<p><em>Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch is a tropical species that adapt to the plateau environment and low temperatures. In East Java, the plant is found in Cangar and Bromo region. Morphological, chemical content, and analysis of protein banding pattern on C. pubescens has been done, but more on the analysis of active compounds for pharmaceutical raw materials and its accumulation in the body of the plant has not been widely studied. Saponins on C. pubescens potential as a raw material of natural medicine in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). This study aims to determine the content of saponin in leaf and petiole of C. pubescens in terms of absorbance values. Saponins were analyzed by qualitative form the foam test, color test, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analytical and preparative. Quantitative test in the form of UV-Vis spectrophotometry results preparative TLC. This research was done at the Laboratory of Department of Biology and Chemistry UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. The results showed that the leaf and petiole of C. pubescens positive for the saponins with the formation of stable foam for 60 seconds at 1.5 cm - 1.7 cm. The third positive samples containing saponins triterpene the ring test produces a brownish color. Isolation saponin by TLC shows the best ratio of eluent chloroform: methanol: water (14: 6: 1) compounds can be separated perfectly. Saponin absorbance values obtained three samples as follows: petiole samples from the region Cangar amounted to 0.852, leaf samples from the region Cangar amounted to 0.686, and leaf samples from Bromo region amounted to 0,629. The highest saponins found in organs petiole. Thus the petiole of C. pubescens has the potential to be used as a source of triterpene saponins which can be developed into a commercial herbal medicines.</em></p>

<p><em>A microbial product commercialized is the </em><em>final</em><em> of a series of integrated research</em><em>. Th</em><em>is</em><em> project started from a laboratory research</em><em>, semi-field (</em><em>greenhouse</em><em>) into the field, to scale factories. </em><em>The research procedures</em><em> must be achieved</em><em>, to maintain the quality of the microbial products. This paper raised the status and prospects for a microbial product commercialized</em><em> in agriculture</em><em> that can be developed and marketed</em><em>, including </em><em>the </em><em>microbe</em><em> that</em><em> are active in the supply of nutrients</em><em>, </em><em>produc</em><em>ing</em><em> a substance</em><em> in promoting plant growth and pest control. </em><em>T</em><em>echnology</em><em> of</em><em> m</em><em>icrobial commercialized covers</em><em>: discovery, microbial strain development, greenhouse and field testing, formulation and implementation of products, regulatory, consumer response and market share. An economical aspect of soil microbial </em><em>t</em><em>echnology is determined by reference to the identification and quantification of financial research</em><em>, processing time require, price of product, market share and return on investment.</em><em></em></p>

<em>The study was aimed to identify the degree of acidity (pH) vinegar in a medium waste fermentation of cocoa beans due to the addition of Acetobacter aceti concentration and time of incubation.This research utilised two factor, factorial design with completely randomized design (CRD). Thefirst factor is the Acetobacter aceti consentration (10%, 13%, dan 16%). The second is the time of incubation (6, 8, dan 10 day). Results were analyzed by using SPSS program version 11 personal computer, two way ANOVA and multiple comparison test with significance level of 0,05.The results of analysis of variance showed that there were differences in the degree of acidity (pH) of vinegar in a medium waste fermentation of cocoa beans due to the addition of Acetobacter aceti concentration and time of incubation. While Duncan's test results showed the treatment inoculation 13% starter Acetobacter aceti with 6 days of incubation time significantly different from the other treatments with minimal pH is 2,02. So that these results meet the standards of vinegar. From these experiment we suggested that consentration of Acetobacter aceti and incubation period has effects in the degree of acidity (pH) vinegar in fermentation waste of cacao seed medium</em>

<p><em>The </em><em>aims </em><em>of t</em><em>his study </em><em>is </em><em>to determine the MPM isolation techniques</em><em>, </em><em>results of </em><em>the </em><em>isolation and identification, so it can be used as a reference for the studies using macrophage cell cultures. The most appropriate source for culturing macrophages are the primary culture of MPM. Resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM) is a free-living phagocytic cells in the peritoneal cavity. Millions of resident macrophages can be taken from the mice. The peritoneal cavity is an easy place to harvest the resident macrophages.</em><em> I</em><em>dentification of</em><em> macrophages was conducted using flow</em><em>cy</em><em>tometr</em><em>y</em><em> </em><em>with</em><em> specific marker CD 11B. While the morphology of macrophages in culture was observed microscopically</em><em> The results </em><em>of the study </em><em>showed the average number of macrophages 1.03 x 106 cells / ml were isolated from peritoneal cavity of mice. The result of identification with flow</em><em>cy</em><em>tometr</em><em>y</em><em> with marker CD 11 B shows positive results macrophages. While the observation of morphological characteristics of macrophages cultures show the same characteristics as the result of research conducted by Kim in 1997 and Wang et al, 2010 so that it can be concluded that macrophages can be isolated from the peritoneal cavity and can be used as a source of primary cultures of macrophages with good results and can be applied to studies related to the function and activation of macrophages in vitro.</em></p> <em>Keyword; Kultur Makrofag, Isolasi Mouse Peritoneum Makrofag (Mpm)</em>

<p class="Default"><em>Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch is one of the species in the tropics, which adapt to the plateau environment and low temperatures. In Indonesia, this plant is found at Cangar, Bromo, and Dieng Plateau. This study aims to determine the results of phytochemical screening and total flavonoids in fruit samples were taken from the third place. Qualitative and quantitative tests carried out in the Laboratory of Department of Biology and Chemistry, </em><em>Faculty of </em><em>Science and Technology</em><em>, </em><em>Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang</em><em>. Analysis of total flavonoids using a spectrophotometer at λ = 510 nm. The results of qualitative phytochemical screening tests on samples of C. pubescens fruits at Cangar, Bromo, and Dieng Plateau shows that the positive sample contains flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and triterpenoids. Quantitative test results show that the C. pubescens at Cangar contains total flavonoids quercetin equivalent with value 800 mg / L, Bromo with value 816.65 mg / L, and Dieng Plateau with value 633.35 mg / L, respectively.</em></p>

<p><em>Madurese traditional </em><em>medicine</em><em> (herbs) Subur Kandungan is </em><em>a medicine</em><em> that is widely used</em><em> and produced</em><em> in Madura that contains Curcuma zedoaria</em><em> </em>(Chrism.)Rosc<em>., Kaempferia galanga </em>L<em>., </em><em>Foeniculum</em><em> </em><em>vulgare </em>Mill.<em>, and </em><em>Centella asiatica </em>(L.)Urb.<em> </em><em>highly favoredby the Indonesian community</em><em>, especially women to improve reproductive health but have not been tested scientifically and standardization to ensure efficacy and safety. Initial stageis screening bioactive compound and then antibacterial activity assay with paper disc method. </em><em>Clinical bacterial isolates such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms. </em><em>The best treatment to inhibit the growth of </em><em>E. Coli </em><em>and </em><em>S. aureus</em><em>is 70</em><em>% ethanol at a concentration of extract 1000 mg/ml with inhibition zone respectively 5mm and 6.5mm. Although in crude extract form, </em><em>Madurese traditional </em><em>medicine</em><em> (herbs) Subur Kandungan </em><em>had inhibitory effect on the growth of the E.coli and S.aureus so this </em><em>traditional </em><em>medicine</em><em> </em><em>potential as an antibacterial agent</em><em>. </em><em>It is recommended that further work be done to identify the specific secondary metabolite compound that responsible for this effect, purify it, and standardize as same as a antibacterial drug.</em><em></em></p>

<p><em>Orthodontic tooth movement is obtained through </em><em>alveolar bone remodeling</em><em>. Alveolar bone remodeling includes reso</em><em>rption</em><em> process </em><em>that </em><em>played by osteoclasts and </em><em>bone formed</em><em> process </em><em>that </em><em>played by osteoblasts. Diabetes affects </em><em>on </em><em>orthodontic tooth movement. </em><em>The magnitude of</em><em> orthodontic force </em><em>that</em><em> applied </em><em>in</em><em> the early stages of diabetic conditions,</em><em> would be</em><em> a consideration of the </em><em>alveolar bone</em><em> remodeling process. The purpose of this study was to determine osteo</em><em>b</em><em>last and osteo</em><em>c</em><em>last</em><em> profile </em><em>in </em><em>early stage of rat diabetic </em><em>models </em><em>with different</em><em> orthodontic force application. 2</em><em>4</em><em> Wistar rats were divided into </em><em>three</em><em> groups of control</em><em>s andthree groups of early stage of</em><em> diabetic treatment with different orthodontic force application (10, 20, and 30 </em><em>gramforce</em><em>/</em><em>g</em><em>r</em><em>f). The results showed an increase</em><em>d </em><em>of osteoclast</em><em> numbers in early stage of</em><em> diabet</em><em>es and will be increased along with the increased of orthodontic force. </em><em>The results </em><em>also </em><em>showed</em><em> a decreased of </em><em>osteoblast</em><em> number in early stage of</em><em> diabet</em><em>es, but it would be increased along with the increased of orthodontic force</em><em>. </em></p>

<em>Stimulus yang memicu sebagian besar kontraksi otot polos adalah adanya peningkatan ion kalsium intra sel. Peningkatan ini dapat ditimbulkan pada jenis otot polos yang berbeda oleh perangsangan saraf pada serabut otot polos, stimulasi hormon, regangan serabut, atau bahkan perubahan pada lingkungan kimiawi serabut. Suatu hormon dapat menimbulkan kontraksi otot polos bila membran sel otot mengandung reseptor perangsang bergerbang hormon untuk hormon tertentu. Beberapa reseptor hormon pada membran otot polos akan membuka kanal ion kalsium dan natrium serta menimbulkan depolarisasi membran. Kadang timbul potensial aksi, atau justru mungkin memperkuat potensial aksi yang telah terjadi. Pada keadaan lain, terjadi depolarisasi tanpa disertai dengan potensial aksi, dan depolarisasi ini membuat ion kalsium masuk ke dalam sel sehingga terjadi kontraksi. Oksitosin merangsang kontraksi uterus melalui mekanisme Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependent dan Ca<sup>2+</sup> independent. Pada jalur Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependent, beberapa reseptor hormon pada membran otot polos akan membuka kanal ion kalsium dan natrium serta menimbulkan depolarisasi membran. Jalur Ca<sup>2+</sup> independent adalah dengan melalui jalur Rho kinase. Rho yang telah teraktivasi meningkatkan fosforilasi rantai ringan miosin pada konsentrasi kalsium yang konstan, ini menunjukkan bahwa Rho memiliki peran pada mekanisme pengaturan “Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitization”</em>

<em>Traditional medicine "Subur Kandungan" is a medicine that is widely used and produced in Madura. The problem to develop Madura’s herb is raw material that hasn’t the standardized medicine used for Madura’s traditional medicine, because that raw materials are mostly purchased from traditional markets. This led to the standardization of Madura’s traditional medicine is difficult to do. This condition causes didn’t known active compounds contained in the Madura’s medicine. This study was conducted to determine the content of phytochemical compounds from ethanol extract medicine "Subur Kandungan" as well as antioxidant activity. Based on the results, it was concluded that the class of chemical compounds contained in the Madura’s traditional medicine "Subur Kandungan" are classified as a flavonoids and alkaloids, while the antioxidant activity of extracts of the medicine " Subur Kandungan " are expressed in IC<sub>50</sub> was at 90.19 ppm classified as a strong antioxidant.</em>

<em>Advancement in health sciences and technologies gives positive impact to improve life expectancy, but the other hand it can increases elderly population with all consequences. Old age is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to their susceptibility to suffer several diseases caused by lacking immunity, especially infectious diseases. Moreover, the occurrence of multiple morbidities, such as heart disease and vulnerability to stress, are the main confounding factors that may impact to immune functions of elderly. Aging affects both cellular and humoral responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems and causes decreasing the number of immune cells, their viability, functional capacity and their responses against pathogens that entering the body. Strategies for preventing these diseases would have a clear impact on improving healthy aging. Thus, vaccination strategies for elderly population are needed. Vaccines should be developed to take into consideration the peculiar age-induced variations of immune responsiveness</em>