Access to medicines is a global priority. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan have different approaches to pricing policies for pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to analyze recent trends in the consumption and prices of non-communicable disease (NCD) medicines in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, in the outpatient setting. We included medicines for asthma and COPD, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, epilepsy, and mental disorders. Sales data for pharmaceutical products in community pharmacies were extracted from a commercial database. Changes in consumption and prices were analyzed across all included NCD medicines, by disease category and pharmacological group. Consumption of NCD medicines was highest in Georgia, at twice the levels in Azerbaijan, and four times levels in Uzbekistan. Average prices of NCD medicines, weighted by consumption, increased by 26% in Georgia, but decreased by 3% in Azerbaijan and by 0.1% in Uzbekistan. Prices increased for all disease groups in Georgia (from +13% for epilepsy medicines to +86% for cancer), varied by group in Uzbekistan (from -22% for epilepsy medicines to +47% for cancer), while changes in Azerbaijan were smaller in magnitude (from -4% for medicines for cardiovascular disease to +11% for cancer). Cancer medicines had markedly higher prices in Uzbekistan, and asthma and COPD medicines had markedly higher prices in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. Georgia showed the highest outpatient consumption of NCD medicines, suggesting the broadest access to treatment. However, Georgia also saw marked price increases, greater than in the other countries. In Georgia, where there was no price regulation, widespread price increases and increases in consumption both contribute to increasing pharmaceutical expenditures. In Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, increases in outpatient pharmaceutical expenditures were primarily driven by increases in consumption, rather than increases in price. Comparing trends in consumption and pricing can identify gaps in access and inform future policy approaches.

The object of the study is the decision-making modeling in the context of medical social media to increase the clinics’ effectiveness. The problem is to classify the patient reviews collected in the patient-clinic segment of the medical social media and to identify the situation related to the clinics’ activity by revealing the criteria characterizing the clinics’ activity out of the opinions. The proposed technique refers to lexicon-based sentiment analysis of opinions, the classification based on Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER), the verification of the results accuracy with Multinomial Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine, the manual sentiment analysis of opinions to detect criteria and the classification of opinions according to each criterion. Using this technique, out of 442587 patient reviews obtained from database cms_hospital_satisfaction_2020 of the Kaggle company generated on the basis of crowdsourcing of patient reviews on medical social media, 218914 patient reviews are classified as positive, 190360 – as neutral, and 33313 – as negative. The results accuracy is verified, and the clinics are rated by the «positive» opinions. 6 new criteria characterizing the clinics’ activity are discovered, and the identification of the situation related to the clinics’ activity based on the comparison of «positive» and «negative» opinions according to each criterion is presented. The possibility of using the results obtained from the identification to increase the clinics’ efficiency in making decisions is shown. The results obtained in this study can be used to improve the clinics’ performance according to public opinion. This opportunity involves the crowdsourcing of opinions about the clinic in the medical social media environment and the collection of opinions in a structured way.

The many problems of natural sciences are reduced to solving integro-differential equations with variable boundaries. It is known that Vito Volterra, for the study of the memory of Earth, has constructed the integro-differential equations. As is known, there is a class of analytical and numerical methods for solving the Volterra integro-differential equation. Among them, the numerical methods are the most popular. For solving this equation Volterra himself used the quadrature methods. How known in solving the initial-value problem for the Volterra integro-differential equations, increases the volume of calculations, when moving from one point to another, which is the main disadvantage of the quadrature methods. Here the method is exempt from the specified shortcomings and has found the maximum value for the order of accuracy and also the necessary conditions imposed on the coefficients of the constructed methods. The results received here are the development of Dahlquist’s results. Using Dahlquist’s theory in solving initial-value problem for the Volterra integro-differential equation engaged the known scientists as P.Linz, J.R.Sobka, A.Feldstein, A.A.Makroglou, V.R.Ibrahimov, M.N.Imanova, O.S.Budnikova, M.V.Bulatova, I.G.Buova and ets. The scientists taking into account the direct connection between the initial value problem for both ODEs and the Volterra integrodifferential equations, the scientists tried to modify methods, that are used in solving ODEs and applied them to solve Integro-differential equations. Here, proved that some modifications of the methods, which are usually applied to solve initial-value problems for ODEs, can be adapted for solving the Volterra integro-differential equations. Here, for this aim, it is suggested to use a multistep method with the new properties. In this case, a question arises, how one can determine the validity of calculated values. For this purpose, it is proposed here to use bilateral methods. As is known for the calculation of the validity values of the solution of investigated problems, usually have used the predictor-corrector method or to use some bounders for the step-size. And to define the value of the boundaries, one can use the stability region using numerical methods. As was noted above, for this aim proposed to use bilateral methods. For the illustration advantage of bilateral methods is the use of very simple methods, which are called Euler’s explicit and implicit methods. In the construction of the bilateral methods it often becomes necessary to define the sign for some coefficients. By taking this into account, here have defined the sign for some coefficients.

The method of resonance frequency analysis was used to compare the stability of dental implants in patients with normal bone tissue condition, osteopenia and osteoporosis. The indicators allow obtaining information on the state of the implants and determining the permissible biomechanical load using an orthopedic structure. The measurement method allows observing the dynamics of the osteointegration process, and, if necessary, make timely adjustments to the functional load.Material and methods: comprehensive examination and treatment of 690 patients who applied to the clinic for dental flaw removal by dental implantation. Among them, 547 were (79.3%) women and 143 (20.7%) men. In preparation for dental implantation operations, all patients, except for the standard examination, were also densitometrically examined by double X-ray photon absorptiometry, which revealed systemic changes in bone mineral density. Stability of dental implants and osteointegration were monitored by resonance frequency analysis.Results: the overall value of the resonance-frequency analysis, regardless of the region of implants installed in patients with normal bone tissue, differed from those of the osteopenia and osteoporosis group, and was respectively higher by 7.1% (p < 0.001) and 10.1% (p < 0.001). The overall rate in the osteopenia group was higher, and differed from such a group of patients with osteoporosis by 5.7% (p < 0.001).Conclusion: the results of the resonance-frequency analysis provide significant information about the state of the implant-bone interface at different stages of treatment and at control examinations of patients. The measurement method allows observing the dynamics of the osteointegration process, and, if necessary, make timely adjustments to the functional load. Resonance frequency analysis is an important method for documenting the clinical outcome of implantation.

The main aim of the article is to study the organization of the Nature subject in the competence-based teaching at schools. In recent years, the active participation of our Republic in various research programs on the assessment of student achievements has led to positive changes in textbook policy. In such programs (such as TIMSS and PISA), the reading, mathematical, and scientific literacy skills of students are studied and evaluated with specially designed tools. It should be noted that according to the results of the latest TIMSS study, our students were able to demonstrate high mathematical literacy skills. Unfortunately, their scientific literacy scores were lower than the average research score. However, the formation of scientific literacy in the natural sciences is extremely important in training competent young people for the future. In the countries whose students show high results in the TIMSS and PISA research programs (Singapore, China, South Korea, Finland, etc.), the formation of scientific literacy competence in the teaching of Natural Sciences is the main goal of national education. In the article, the way to solve the problem related to the formation of scientific literacy competence in our students at the general secondary education level with the teaching of the integrative "Nature" subject was studied; the importance and necessity of studying this subject were justified. The results of Azerbaijani students in the field of Natural Sciences in comparison with international studies are not satisfactory, the reason for this is that students do not have enough knowledge of scientific concepts and laws in Natural Sciences, and they have difficulty answering real-life situational tasks. Application importance: this theory can be implemented in general education schools.

Studying the factors which influence the high school students’ major has become one of the frequent examined issues. This shows how important and interesting the findings are for different parties involved. To tackle the issue and find out the situation in Azerbaijan, around 700 first year students from 4 different programs studying the Azerbaijan Medical University were surveyed to get a look at how the decisions are made, by what and how much they are affected. A self-administered questionnaire was developed after carefully studying the already used questionnaires and factors for understanding the viewpoint of medical students in Azerbaijan. Factors like “wish to help society” and “job opportunities” were noticed to be very effective on the major choice of the students. “Parent’s suggestion” was following with its less but also considerable influence level.