The mammary gland is a specific mammalian organ that synthesizes biological fluids required for young offspring. Milk is actively synthesized from this gland via mammary epithelial cells (MECs). In addition, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. The role of MEC as an in vitro model has been accepted to understand the mechanisms of milk synthesis and the biological mechanisms of breast cancer. This review aimed to determine the advantages of using MECs from two different sources: mammary tissue and fresh milk. MECs from mammary tissue contain stem cells that can be reconstituted to the mammary gland. The major MEC population from fresh milk is the epithelial progenitor. Because the in vitro MEC culture can synthesize major milk components; our first hypothesis is that the MEC culture can be enriched and used as a bioreactor to produce artificial milk components. We extended the protein-producing capacity of the MEC culture to pharmaceutical target proteins. This hypothesis based on the presence of intact posttranslation processes in MECs. Studies on breast cancer biology and the development of target cancer therapies require appropriate mammary cell lines. Therefore, this review provides information on the development of mammary cell lines using MECs from animals. We focused on the senescence and transformation of MECs from various mammalian species. These contemporary perspectives are essential for future research to enhance the well-being of the livestock, provide a choice for recombinant proteins, and refine our understanding of breast cancer

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) as slow-release agent for ammonium sulfate in non-protein nitrogen supplementation on ruminal fermentation characteristics under in vitro method. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with four treatments and six replications: ZA (100% ammonium sulfate); ZA-Corn (29.26% ammonium sulfate and 70.74% corn meal); ZA+Lime-Corn (a mixture of 60% ammonium sulfate and calcium hydroxide, and 40% corn meal); and Pangola grass as standard. The variables observed included total gas production, methane (CH₄) production, ammonia (NH3) concentration, protozoa population, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) degradability. Results presented that the inclusion of Ca(OH)₂ as a binding agent for slow-release ammonium sulfate significantly reduced (P<0.05) total gas production compared to ammonium sulfate and corn meal combination, which showed the highest gas production. There were no differences (P>0.05) in fermenter pH across treatments. However, the inclusion of Ca(OH)₂ decreased cumulative gas production, NH₃ concentration, MPS, IVDMD, IVOMD and protozoa populations (P < 0.05). Conversely, the ZA-Corn treatment significantly increased (P<0.05) cumulative gas production, MPS, CH₄ production, IVDMD, and IVOMD. The ZA treatment increased (P < 0.05) NH₃, IVDMD, and IVOMD. These findings suggest that the inclusion of Ca(OH)₂ slows the ruminal nitrogen release and prevents excessive NH₃ accumulation, though it can slightly suppress microbial synthesis and digestibility

This systematic review aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals, human-animal interfaces, their antibiotic resistance profiles, and genotypic characteristics of MRSA isolates reported in Malaysia over the last 15 years. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2008 and 2023. Sixteen eligible articles were included in the review, and the systematic review protocol was published in Prospero (registration number: CRD42023432959). The prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA, ranged from 0.95% to 100% among all the studies reviewed (poultry: 0.95% to 100%, cattle: 10% to 25%, pigs: 0.8% to 18.3%, sheep/goats: 18.3% to 46%). The MRSA isolates from Malaysian livestock production systems displayed pathogenic potential with diverse spa and sequence types. These isolates carried genes associated with virulence factors such as enterotoxins sea, seb, and exfoliative toxins eta, etb. One study reported the presence of the typical livestock-associated MRSA mecC gene. The review highlights the presence of potentially highly virulent strains of multi-drug-resistant MRSA in livestock, livestock products, and pets, which can be transmitted to high-risk individuals with frequent animal contact. Further studies are required to identify the impact of livestock on MRSA transmission and to understand the role of animals in the prevalence and occurrence of MRSA in Malaysia

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crossbreeding Wagyu cattle with Kamphaengsaen (WKPS), Brahman (WBR), and Thai Holstein Friesian (WTHF) on growth performance, meat quality, sensory attributes, and fatty acid composition. Three groups of F1 crossbred cattle were produced by artificial insemination with Wagyu semen. The animals were reared under standardized feeding and management conditions for 11 months. Growth performance, carcass traits, pH, color, water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force, and sensory attributes were evaluated. The fatty acid profile of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and muscle fiber characteristics were assessed and histological analysis. Results shown, WTHF demonstrated higher average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to WKPS and WBR (p<0.05) while WBR exhibited the highest carcass yield percentage. WTHF showed significantly lower shear force values (p<0.001) and smaller muscle fiber cross-section area and fiber diameter, conversely the highest number of muscle fiber density (p<0.001) outperformed other groups. In terms of sensory attributes, including tenderness, juiciness, taste and overall acceptability (p<0.001). WTHF exhibited higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels (p<0.05), while WBR meat contained significantly higher oleic acid. All Wagyu crossbreeds exhibited higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) than saturated fatty acid (SFA) content. Crossbreeding Wagyu semen with local Thai cattle breeds significantly improved growth performance and meat quality, with distinct benefits across groups. WTHF excelled in tenderness and sensory attributes, while WBR demonstrated a favorable fatty acid profile. Wagyu crossbred with higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA), aligning with consumer preferences and market demands. These findings underscore the effectiveness of Wagyu crossbreeding in improving beef quality and meeting diverse consumer needs in tropical regions.

Feeding high-concentrate diet is an effective way of improving the performance and feed efficiency of ruminants. However, feeding high-concentrate diet to ruminants may lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) incidence. This study aims to determine the effect of giving carbonate compounds to ruminants on high-concentrate feed. Carbonate compounds often function as a buffer to maintain rumen pH and prevent the occurrence of SARA. Several studies have shown that SARA can cause rumenitis, milk fat depression, laminitis, liver abscess, and death. Carbonate compounds can be given in single form or in combination with other compounds such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg2+). This combination often leads to the formation of complex compounds, such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3). NaHCO3 has been reported to be one of the most popular carbonate compounds to prevent and reduce SARA. Consistent findings across several investigations indicate that supplementation of carbonate buffer at a level of 0.7%–1.5% plays a role in stabilizing ruminal pH, reducing the risk of SARA, and supporting efficient fermentation.

This study aimed to detect the presence of Anaplasma spp. in blood samples from equine stables in Kelantan, Malaysia. Blood samples were collected from 117 horses from different equine stables from Kelantan. Microscopic examination was conducted using the Giemsa staining method followed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the Anaplasma spp. Out of 117 samples, two (1.71%) exhibited the coccobacillus shape characteristic of Anaplasma spp. under microscopic examination, while one sample (0.85%) was confirmed as Anaplasma spp. through PCR analysis. The confirmed sample was then sent for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed 99.86%–100% similarity to Anaplasma marginale. The sequence was submitted to GenBank under the accession number PQ804341. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PQ804341 was closely related to Anaplasma marginale strains detected in horses from the Philippines and cattle from Thailand. These findings confirm the presence of Anaplasma marginale in horses in Kelantan region even in the absence of clinical signs for anaplasmosis in horses. Appropriate molecular diagnostic and screening is crucial to prompt implementation of prevention and control measures. The close relationship among Anaplasma marginale and other zoonotic Anaplasma should raise concern for further study on potential risk to humans, transmission rate which closely related among infected host and tick

This study presents the results on the species composition of Gastropod mollusks distributed in Central Vietnam, employing methods including field surveys, sampling, ethanol preservation, and morphological taxonomy conducted from May 2023 to July 2024. A total of 63 species were identified, with 11 species recorded in Quang Binh province, 21 species in Hue city, 32 species in Da Nang city, and four in Quang Nam province. Additionally, six species were newly recorded in the aquatic environments of Hue city. The terrestrial Gastropods in Quang Binh province, Hue city, and Quang Nam province were distributed across three main habitat types: In Quang Binh province, the coastal habitat hosted 10 species, while the urban areas contained two species; in Hue city, the coastal habitats had 14 species, while urban areas supported 12 species; and in Quang Nam province, the coastal zone contained one species, while the urban areas supported four species.

The Editors have retracted this article, Siriarchavatana et al. (2026) due to two serious of publication ethics. First, two individuals were listed as co-authors without their knowledge or consent, contradicting the Author Contributions section and breaching international authorship standards. Second, the ethical approval cited in the manuscript could not be verified, as the approval number did not exist in official records and no supporting documentation was provided. These issues—unauthorized authorship and unverifiable ethical clearance—compromise the integrity of the research and violate the journal’s ethical policies, necessitating the retraction of the article.

Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are specialized marine herbivores that primarily feed on seagrass species such as Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, and Halodule uninervis. Their feeding behavior, including grazing and excavating, is influenced by seagrass morphology and sediment type. Dugongs exhibit high digestive efficiency (>90%) when consuming low-fiber seagrasses, which support consistent weight gain and health maintenance. While terrestrial forage species like Brachiaria, Pennisetum purpureum, and Leucaena leucocephala are widely used in ruminant nutrition, their suitability for dugongs remains unproven due to significant differences in palatability, digestive physiology, and ecological compatibility. Captive feeding trials have demonstrated dugongs' strong preference for native seagrasses, supported by nutritional analyses indicating high digestibility and adequate protein content. Ethical and ecological concerns further limit the use of non-native diets and domestication practices. Conservation and ex-situ management strategies must prioritize habitat protection, forage availability, and species-specific nutritional requirements. This review underscores the critical role of seagrass ecosystems in dugong survival and cautions against introducing alternative forages without thorough ecological and physiological evaluation.

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a sarcomeric thick filament protein in cardiomyocytes. Its functions extend beyond cross-bridge regulation via dynamic phosphorylation to include sarcomere organization. Diminished cMyBP-C phosphorylation is associated with impaired cardiac function and the development of heart failure. Throughout the past decade, cMyBP-C has emerged as a new early cardiac biomarker for acute myocardial infarction (MI) due to its rapid release and clearance compared to cardiac troponin. In veterinary medicine, cMyBP-C remains a less understood biomarker. Recent studies suggest that genetic variations in cMyBP-C are related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats, a common cardiac disorder defined by increased left ventricular (LV) thickness and diastolic dysfunction. Nevertheless, the role of circulating plasma cMyBP-C levels in feline HCM remains unestablished, representing a critical gap in veterinary cardiology research. Given the progressive nature of feline HCM and the lack of highly specific early biomarkers, plasma cMyBP-C could serve as a valuable tool for early detection and disease monitoring. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and pathological roles of cMyBP-C in cardiac function, its association with cardiovascular diseases, the dynamics of its circulating levels, and the factors regulating its release. These insights highlight the potential of cMyBP-C as a promising early biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.