique interpretative functions, including improvised obbligatos, sampling of familiar tunes, and enhancing the rhythmic and percussive dynamics of performances. Ultimately, this study illuminates the process of indigenization of the trumpet within bɔbɔɔbɔ, highlighting themes of adoption, assimilation, and reinterpretation in the evolution of this vibrant musical tradition

Education through sport with the principle of fair play in pre-war Łódź – a city of cultural differences

The educational aspects of sports were recognized during the development of sports along with its educational values, character formation, including the adherence to the fair play principle, primarily in English schools. Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, based his philosophy of Olympism on them, aiming for the development of athletes from different nations. Łódź, a multicultural place – a "small center of games" at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, was such a place. Sport and various forms of physical activity were the foundation for bringing together people from different social, cultural, and religious backgrounds in this rapidly growing industrial city.The Western European genealogy of fair play contains elements of medieval chivalric ethos, ethical virtues of Renaissance courtiers, and the moral ideals of a 19th-century English gentleman. The supplement to the fair play idea also includes the ethical sports contexts present in the histories of local sports communities. The overview of selected documents presented in this article testifies to the significant role of sport, along with the fair play principle, in the creation of a common, multicultural, industrial city. It also encourages a brief presentation of pioneering actions aimed at popularizing sports with the fair play principle during the development of Łódź.

The Development of 18th Century British Hospitals and John Wesley’s Medical Work: Focused on Mental Illness

The Development of 18th Century British Hospitals and John Wesley’s Medical Work: Focused on Mental Illness

The Relationship between Metaphors of Addiction and Character Development in 19th Century British Novels

The 19th century marked an unprecedented period of prosperity in British literature, giving rise to numerous distinguished authors and works. During this era, the metaphor of addiction, as a unique narrative technique, established a close connection with character development. This metaphor not only deepened the portrayal of characters but also enriched the thematic content of the works, allowing readers to understand more profoundly the inner worlds and complex personalities of the characters. The use of addiction metaphors in 19th century British novels was not accidental; it reflected the societal attention to drug issues and the profound exploration of human nature. Through the symbolic element of addiction, authors could reveal the inner conflicts, struggles, and pursuits of their characters, thereby creating more dimensional and vivid character portrayals. Moreover, the development of character personalities also influenced the representation of addiction metaphors in novels. Different character personalities led to varied attitudes and responses to addiction, further enriching the connotation and expression of the addiction metaphor. Therefore, the relationship between addiction metaphors and character development is intertwined and mutually reinforcing.

The Feathered Man: The Reception of Daniel 4 in a 17th-Century English Tapestry of Nebuchadnezzar Transformed into a Beast

Abstract The imagery of Nebuchadnezzar’s divine affliction in Daniel 4 is as complex as it is fantastic. A variety of literary images interweave to present the king’s affliction in explicitly animalising terms. Despite this complexity, most visual depictions of the text focus on a largely similar image – that of Nebuchadnezzar eating grass or living naked in the wild. However, in a 17th-century English tapestry series associated with Thomas Poyntz, an altogether different scene is envisioned. Nebuchadnezzar is portrayed as fully clothed in the city of Babylon and, even more intriguingly, is explicitly depicted with both birds’ claws and feathers. This paper outlines trends in visually depicting Nebuchadnezzar’s affliction in art and then examines the tapestry’s visual portrayal of Daniel 4. In so doing, it is observed how the tapestry is distinctive in representing both the divine pronouncement and seeming enactment of this affliction in one image, as well as discerning the influence of lycanthropic interpretations of Daniel 4. Finally, this paper returns to read the biblical narrative in light of this unusual visual representation and observes how it draws the reader’s attention to two often overlooked textual features: the absence of other characters within this specific scene, and the rapidity with which Nebuchadnezzar’s affliction commences.

Hansen’s discovery of the Leprosy Bacillus: controversy over preventive measures in 19th Century British Colonial India

Hansen’s discovery of the Leprosy Bacillus: controversy over preventive measures in 19th Century British Colonial India

Duplicate Records in WorldCat for 20th-Century American, British, and Canadian Books: A Comparison of Duplication Rates and Causes

The bibliographic record duplication rates in WorldCat for 20th-century books cataloged in English and published in New York, London, and Montreal were estimated by sampling records created by Concordia University. Duplicate sets were identified according to OCLC WorldCat record merging guidelines. New York and London records had similar duplication rates, higher than those for Montreal. Changing descriptive cataloging standards, brief cataloging, and both typographical and MARC coding errors caused failures in duplicate record detection. Records for editions, reproductions, fine arts titles, and conference publications were particularly problematic. The earlier cataloging standards were reviewed to uncover how differences have caused duplicates.

Re-reading of Society and Culture in the Context of Administrative System in 19th Century British Bengal: A Review

There have been revolutionary changes in the arts, literature and culture of Bengal during the post-Polasshey battle period. As the British interfered with the rule and government system, the then Muslims left no stone unturned to protect the so-called religious values cherished by Muslims. During this time the British brought about a lot of administrative reformation by passing and enacting newer laws in order to ensure their power long lasting. Although the British started ruling the Bengal with the purpose of trade and commerce at the beginning, later on they started ruling for political gains. They formulated laws that were suited to the existing society and culture and so the influence of newer forms of culture increased gradually. Although the local Muslims rejected the arts, education and culture of the British merchants, the Hindu community soon accepted them and became successful in attaining the satisfaction and favourism of the British. Thus, the Hindus solely succeeded in playing a great role in influencing the administration. After a further deterioration of the Muslims in the administrative role in the 19th century, the Muslim leaders realized the situation and they took some timely decisions. As a result, an introduction to Muslim renaissance started along with the changes of their previous negligence. By that time, the youths of the Hindu community, patronized by the British merchants and ruling community, have gained sole control in most of the social indexes including trade and commerce, education and job sectors. During this period, there arose a complicated proximity in the relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims and a result, a great change went through the socio-cultural aspects. The Muslims participated in some minor to significant rebellious movements against the British to get rid of the antagonistic/contradictory behavior, discrimination and exploitation of the British. These movements, although were not completely successful outwardly, paved the way for preparing a strong foundation of nationalistic movements later on. Thus, there arose a new context in which the study of language, arts, literature and gaining knowledge got a new dimension which paved the way for a new culture amidst the repudiation of the British elements.

Representation of Mental Health in 20th-Century British and Indian English Novels: A Comparative Analysis

This paper examines the nuanced representations of mental health in 20th-century British and Indian English literature, highlighting the intricacies and cultural contexts that shape these portrayals. For this purpose, this paper picks up the following texts for a comparative appraisal— Mrs. Dalloway (1925) by Virginia Woolf, Nineteen Eighty-four (1949) by George Orwell, The English Teacher (1945) by R.K. Narayan, and Cry, the Peacock (1963) by Anita Desai. These novels offer profound insights into the characters' mental state, reflecting the societal attitudes toward mental health in that period. By comparing these texts, the paper sheds light on how mental health is a universal and culturally specific issue, shaped by historical and social factors.

The Social Condition of the 19th Century British Society Depicted in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park Novel

This study delves into the nuanced portrayal of 19th-century British society within Jane Austen's novel "Mansfield Park," employing Lucien Goldmann's Genetic Structuralism as a theoretical lens. Through a meticulous examination of themes such as marriage as a financial transaction, educational disparities, social stratification, and implicit references to the institution of slavery, the research sheds light on the intricate layers of societal divisions and cultural norms prevalent in the Regency era. By analyzing textual excerpts and applying critical scrutiny, this article investigates the multifaceted dynamics of social classes, educational gaps, and the subtle yet significant portrayals of economic entanglements with the slave trade. In utilizing Goldmann's theoretical framework, the study brings to the forefront the interplay between societal structures and cultural representations embedded within Austen's literary work. Furthermore, this research seeks to unravel the complex web of interactions shaping the narrative, highlighting the interconnectedness of societal elements within "Mansfield Park." By elucidating the subtle nuances and underlying tensions in Austen's portrayal of British society, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural fabric of the time. The exploration of Goldmann's Genetic Structuralism as an analytical tool not only enriches the interpretation of Austen's novel but also underscores the relevance of literary theory in unraveling the intricate layers of meaning inherent in classic literary works.

The Differences in Treatment Received by the Upper and Lower Classes of the 19th Century British Society Shown in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park

This study employs Lucien Goldmann’s Genetic Structuralism approach to dissect the treatment disparities experienced by the upper and lower echelons of society within Jane Austen’s “Mansfield Park.” Utilizing textual analysis, the research scrutinizes instances delineating differential treatment, including condescension and exclusion, towards characters belonging to distinct social strata. The findings delineate the prevalent class-based prejudices, revealing the societal dichotomy ingrained within the novel’s narrative. In examining the treatment disparities within Jane Austen’s “Mansfield Park” through Lucien Goldmann’s Genetic Structuralism approach, this study delves into the intricacies of societal divisions and class-based prejudices. Goldmann’s method allows for a nuanced exploration of the upper and lower echelons of society as depicted in the novel, revealing subtle nuances of condescension and exclusion. Through meticulous textual analysis, the research identifies instances that illuminate the societal dichotomy present in the narrative. By applying this theoretical framework, the study not only brings to light the inherent class biases but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between social structures and individual experiences within the world Austen crafted in “Mansfield Park.”

In Search of Community. Eliza Orzeszkowa in the Circle of Questions of 19th-Century English Women Writers

The article deals with religious issues in selected novels by Eliza Orzeszkowa. The writer often manifested her distance to the Polish national Church and at the same time asked in her works about the possibility of creating a new type of religious community. The search of Orzeszkowa’s heroines is interpreted in the article in the context of the works of English women writers of the 19th century associated with the current of religious revival (Charlotte Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot).

The 19th Century British Women Travelers’ Perspective on The Ottoman Empire Education System

19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti topraklarına birçok kadın ve erkek seyyah gelerek gözlemlerini, duyduklarını ve yaşadıklarını kaleme alarak Osmanlı Devletinin toplum yapısı ile ilgili birçok eser ortaya koymuştur. Önemli tarihi kaynaklara sahip olan ve ayrıca kültür aktarımını gelecek nesillere taşıyan bu seyahatnamelerde Osmanlı eğitim sistemine ayrı bir önem verilmiştir. Şüphesiz bunun öncelikli sebebi bir toplumun inşasında eğitimin oynadığı önemli roldür. Seyyahların eğitim sistemine bakış açıları ayrıca kendi deneyimlerine, araştırmalarına ve farklı kültürel, dini veya ideolojik geçmişlerine de dayanmaktadır. Kadın seyyahların eserleri de dönemin genel eğilimleri ve kendi öznel deneyimleri tarafından etkilenmiştir. Bu nedenle ülkelerdeki okulları ve eğitim kurumlarını ziyaret eden, eğitim sisteminin nasıl işlediğini yazan ve öğrencileri gözlemleyen seyyahların yaptıkları çıkarımların doğrulukların ayrıca teyit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Nitekim çalışmada ele alınan gezginler kimi zaman önyargıyla ve oryantalist bir tutumla hareket etmişlerdir. Eleştirilerini yaparken 19. yüzyıl Viktorya Dönemindeki eğitim eşitsizliğine değinmemiş, özellikle çocukların o dönemde nitelikli bir eğitim almamasını görmezden gelmişlerdir. Osmanlı Devletinde 19. yüzyılda gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılan eğitim reformlarını geri kalmış Doğu’ya has bir özellik olarak görmüşlerdir. Özcü yaklaşımlarla eğitim konusunda yaptıkları çıkarımları bir toplumu analiz etmeye çalışmışlardır. Ortak tutumları bu yüzyılda gerçekleştirilen reformların yetersiz olduğu yönündedir. Çalışmada 19. yüzyılda dünyayı keşfetmek ve seyahat etmek için cesurca adımlar atan dört İngiliz kadın seyyahın kitapları ele alınarak, Osmanlı Devleti eğitim sisteminin geçirdiği aşamalar ve seyyahların eğitime bakış açıları detaylı bir şekilde incelenecektir.

Surviving in the marketplace: The importance of network connectivity for art dealers

This paper investigates the relationship between a dealer’s network and their ability to survive in the market using a dataset of 19th-century English art transactions. We find that dealers who purchased artworks from central sellers, and thus developed high hub centralities, survived in the market longer compared to their counterparts. This effect persists even when controlling for the quantity of works purchased, suggesting that more than just higher activity was at play. The paper builds upon previous empirical work showing that art dealers use their network connections to obtain less noisy signals about artworks’ value, resulting in a competitive edge in the market. The findings have implications beyond the art market, adding to a body of literature that suggests network connections help firms long term sustainability surviving in an uncertain marketplace.

Warwick : An Interim Report on Artefact Assemblage Recovered from the Early 17th-Century English Ship, Castle Harbour, Bermuda

<i>Warwick</i> : An Interim Report on Artefact Assemblage Recovered from the Early 17th-Century English Ship, Castle Harbour, Bermuda

The Sense of Home and Memory in John Clare’s Asylum Poems

As a basic human need from past to present, home has been the subject of many disciplines where different perspectives converge and intersect each other in a multidimensional framework. This interdisciplinarity has transformed it into a concept that conveys much more than a visible and tangible reality. John Clare (1793-1864), a 19th century English poet who spent the last twenty-seven years of his life in asylum, also widely used home as a central theme. His sense of home in his asylum poems emerges peculiarly in three dimensions which are the countryside of his childhood and youth, the cottage where he lived, and his first love. In such a perspective, the different meanings of the concept become interwoven, and home gradually transforms from a tangible reality into a mental image and metaphor configured in his memory. The aim of this study is to reveal how the sense of home in Clare’s asylum poems can be associated with the poet’s countryside, cottage and first love, and to investigate the consistency of this relation through memory. The study is limited to the asylum poems to show how Clare responds to what the concept of home evokes under the influence of his mental disorder.