This article examines how fear motivates the states to pursue nuclear weapons, contributing to the growing literature on emotions in International Relations and strategic studies. It reviews the concept of fear in IR theory and links it to established models of nuclear motivation. Using discourse analysis, the article investigates Pakistan’s nuclear programme, arguing that fear played a critical role in accelerating its pursuit of nuclear capability. The findings suggest that fear operates dynamically, varies over time and shapes the urgency and pace of nuclear development. Finally, the article proposes a framework for analysing fear as a driver of nuclear proliferation.

India’s maritime sector is central to the country’s security and economic well-being, given its vast coastline and strategic position. India’s approach to maritime security has evolved in response to new types of threats, learning key lessons from incidents such as the Kargil conflict and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. There have been major positives—through the Coastal Security Scheme and the creation of institutional mechanisms like the National Maritime Security Coordinator (NMSC). However, gaps in coordination and resources remain. There is, therefore, a need to address these. This would include making the maritime security apparatus more robust, including empowering the NMSC, greater involvement of coastal communities, and adopting smarter technology and data-driven practices to enhance coastal vigilance and response mechanisms.