Static analysis of microstructures, including bending and buckling, is widely practiced in the fabrication and creation of applications such as actuation, sensing, and energy recovery. This article aims to inquire about the static behavior of non-uniform and imperfect microtubes through a numerical solution. Based on the modified couple stress theory, the first-order shear deformation theory and Von-Karman nonlinear theory, and employing the energy conservation method, the linear and nonlinear governing equations are derived. The porosity-dependent material in both ceramic and metal phases makes the functionally graded materials which are varied along tube length, moreover, cross-sections are also considered uniform and nonuniform via three valuable functions. Finally, the linear and nonlinear equations are solved utilizing the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) coupled with the numerical iteration method.

By using differential quadrature method (DQM), a numerical investigation was provided for nonlinear stability behavior of magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cylindrical shells at microscale. It is assumed that the cylindrical shell has been subjected to compressive loads leading to buckling phenomena in geometrically nonlinear regime. The non-uniformity of strain field has been inserted in the formulation for considering the microscale effects. The material properties of the shell are considered to be inhomogeneous with graded distribution. After solving the governing equations using DQM, it is realized that if the nanoscale shell is subjected to electrical and magnetic fields, the post-buckling path may be changed with the value of electrical voltage and magnetic potential. Also, strain gradient effects have remarkable influence on post-buckling curves and critical voltages.

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are designed for specific purpose and applications. Functionally graded materials for bi-layered cylindrical shell was discussed for different boundary conditions. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are that kind of material in which function and formation may deviate continuously. Cylindrical shells are mainly significant in various fields of science as well as advanced technology of engineering like aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering and civil engineering. Wide applications of cylindrical shell in different fields like aircraft, aerospace and pressure vessels etc. Bi-layered cylindrical shells consist of two layers and in this work, one layer is of FGM material whose constituents are nickel (Ni) and zirconia (Zr) and other is of isotropic material whose constituent is stainless steel. In this work, effect of trigonometric volume fraction law on cantilever FGM bi-layered cylindrical shell with internal pressure has analyzed by using Rayleigh-Ritz technique and Love's shell theory. Present results of FGM bi-layered cylindrical shell are compared with FGM cylindrical shell. Validity of present technique has verified by way of comparisons with current conclusions and those obtained in the past studies.

This paper is devoted to investigate the nonlinear free vibrations of multi-phase piezoelectric doubly-curved microshells in the context of modified strain gradient elastic (MSGT). The microshell has been made from two constituents for which different compositions have been considered by defining a piezoelectric phase percentage. The microscale effects have been described with the incorporation of three scale coefficients involved in MSGT. With the use of suitable Fourier series and the concept of Galerkin's method, the solution for the governing equations of double-curvature microshell have been provided. The calculated frequencies are dependent on the piezoelectric phase percentage, scale coefficients, curvature radius and applied electric voltage.

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolic acids) into nanoparticles is a well-received technique in the searching for new antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Encapsulation can be a good technique to maintain the stability of phenolic acids against environmental conditions. In this study, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA) was encapsulated into alginate-chitosan nanoparticles with the ion gelation technique. The characterization of loaded and unloaded nanoparticles was performed via dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, 3-HPAA loaded nanoparticles have spherical shapes with a diameter range of 40-80 nm and an average hydrodynamic diameter of 361.0 +_ 69.8 nm. The loading of 3-HPAA was successfully achieved based on the Fourier transform infrared spectra and encapsulation percentage studies. The antimicrobial effect of the nanoparticles in solution forms was tested on P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, MRSA, and MSSA. The results demonstrated that the 3-HPAA loaded alginate chitosan nanoparticle solution showed elevated antimicrobial effect due to the pH change by treatment with 1% acetic acid, and it displayed bacteriocidal effects in a strain-specific and dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the 3-HPAA loaded alginate chitosan nanoparticle solution was produced successfully with the bacteriocidal effect against serious pathogenic bacteria.

Precipitation is one of the most significant variables with an impact on the environment, agriculture, as well as the design of any hydraulic infrastructures. The rainfall analysis predicts the highest, average, and minimal values of rainfall that are expected in certain catchments for return periods. The long-term variability of rainfall over the Arbaat watershed was studied at the various stations in a duration (day, month, and year) from 1942 to 2010 rainfall runoff using the Isohyetal Map of the area besides using different plotting position formulae of rainfall ratios. This statistical analysis will offer valuable data for water resource planners for Port Sudan, farmers, and Red Sea Water Corporations engineers (RSSWC) to evaluate the availability of water and create the storage accordingly. From the rainfall-depth analysis outcomes, the rainfall pattern was found to be irregular. Although the historical data was used, the meteorological observation of Suakin, Sinkat, and Arbaat stations was stopped from work. However, Port Sudan station gave reliable results without resorting to precipitation data measured by the satellites. Besides, the outcomes of this study can provide rational guidelines and policy concerning water resources to preserve the health of several ecosystems in the regions of under study.

Taking into account the decreased number of available lands, the construction of structures on soft soil leads towards the development of soil stabilizing models. This study is aimed at studying the decrement of land resources available, and the design of civil engineering structures on soft soils that will develop the soil impact of nano-SiO2 in the use of clay soil with low liquid limit, in particular shear resistance and unconfined compression. A novel nano-soil stabilizer has been created in this investigation by use of nano-SiO2 activity and ultrafine features that have enabled cement-based stabilizers to increase their characteristics in broad application possibilities. This research aims to examine the influence on soil engineering, particularly the shear strength of clay soil with a low liquid limit to the effect of adding nano-SiO2. Nano-SiO2 has 3 different percentages combined with soil (i.e., 0.5, 0.7 percent by weight of the parent soil), A direct shear test was used to evaluate the shear strength of the specimen, and then the results were analyzed by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to increase the accuracy of outcomes. Increased nano-SiO2 concentration was shown to lead to an increased internal friction angle and cohesiveness on clay soil. The optimal content for nano-SiO2 is 0.7%. ANN could accurately demonstrate the shear strength percentages in nano-SiO2 content.

This paper investigates impact of thickness stretching phenomenon on the scale-dependent behavior of nano panel in electromagnetic environment in the framework of HOSNDT. Unlike classic theories of shells and plates, the radial displacement is assumed variable along the thickness direction as summation of bending, shear and thickness stretching displacements in which the last term is assumed trigonometrically variable along the thickness direction. Generalized magneto-electro-elastic equations are derived using the virtual work principle. The main novelty of the present paper is application of thickness stretching formulation on the results. The bending results are calculated using analytical method with actuating the nano panel with initial electromagnetic potentials. An extended numerical investigation is presented to examine influence of significant parameters on the static results.

MXene (Ti3C2Tx) reinforced copper matrix composites with weight fractions of MXene from 1 to 4 wt.% were fabricated based on molecular-level and high-shear mixings and spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The mechanical properties of the composites with different weight fractions of MXene were studied, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the state of MXene in the composite preparation process. Chemical state and interface transitions would result in an interesting ductile-brittle transition phenomenon of the composite. The Vickers hardness and compressive strength of the composites prepared by the molecular-level mixing and high-shear mixing methods have been improved (the maxima are 44.9% and 41.8%, respectively), where the addition of 1wt.% MXene results in a tensile strength increase of 29.9%. The results show that molecular-level mixing and high-shear mixing methods are hopeful to be applied to produce many kinds of MXene composites.