We study Canadian national and provincial family income inequality from 1991 to 1997. We use special cases of generalized entropy measures, the Theil measures of inequality, since they are decomposable into between-provinces inequality and within provinces inequality. We draw statistical inferences from our findings by using the bootstrapping technique. We find that Canadian provinces have experienced differential trends in family income inequality over this period, a pattern that is masked when analyzing solely national trends. Changes in between-province family income inequality are found to be insignificant, indicating that the observed rise in overall inequality over this period is due to factors within provinces. Changes in within-province family income inequality are found to be significant. We further analyze two-way decompositions by province and education, and by province and age, to learn about the role of human capital and the life cycle in determining changes in family inequality among and within Canadian provinces.

To study the consequences of an economic change on income distribution we rank distributions of income at different points in time and quantify the degree of income inequalities. Changes in income distribution can be ascertained either through drawing the Lorenz curves or through estimating different inequality indices, such as Gini Coefficient, coefficient of variation, standard deviation of logs of in• comes, Theil's Index and Atkinson's Index. Ranking the distributions of income through Lorenz curves is, of course, possible only as long as they do not intersect. Moreover, when Lorenz curves do not intersect each other, all inequality measures rank income distributions uniformly. However, if the Lorenz curves do intersect each other. different inequality measures may rank income distributions differently and thus the direction of change cannot be determined unambiguously. For this reason , the use of a single measure would be misleading. Accordingly , the use of a 'package' of inequality measures becomes essential.

This study aims to understand the socioeconomic and family backgrounds that affect individual economic opportunity in term of labor income on and above average income in different regions of Thailand. The results present that both age and marital status have positive impact to individual’s economic opportunity. Because it related to the necessity in personal family life. People works in Bangkok not necessary to get economic opportunity greater than others. Most inequality indicators show the inequality situation in Thailand still not as high as expectation. However, ordinary person usually get only less than 50% (0.4855) opportunity to get earning equal or more the average. Also, the society should concern the inequality of economic opportunity in optimal level which make equality parameter not greater than 0.5. This will create the mechanism to minimize the level of inequality, as a whole.

In this paper, the author analyses the trends in poverty and inequality from 2004-05 to 2007-08 using NSSO data. Statewise figures for the rise in the monthly per capita consumption expenditure and the corresponding reduction in poverty in rural and urban areas have been estimated to examine the underline heterogeneity. Furthermore, these findings have been supplemented with an analysis of data on real wage growth in the labour and salaried employment categories. Additionally in order to assess the impact of growth rate of 9 per cent on the trajectory of inequality, the authors, instead of relying solely on inequality based on consumption expenditure, have estimated wage inequality as well. The estimates show how inequality, based on different parameters, has not followed a homogeneous trend.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the role of banking technology, specifically the use of electronic money in reducing economic inequality in Indonesia. Gini coefficient analysis was used as method in data analysis to measure economic inequality. The data used in the study was secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The comparison is done using the Gini coefficient calculation method. The results of analysis in this study indicate that there is an increase that causes economic inequality in Indonesia regarding the use of server-based electronic money. The findings in this study also indicate that chip-based electronic money which is a product of banking technology can reduce the level of economic inequality in Indonesia.

<p>This research used time-series data for the 50 year period of 1964 to 2014 to investigate the relationship between income inequalities and crimes in the state of New Jersey, United States of America. It found that income inequality had a significant relationship to all four types of crime measured – murder, forcible rape, aggravated assault and property crimes. Statistical significance would seem to depend on the model and inequality measure used. A log-log relationship existed between inequalities and all the crimes. Different inequality measures enabled different measures of significance. It also found that it was possible to come to different conclusions with respect to the relationships by using different inequality measures- the Gini and the 20/20 measures in our case. </p>

Though it appears based on recent research that Republicans and many Democrats in Washington, DC, are largely unresponsive to the poor and middle class, some governments in the states are taking action to reduce income inequality. Comparative research, and research in the United States, shows that left-leaning politicians are most concerned about inequality and most likely to try to reduce it. In this chapter the authors argue that in states where there is a greater awareness of inequality the public will therefore have a greater desire to elect politicians that will advance the economic interests of the lower and middle classes, and that strategic politicians will take advantage of the lack of federal action to try to reduce inequality. The analysis shows that as public awareness of inequality grows, government officials indeed move to the left and are, in turn, associated with lower income inequality between 1987 and 2010.

Socioeconomic inequality in the utilisation of maternal healthcare services is well-documented in Bangladesh. However, the spatial dimension of this inequality is largely unexplored in the literature. This study examined the regional variation of wealth-related inequality in the utilisation of maternal healthcare services using data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014. The highest extent of pro-wealthy inequality was found in Chittagong and Sylhet for ANC services compared to Khulna and Rangpur where inequality was the lowest. Pro-wealthy inequality was the lowest in Rangpur while Dhaka and Barisal tended to have the greatest degree of inequality for delivery care services. Policy efforts aiming to tackle socioeconomic inequality in maternal healthcare should consider this spatial dimension of inequality in Bangladesh.

The earliest studies of talk in small groups indicated that larger groups experience more inequality in participation than smaller groups. However, there has been insufficient attention to how to properly measure inequality when group size varies. We describe properties of a common inequality metric, the Gini coefficient, and consider it in light of early efforts that modeled talk in small groups using harmonic and exponential distributions. We use these classic distributions to develop novel inequality measures and also consider a measure developed specifically to examine inequality across small systems of different sizes (the CON). We apply all measures of inequality to data from four highly realistic jury deliberation datasets, including one involving real juries, examining both word counts and turns. All indicators correlate very highly with one another, but both the Gini and a Gini adjusted for group size privilege smaller groups over larger ones, producing significant positive correlations with group size. The model-based values and the CON offer a different ordering of datasets compared to the Gini and do not show the same correlations with group size. Results offer several reasons to recommend the CON measure as a promising way of comparing inequality across small groups of different sizes.

(2000). Inequality in Income Distributions: Does Culture Matter? An Analysis of Western Native American Tribes. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 34, Papers From The 2000 Afee Meeting, pp. 403-412.