This study is a Literature Review article which aims to identify the most effective learning model for improving students' critical thinking skills in science learning. A search of literature study articles resulted in twenty-five articles that met the inclusion criteria and were relevant for review. The research results show that there are many learning models that can be applied in science learning to improve students' critical thinking skills. Of the 25 articles reviewed, there were 2 articles with an average critical thinking ability score in the 50-60 range, 3 articles in the 60-70 range, 13 articles in the 70-80 range, 5 articles in the 80-90 range and 2 articles in the range of 90-100. The research results show that the discovery learning model through science practicum activities is the most effective for improving students' generic science skills, characterized by the achievement of an average student score of 92.56.

In the 21st century, cultural values among students began to fade due to the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, so that efforts are needed to reintegrate these cultural values through learning or known as ethnoscience-based learning. This research is a literature study or literature review of relevant research published in the last 5 years. Based on the results of the literature review that has been done that ethnoscience-based science learning is categorized as feasible and effective in science learning.

Physics cannot be separated from things that are conceptual. The concept of physics is a description or definition of the physical variables that exist in events in the universe. It's just that, often there is a problem in students' understanding of concepts where there is a discrepancy between the definitions that are understood and those conveyed by experts. This problem is called a misconception. Misconceptions can occur because the concepts that students understand through observation of everyday events are different from the theories obtained in the learning process in class, one of which is on black body radiation material. One learning model that can overcome misconceptions is a problem-based learning model or Problem Based Learning (PBL). The purpose of this study was to reduce misconceptions about black body radiation and to determine the effectiveness of PBL in overcoming misconceptions about black body radiation. This research is a type of experimental research using a pre-experimental design pre-test post-test group. The results showed that PBL can reduce misconceptions and is quite effective as an effort to reduce misconceptions about black body radiation material marked with an N-Gain value of 0.55.

This study aims to provide an overview of renewable energy sources' potential development as a solution to meeting electricity needs in the West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia by analyzing the feasibility of 10 MW Photovoltaic power plant. The performance simulations and calculations based on renewable energy manufacturing data with RETScreen International software. The findings show that West Nusa Tenggara has good potential for Photovoltaic power plant development. It also indicates the feasibility of renewable energy investment in this region.

Fish crackers are one of the most popular snacks in Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia. Traditionally, the process of fish crackers drying usually uses sun drying method. The problem of this method is uncontrollable weather conditions. Drying of fish crackers requires an alternative in the drying process. The heat pump is the most effective and controllable alternative dryer in reducing the moisture content of the material. Air Conditioning (AC) is one type of heat pump. The heat produced by the AC condenser can be used to dry fish crackers. In this study, the AC utilization as a heat pump system to dry fish crackers has an Evaporate Capacity (EC) of 1,838kg/h, a Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER) of 1,998kg/kWh, and a Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) of 0.425kWh/kg of dry crackers. This drying machine is also economically feasible because it has an NPV> 0 which is RM28201.58 with an investment period of 1 year.

Microalgae are highly valuable across various industries due to their rich nutritional content and positive environmental impact. In the fast-growing field of aquaculture aimed at meeting global food needs, integrating microalgae technology can be highly beneficial. This literature review explores the diverse roles of microalgae in enhancing aquaculture, focusing on their nutritional benefits, water quality management, larviculture, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems, and bioremediation. Microalgae are excellent natural nutrient sources, offering high protein content, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, vital for aquatic organism growth and health. Their contributions to water quality maintenance, larval stage nutrition, and waste nutrient uptake are critical. Additionally, microalgae play a pivotal role in IMTA by acting as primary producers and minimizing environmental impact. The review emphasizes challenges like economic constraints and strain optimization, underscoring the need for further research to fully leverage microalgae's potential in aquaculture, promising advancements to revolutionize the industry and enhance global food security.

This research aims to examine efforts that can be made to improve students creative thinking abilities in science learning. The method used is a literature review. The literature review method is used to identify, examine, evaluate, and interpret all available research on the topic area of an interesting phenomenon, with certain relevant research questions. Several learning models that can be used to improve students creative thinking abilities in science learning include project-based learning, problem-based learning¸ talking stick, guided inquiry and pictures and pictures. Searching for articles through literature studies resulted in 25 articles that met the criteria and were relevant for review. The research results show that there are many learning models that can be applied in science learning to improve students creative thinking abilities. Based on the results of literature studies, it shows that the picture and picture learning model is the most effective model for improving students creative thinking abilities, which is characterized by an average achievement of students creative thinking abilities of 93.76. The range for the number of articles with the highest value that often appears is in the 60-80 range.

Argumentation ability is one of the main goals of learning science because students who study science must know scientific explanations about natural phenomena, use them to solve problems and be able to understand other findings they get. This study is a Literature Review article which aims to identify the most effective learning models to improve students' scientific argumentation skills in science learning. A search of the literature study articles obtained twenty-five articles that met the inclusion criteria and were relevant for review. The results of the literature study show that one of the most effective learning models in improving students' scientific argumentation skills in science isArgument Driven Inquiry with approachsocio scientif issues. The highest score range is 80-90 based on the research results contained in the 10 articles that have been analyzed. While the lowest range is in the 40-50 range found in 1 article that has been analyzed.

This study is a literature review which aims to identify the most effective learning model for improving students' scientific literacy skills in biology learning. 25 articles were obtained from search results on Google Scholar that met the relevant criteria for review. The results of a review of 25 articles show that there are many learning models that can be used to improve scientific literacy skills. The most effective learning model in increasing scientific literacy is Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL).

This study aims to examine the effect of problem-based learning model assisted by PhET simulations on problem solving ability and mastery of physics concepts of students. This type of research is Quasi Experimental with non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study were all students of class XI IPA SMAN 4 Mataram with sampling technique using purposive sampling technique, because there were four classes XI IPA, so it was determined that class XI IPA 1 as the experimental class and class XI IPA 2 as the control class. Based on the results of the study, the average value of physics problem solving ability of students in the experimental class was 45.09, while the average value of problem-solving ability of the control class was 39.61, while the average value of concept mastery of the experimental class was 70 and the control class was 51.15. Data on problem solving ability and concept mastery of both classes are normally distributed and both are homogeneous. Data on problem solving ability and concept mastery were analyzed using the polled variance t-test at a significant level of 5% and obtained of problem solving ability of 2.24, while concept mastery obtained of 6.18 and obtained of 2.00, with hypothesis testing criteria if is greater than then is rejected and is accepted. Based on the results of this study, it shows that there is an effect of problem-based learning model assisted by PhET simulations on problem solving ability and mastery of physics concepts of students.