12-week Resistance Training Program Research Articles

Effects of BIOCREAT supplementation on strength and body composition during an 8-week resistance training program

Effects of BIOCREAT supplementation on strength and body composition during an 8-week resistance training program

The Effect of Duration of Resistance Training Interventions in Children Who Are Overweight or Obese

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different durations of resistance training on body composition and power in children. The study was a 24-week longitudinal design involving 31 preadolescent children who were overweight or obese (ages 7-12 years), divided into 3 groups and resistance trained 3 times per week. Group 8 (G8) trained for 8 weeks, group 16 (G16) trained for 16 weeks, and group 24 (G24) trained for 24 weeks. All participants were measured at weeks 0, 8, 16, and 24 for body composition and power. Subjects in G8 and G16 continued to be tested during the testing weeks after cessation of their training programs. Body composition and bone mineral content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant improvements in body composition were seen in the initial 8-week training phase, and these improvements were maintained for the subsequent 16 weeks. Significant changes in percent body fat ( approximately 5-7%) were observed at 8 weeks in all 3 groups. Total fat mass decreased significantly at week 8 in G16 and G24 (5.9%). By week 24, total fat mass was significantly reduced by 8.1% in G24. Significant improvements were observed in static jump power, which improved by 10.5% at week 16 in G24. These results suggest that an 8-week resistance training program is sufficient time to significantly change body composition, strength, and power measures in children who are overweight or obese. However, further improvements are realized with longer-duration resistance training programs. On cessation of the training programs, the G8 and G16 groups maintained the benefits of the exercise program until the end of the study period.

Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Following Resistance Training Is Accompanied by a Fiber Type-Specific Increase in Satellite Cell Content in Elderly Men

We determined muscle fiber type-specific hypertrophy and changes in satellite cell (SC) content following a 12-week resistance training program in 13 healthy, elderly men (72 +/- 2 years). Leg strength and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography) were assessed, and muscle biopsy samples were collected. Leg strength increased 25%-30% after training (p < .001). Leg lean mass and quadriceps cross-sectional area increased 6%-9% (p < .001). At baseline, mean fiber area and SC content were smaller in the Type II versus Type I muscle fibers (p < .01). Following training, Type II muscle fiber area increased from 5,438 +/- 319 to 6,982 +/- 503 microm(2) (p < .01). Type II muscle fiber SC content increased from 0.048 +/- 0.003 to 0.084 +/- 0.008 SCs per fiber (p < .001). No changes were observed in the Type I muscle fibers. In older adults, skeletal muscle tissue is still capable of inducing SC proliferation and differentiation, resulting in Type II muscle fiber hypertrophy.

Eight Weeks of Resistance Training Can Significantly Alter Body Composition in Children Who Are Overweight or Obese

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week resistance training program on children who were overweight or obese. Forty-eight children (n = 26 girls and 22 boys; mean age = 9.7 years) participated in an 8-week undulating periodized resistance training program for 3 d x wk-1. Measures of body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry, strength, and power were made before and after the training intervention. There was a significant decrease in absolute percent body fat of 2.6%(p = 0.003) and a significant increase in lean body mass of 5.3% (p = 0.07). There were no significant changes in height, weight, body mass index, total fat mass, or bone mineral content. There were significant increases in 1-repetition maximum squat (74%), number of push-ups (85%), countermovement jump height (8%), static jump height (4%), and power (16%). These results demonstrate that the resistance training program implemented produces significant changes in body composition and strength and power measures, as well as being well tolerated by the participants. An undulating periodized program provides variation and significantly increases lean body mass, decreases percent body fat, and increases strength and power in children who are overweight and obese.

Effects of Torabolic supplementation on strength and body composition during an 8-week resistance training program

Methods 47 Resistance trained men completed all phases of testing. Subjects were matched according to body weight and randomly assigned to ingest in a double blind manner 75 g of dextrose (N = 15, 20 ± 1.1 yrs, 177 ± 6 cm, 87 ± 11 kg, 16 ± 5.6 %BF), 75 g of dextrose/5 g creatine in powdered form (N = 14, 21 ± 4 yrs, 181 ± 7.1 cm, 89 ± 12 kg, 18 ± 5.5 %BF) or 900 mg BIOCREAT/3.5 g creatine capsules (N = 17, 21 ± 2 yrs, 179 ± 6 cm, 85 ± 10 kg, 15 ± 6 %BF). Subjects participated in a supervised 4-day per week periodized resistance-training program split into two upper and two lower extremity workouts per week for a total of 8-weeks. At 0, 4, and 8-weeks, subjects were tested on body composition via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, 1 RM strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capacity. Statistical analyses utilized a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures for all criterion variables (p ≤ 0.05). Data are presented as mean ± SD changes from baseline values.

Effect of a Low–Resource-Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program Incorporating Gymnasium-Based and Home-Based Resistance Training on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Australian Adults

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a low–resource-intensive lifestyle modification program incorporating resistance training and to compare a gymnasium-based with a home-based resistance training program on diabetes diagnosis status and risk.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A quasi-experimental two-group study was undertaken with 122 participants with diabetes risk factors; 36.9% had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline. The intervention included a 6-week group self-management education program, a gymnasium-based or home-based 12-week resistance training program, and a 34-week maintenance program. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure, body composition, physical activity, and diet were assessed at baseline and week 52.RESULTS—Mean 2-h plasma glucose and FPG fell by 0.34 mmol/l (95% CI −0.60 to −0.08) and 0.15 mmol/l (−0.23 to −0.07), respectively. The proportion of participants with IFG or IGT decreased from 36.9 to 23.0% (P = 0.006). Mean weight loss was 4.07 kg (−4.99 to −3.15). The only significant difference between resistance training groups was a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure for the gymnasium-based group (P = 0.008).CONCLUSIONS—This intervention significantly improved diabetes diagnostic status and reduced diabetes risk to a degree comparable to that of other low–resource-intensive lifestyle modification programs and more intensive interventions applied to individuals with IGT. The effects of home-based and gymnasium-based resistance training did not differ significantly.

Resistance Training in Patients with Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis and Malalignment

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week high-intensity knee extensor and flexor isokinetic resistance training program on strength, pain and adherence in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA) and varus malalignment. The secondary objective was to examine the effects of the resistance training program on function, self-efficacy and dynamic knee joint load during gait. METHODS: Fourteen patients (48.35 ± 6.51 yrs) with radiographically confirmed medial compartment knee OA and varus malalignment of the lower limb were recruited from a waiting list of patients scheduled for high tibial osteotomy. Participants completed a 12-week isokinetic training program. Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength was assessed at baseline, weeks 3, 6, 9 and post training. Pain and adherence were recorded at each training session. The 6-minute-walk test, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey, Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) and external knee adduction moment during gait were evaluated pre and post training. RESULTS: Following training, there were significant improvements (20-30%) in knee extensor and flexor strength (p = 0.001). There was no increase in pain throughout or following the training program (p>0.05). Adherence was high with participants attending an average of 31.8 (± 2.6) out 36 sessions. There was a significant increase in the function subscale of the ASES (p =0.02). No significant changes were observed for knee adduction moment during gait or function although individual data varied widely. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest patients with advanced knee OA and malalignment can experience substantial gains in strength following resistance training without concomitant increases in pain or compromised adherence. Although we did not see increases in functional performance, the increased scores on the function subscale of the ASES indicate patients are more confident in their functional abilities.

Favorable effects of non-instrumental resistance training on fat distribution and metabolic profiles in healthy elderly people

This study examined the effect of a 12-week non-instrumental resistance training program using body weight as a load (RT-BW) on body composition, fat distribution and metabolic profiles in elderly males and females. Healthy, non-diabetic, elderly volunteers (22 males and 30 females) aged 65-82 years were non-randomly divided into RT-BW (12 males and 20 females) and control (10 males and 10 females) groups. The RT-BW subjects were trained three times per week for 12 weeks according to a specified protocol involving a combination of upper and lower body weight and rubber tubing exercises. We evaluated body composition and fat distribution using anthropometry, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasonography, and measured serum lipid levels and HbA(1c) at baseline and after 12 weeks of training. Changes over 12 weeks were significantly greater in the RT-BW group compared with the control group, with a decrease in waist circumference, pre-peritoneal (visceral) fat thickness and thigh fat thickness, and an increase in thigh muscle thickness. On the other hand, the changes in body weight, fat mass and fat free mass were no different between the groups. Further, there were significantly greater changes of metabolic profiles in the RT-BW group with an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decrease in triglyceride and HbA(1c). There was a significant between-group difference in diastolic blood pressure. Relatively short-term, non-instrumental resistance training using body weight as a load was effective in improving fat distribution and metabolic profiles in healthy elderly people without weight loss.

Comparative effects of resistance training on peak isometric torque, muscle hypertrophy, voluntary activation and surface EMG between young and elderly women

We compared the effect of a 10-week resistance training program on peak isometric torque, muscle hypertrophy, voluntary activation and electromyogram signal amplitude (EMG) of the knee extensors between young and elderly women. Nine young women (YW; range 20-30 years) and eight elderly women (EW; 64-78 years) performed three sets of ten repetitions at 75% 1 repetition maximum for the bilateral leg extension and bilateral leg curl 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Peak isometric torque, EMG and voluntary activation were assessed before, during, and after the training period, while knee extensor lean muscle cross-sectional area (LCSA) and lean muscle volume (LMV) were assessed before and after the training period only. Similar increases in peak isometric torque (16% and 18%), LCSA (13% and 12%), LMV (10% and 9%) and EMG (19% and 21%) were observed between YW and EW, respectively, at the completion of training (P<0.05), while the increase in voluntary activation in YW (1.9%) and EW (2.1%) was not significant (P>0.05). These findings provide evidence to indicate that participation in regular resistance exercise can have significant neuromuscular benefits in women independent of age. The lack of change in voluntary activation following resistance training in both age groups despite the increase in EMG may be related to differences between measurements in their ability to detect resistance training-induced changes in motor unit activity. However, it is possible that neural adaptation did not occur and that the increase in EMG was due to peripheral adaptations.

Effect of protein intake on strength, body composition and endocrine changes in strength/power athletes.

Comparison of protein intakes on strength, body composition and hormonal changes were examined in 23 experienced collegiate strength/power athletes participating in a 12-week resistance training program. Subjects were stratified into three groups depending upon their daily consumption of protein; below recommended levels (BL; 1.0 – 1.4 g·kg-1·day-1; n = 8), recommended levels (RL; 1.6 – 1.8 g·kg-1·day-1; n = 7) and above recommended levels (AL; > 2.0 g·kg-1·day-1; n = 8). Subjects were assessed for strength [one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press and squat] and body composition. Resting blood samples were analyzed for total testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor. No differences were seen in energy intake (3,171 ± 577 kcal) between the groups, and the energy intake for all groups were also below the recommended levels for strength/power athletes. No significant changes were seen in body mass, lean body mass or fat mass in any group. Significant improvements in 1-RM bench press and 1-RM squat were seen in all three groups, however no differences between the groups were observed. Subjects in AL experienced a 22% and 42% greater change in Δ 1-RM squat and Δ 1-RM bench press than subjects in RL, however these differences were not significant. No significant changes were seen in any of the resting hormonal concentrations. The results of this study do not provide support for protein intakes greater than recommended levels in collegiate strength/power athletes for body composition improvements, or alterations in resting hormonal concentrations.

High‐intensity resistance training amplifies muscle hypertrophy and functional gains in persons with Parkinson's disease

Strength deficits in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified as a contributor to bradykinesia. However, there is little research that examines the effect of resistance training on muscle size, muscle force production, and mobility in persons with PD. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine, in persons with PD, the changes in quadriceps muscle volume, muscle force production, and mobility as a result of a 12-week high-force eccentric resistance training program and to compare the effects to a standard-care control. Nineteen individuals with idiopathic PD were recruited and consented to participate. Matched assignment for age and disease severity resulted in 10 participants in the eccentric group and 9 participants in the control group. All participants were tested prior to and following a 12-week intervention period with testing and training conducted at standardized times in their medication cycle. The eccentric group performed high-force quadriceps contractions on an eccentric ergometer 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The standard-care group exercise program encompassed standard exercise management of PD. The outcome variables were quadriceps muscle volume, muscle force, and mobility measures (6-minute walk, stair ascent/descent time). Each outcome variable was tested using separate one-way analyses of covariance on the difference scores. Muscle volume, muscle force, and functional status improvements occurred in persons with PD as a result of high-force eccentric resistance training. The eccentric group demonstrated significantly greater difference scores for muscle structure, stair descent, and 6-minute walk (P < 0.05). Magnitude of effect size estimators for the eccentric group consistently exceeded those in the standard-care group for all variables. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial to investigate and demonstrate the effects of eccentric resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and mobility in persons with PD. Additional research is needed to determine the anatomical and neurological mechanisms of the observed strength gains and mobility improvements.

Cardiorespiratory Adaptations to a Heart Rate Based High Intensity Parallel Squat Resistance Training Program

Typical resistance training (RT) does not result in improvements in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in young adults. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of a 12-week parallel squat resistance training program utilizing aerobic training principles and heart rate training ranges on VO2peak. METHODS: The RT program was designed to comply with ACSM minimal guidelines for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness. Young adult males (n=9) performed parallel squats 3 times per week on non-consecutive days. Each training session consisted of 10 sets of parallel squats with rest periods being determined by HR. The sets were performed as follows: Set 1 = 20 repetitions (reps) at 20% one repetition maximum (1RM); set 2 = 20 reps at 25% 1RM; set 3 = 20 reps at 25% 1RM; set 4 = 20 reps at 30% 1RM; set 5 = 20 reps at 35% 1RM; set 6 = 18 reps at 50% 1RM; set 7 = 15 reps at 65% 1RM; set 8 = 12 reps at 70% 1RM; set 9 = 10 reps at 75% 1RM; set 10 = 8 reps at 80% 1RM. Heart rate was maintained at 55–75% of maximal HR during all training sessions, and sessions lasted 20–30 minutes. Pre- and post training testing included a 1RM parallel squat, an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion (VO2peak), a submaximal cycle ergometer test (VO2submax) at 125 watts, body composition (BC), and thigh cross-sectional area (CSA). A one-way MANOVA revealed a significant within subjects effect of the training program on multiple dependent measures (p = 0.05). Follow-up univariate contrasts were performed to evaluate pre- to post test differences. RESULTS: Group mean data analysis showed a significant 36% increase in 1RM (pre-training = 240.0 ± 62.45 lbs., post training = 324.44± 79.31 lbs., change = 84.44 ± 25.55 lbs.; p =< 0.001), a significant 7.5% increase in CSA (pre-training = 154.66 ± 22.64 cm2, post training = 166.28 ± 23.08 cm2, change = 11.62 ± 7.31 cm2; p = 0.001), and a 6.52% significant decrease in VO2submaxat 125 watts (pre-training = 25.22 ± 2.65 ml/kg/min, post training = 23.57 ± 2.62 ml/kg/min, change = −1.64 ± 1.45 ml/kg/min; p = 0.01). No significant changes were observed in submaximal HR at 125 watts, body weight, or BC. CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of resistance training, even when designed to comply with ACSM guidelines for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, increases strength and enhances submaximal exercise performance, but does not result in a significant increase in VO2peak in young adult males.

Leg Press Strength Tracking Using the OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale in Older Men and Women

Strength tracking uses the OMNI resistance exercise scale (OMNI-RES) as a reference value to determine changes in absolute (i.e. 1-RM) or relative (i.e. %1-RM) strength as a function of a resistance training program. PURPOSE: To determine if the OMNI-RES is valid for tracking leg press strength in older men and women. METHODS: Twenty two males (64.3 ± 3.2 yrs.) and 27 females (63.8 ± 2.8 yrs.) volunteered to participate in this investigation. Participants underwent orientation to determine a pre-training resistance associated with RPEs of 4, 6, 8 and 9 prior to a 12-week resistance training program. Leg press (LP) resistance training consisted of 8–12 repetitions with weights set at 75 % of 1 RM three days a week for twelve weeks as part of a larger investigation. Participants were instructed to perform as many repetitions as possible unless they achieved 12 repetitions. When a participant achieved three sets of 12 repetitions on LP exercise, the weight was increased to a level that allowed only eight repetitions. Linear regression using RPE as the independent variable and percent 1-RM as the dependent variable was used to calculate percent 1-RM at the criterion RPE of 4, 6 and 8. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-training percent 1-RMs at each criterion RPE. RESULTS: 1-RM for LP increased (p= .001) from the orientation trial (90.25 ± 29.76 kg.) to completion of the 12-week resistance exercise (121.81 ± 29.64 kg.). At the criterion RPE of 4, pre-exercise percent of 1-RM was 36.84 ± 11.23 and post training percent of 1-RM was 61.08 ± 14.91. At the criterion RPE of 6, pre-exercise percent of 1-RM was 54.72 ± 10.56 and post training percent of 1 -RM was 74.07 ± 11.14. At the criterion RPE of 8, pre-exercise percent of 1-RM was 72.58 ± 12.22 and post training percent of 1-RM was 86.56 ± 8.43. Percent 1-RM was different (p = .001) from pre- to post-training at each criterion RPE. CONCLUSIONS:To our knowledge, the OMNI-RES has not been used to track strength training responses in older men and women. In the current investigation, at the same level of effort (i.e. RPE 4, 6 and 8), there is a post-training increase in leg press strength based on the percent 1 -RM accomplished. This demonstrates that the OMNI-RES is a valid metric to track training induced changes in muscle strength.

Effect of an 8-week resistance training program on cutaneous perfusion in type 2 diabetes

A positive association has previously been demonstrated between chronic aerobic exercise and prior maximal exercise and enhanced dorsal foot skin perfusion in physically active individuals with type 2 diabetes. The current study examined whether an 8-week resistance training program would also positively affect cutaneous perfusion in type 2 diabetic individuals. Ten individuals with type 2 diabetes and nine similar nondiabetic controls participated in 8 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training. Prior to training, dorsal foot cutaneous perfusion was measured noninvasively by continuous laser Doppler assessment at baseline and during localized heating to 44°C. These measurements were repeated exactly 48–72 h following 8 weeks of resistance training performed 3 days per week. Interstitial nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured concurrently in the contralateral foot dorsum. Neither subject group experienced significant increases in dorsal foot perfusion responsiveness during local heating to 44°C following moderate resistance training, nor did the training significantly enhance baseline skin perfusion. Interstitial NO levels were not significantly different under any condition. At baseline, groups differed only on fasting serum glucose and overall glycemic control. In conclusion, the responsiveness of cutaneous perfusion in response to heating to 44°C is not significantly enhanced by 8 weeks of moderate resistance training in diabetic individuals or their matched controls, independent of interstitial NO levels.

INFLUENCE OF CONTRACTION VELOCITY IN UNTRAINED INDIVIDUALS OVER THE INITIAL EARLY PHASE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING

The purpose of this study was to determine the early phase adaptations in short-term traditional (TRT) versus superslow (SST) resistance training. Sixteen apparently healthy subjects participated in this study. Subjects were pretested and posttested for their 1 repetition maximums (1RM) in the squat and bench press, peak power in a countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects participated in an 8-week resistance training program in either SST (n = 9, 3 men, 6 women), using 50% of 1RM, or TRT (n = 7, 3 men, 4 women), using 80% of 1RM. Both groups trained 3 days per week. The TRT and SST groups improved in strength by 6.8 and 3.6% in the squat exercise and by 8.6 and 9.1% in the bench press, respectively. Peak power for the CMJ increased significantly in the TRT group, from 23.0 ± 5.5 W/kg to 25.0 ± 6.3 W/kg; no such increase was seen with respect to the SST group. Both groups' 1RM increased significantly for both the bench press and the squat. No changes in body composition were seen for either group. The results of this study suggest that TRT is more effective for improving peak power than SST.

Effect Of Exercise Training On Inflammatory Cytokine Production And Cell-surface Toll-like Receptor Expression

Exercise reduces the inflammation associated with the development of age- and inactivity-related chronic diseases; however, the mechanisms associated with these changes are unclear. PURPOSE To examine the influence of an exercise training program on cytokine production and monocyte-surface expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). METHODS Participants were assigned to: young physically active (YPA, n =15; 25.2±5.0yrs), young physically inactive (YPI, n=14; 24.9±4.7yrs), older physically active (OPA, n=14; 71.2±4.4yrs) or older physically inactive (OPI, n=17; 71.0±4.3yrs). After 1-wk of acclimation, YPI and OPI completed 12 weeks of training (3d/wk) which involved 20 min of endurance exercise (60–70% heart rate reserve) and resistance training (8 exercises, 2 sets, 70–80% 1RM). YPA and OPA groups served as active controls and were instructed to continue their normal training throughout the study. Blood was collected at rest (following a 24 hr dietary control & after 3 d of inactivity) before and after the 12-week training and control period. Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS 25 μg/ml) and peptidoglycan- (PGN, 10 μg/ml) stimulated cytokine production was determined using a whole blood method. Supernatants from stimulations were analyzed for IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α using ELISA. Monocyte surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were measured on unstimulated whole blood samples using flow cytometry. RESULTS Training increased estimated VO2 max by 10.6% and increased strength by an average of 38.1% for 8 exercises. YPI and OPI had a 25% post-training reduction in LPS stimulated IL-6 production (16649 pg/ml to12644 pg/ml, p<0.001), but controls (YPA, OPA) did not change. Monocyte TLR2 (MFI) remained unchanged, but TLR4 (MFI) was reduced by 37% and 48% after training in the YPI and OPI groups, respectively (p=0.02). No similar changes were observed for TLR2 (MFI) and TLR4 (MFI) in controls. CONCLUSIONS A 12-week resistance and endurance training program reduced LPS stimulated IL-6, which was concomitant with significantly lower TLR4, but not TLR2. These results provide further support for a potential relationship between exercise training, reductions in TLR4 expression and decreases in inflammation. Supported by AHA Grant # 0350612Z.

Influence of Contraction Velocity in Untrained Individuals Over the Initial Early Phase of Resistance Training

The purpose of this study was to determine the early phase adaptations in short-term traditional (TRT) versus superslow (SST) resistance training. Sixteen apparently healthy subjects participated in this study. Subjects were pretested and posttested for their 1 repetition maximums (1RM) in the squat and bench press, peak power in a countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects participated in an 8-week resistance training program in either SST (n = 9, 3 men, 6 women), using 50% of 1RM, or TRT (n = 7, 3 men, 4 women), using 80% of 1RM. Both groups trained 3 days per week. The TRT and SST groups improved in strength by 6.8 and 3.6% in the squat exercise and by 8.6 and 9.1% in the bench press, respectively. Peak power for the CMJ increased significantly in the TRT group, from 23.0 +/- 5.5 W/kg to 25.0 +/- 6.3 W/kg; no such increase was seen with respect to the SST group. Both groups' 1RM increased significantly for both the bench press and the squat. No changes in body composition were seen for either group. The results of this study suggest that TRT is more effective for improving peak power than SST.

Effects of Resistance Training on Gait Kinematics of Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

1804 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in slow motor and proprioceptive impulses to and from the CNS that precipitate muscle weakness, fatigue, and gait impairments. Altered gait disrupts activities of daily living and increases risk of falling. An exercise-training program designed to enhance muscle strength may be beneficial in improving the functional capacity of individuals with MS. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of an 8-week progressive resistance training program on gait in persons with MS. METHODS: Eight MS subjects (7 female, 1 male) with Expanded Disability Status Scores (EDSS) ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 (age: 46.0 ± 11.5 y; height: 1.66 ± 0.08 m; mass: 77.0 ± 19.6 kg; EDSS = 3.6 ± 0.8) were tested for temporal and spatial parameters of gait prior to and after an 8-week resistance training program. The strength training consisted of twice weekly training sessions where two sets of 15–20 reps of each of the following exercises were performed: leg extension, leg flexion, ankle plantarflexion, trunk extension, and trunk flexion. Pre- and post-training data were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: A significant decrease in stance time (from 67.4 to 66.4% of stride time, p = 0.036) and an increase in swing time (32.6 to 33.6%, p = 0.036) were found in the more affected limb. For the less affected limb, significant increases in the step length (0.53 to 0.56 m, p = 0.025) and foot angle (10.7 to 18.1°, p = 0.036) and decrease in toe clearance (0.17 to 0.14 m, p = 0.021) were observed. Among different stride parameters, a significant increase was found in stride length (1.06 to 1.14 m, p = 0.017). Although not statistically significant, gait velocity increased from 0.908 to 0.976 m/s (p = 0.116). CONCLUSION: The subjects displayed longer stance and double support (approx. 34%) and shorter swing phases when compared to normative data. The significant increase in stride length (due to increases in both step lengths) and increase in gait speed indicate improvements in gait. There is reasonable evidence to support the hypothesis that a progressive resistance training program will improve gait in persons with MS.

The Effect of Differing Post Exercise Macronutrient Consumption on Resistance Training-Induced Adaptations in Novices

0287 Resistance exercise results in hypertrophy via accumulated periods of positive muscle protein balance, because of an additive stimulation of protein synthesis by exercise and feeding. Evidence suggests that hypertrophy would be maximized by immediate provision of protein; how the type of protein ingested in this period affects protein accretion is not known. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of post exercise consumption of milk (MLK), an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy drink (PEC), or an isoenergetic control drink with no protein (CON) on body mass, fat-bone free mass (FBFM by DXA), and strength during a 12-week progressive whole body resistance training program in untrained men. METHODS: 34 subjects were randomized to MLK (n = 12; Skim Milk), PEC (n = 11; Soy beverage) or CON (n = 11; Maltodextrin beverage) drink consumption groups using double-blinded allocation, with characteristics- 22.5 ± 0.6 yr, 82.1 ± 2.2 Kg, 1.8 ± 0.01 m. Participants trained 5 d/wk on a whole body split resistance training program and consumed 500 ml of their assigned drink immediately and 1h post-exercise following every training bout. RESULTS: Pre and post-training measures were on all variables (see table 1, means±SE) (Strength – range of increase observed in all 13 exercises).Table 1: Changes in mass and strength following 12 wk resistance trainingAll variables increased post training (p<.001). No treatment effect was observed for any variable. CONCLUSION: Immediate post-exercise provision of either milk (MLK), or a content-matched soy drink (PEC), as well as provision of equivalent energy, as maltodextrin, (CON) resulted in similar increases in mass, FBFM, and strength. Our study demonstrates that intact dietary proteins from milk and soy are effective in supporting hypertrophy. Moreover, when given equivalent energy immediately post-exercise, proteins consumed as part of a normal diet, outside of the immediate post-exercise period are sufficient for hypertrophic and strength gains. Supported by the US National Dairy Council

Effects of Effervescent Creatine, Ribose, and Glutamine Supplementation on Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Body Composition

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combination of effervescent creatine, ribose, and glutamine on muscular strength (MS), muscular endurance (ME) and body composition (BC) in resistance-trained men. Subjects were 28 men (age: 22.3 ± 1.7 years; weight: 85.8 ± 12.1 kg; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m) who had 2 or more years of resistance-training experience. A double blind, randomized trial was completed involving supplementation or placebo control and a progressive resistance-training program for 8 weeks. Dependent measures were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Both groups significantly improved MS and ME while the supplement group significantly increased body weight and fat-free mass. Control decreased body fat and increased fat-free mass. This study demonstrated that the supplement group did not enhance MS, ME, or BC significantly more than control after an 8-week resistance-training program.